Nutrition, 7.4 Book Notes, Nutrition Connect 7, Chapter 7-Energy Balance and Weight Control, Chapter 7, Chapter 7: Energy balance and weight control, NutriSci 132 Exam II

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Choose the selection criteria used for bariatric surgery

+ BMI>40 + Educated, motivated, and compliant patient + No history of alcoholism or psychiatric disorders + Obesity for 5 years with failure at weight loss

Which of the following are strategies that could help control hunger between meals and snacks?

+ Eat meals and snacks more slowly + Consume foods high in fiber and water + Include lean protein in meals and snacks

Which of the following are true about the adjustable gastric banding technique of bariatric surgery?

+ It is a restrictive procedure + A hollow gastric band can be inflated or deflated to control the passage of food into the stomach + The procedure involves the opening from the esophagus to stomach

Treatment for overweight and obesity should be..

+ a lifestyle change + long term

The energy required for the thermic effect of foods is due to the ___ of nutrients

+ absorption + digestion + processing

Select the true statements concerning body weight among North American adults.

+ achieving and maintaining a healthy weight lowers risk for developing type 2 diabetes + prevention of an overweight condition in the first place is the most successful approach to maintaining a healthy body weight + approximately 68% of adults are overweight

A weight loss regimen on the internet claims that 10 minutes of physical activity each day is all you need to lose weight. A more successful plan would...

+ also include behavior modification strategies, such as self-monitoring of diet and exercise + also include dietary strategies to reduce energy intake + incorporate 60-90 minutes of physical activity per day

The benefits of physical activity include...

+ boosting self esteem + helping a person stay physically fit + helping maintain lower body weight + helping with weight loss

Important components of a successful long-term weight loss include:

+ controlling calorie intake + engaging in regular physical activity + modifying problem behaviors

The need for women to have a higher body fat when compared to men is to maintain..

+ estrogen production + reproductive functions

Lower-body obesity is also termed ___ obesity.

+ female pattern + gynoid + pear shape

Other considerations for bariatric surgery in addition to patient selection criteria include...

+ follow-up surgery may be needed to correct stretched skin + surgical expenses might not be covered by medical insurance + the need to plan small frequent meals after surgery

To overcome a weight-loss plateau,

+ increase the intensity of your physical activity + be vigilant about monitoring your calorie intake + incorporate resistance training into your workouts

The benefits of physical activity on body composition and metabolic rate include..

+ increased bone density + increased metabolic rate + increased lean muscle mass + decreased fat mass

Identify the health risks that are caused by fat storage in abdominal adipose cells.

+ increases insulin resistance + increases blood vessel restriction + increases inflammation

The key recommendations for weight loss in the 2020 Dietary Guidelines include..

+ increasing physical activity + maintaining adequate nutrient intake + decreasing calorie intake + losing weight in a slow, steady pace

The negative aspects of using BMI to assess healthy weight include that..

+ it does not discriminate between muscle mass and fat mass + very short adults (less than 5 ft tall) may have high BMI that does not reflect overweight or fatness + it is not accurate for higher muscular individuals

The positive aspects of using BMI to assess healthy weight include which of the following?

+ it is easy and convenient to use + it is quick screening test for overweight or obesity + values apply to both men and women

Which of the following statements are true about dual energy x-ray absorptiometry?

+ it measure body fat by passing a small dose of radiation through the body + it is considered the most accurate determination of body fat + it can be used to assess bone mineral density

The advantages of using the DXA method include:

+ less radiation dose compared to that of chest x-ray + used to assess bone mineral density + ease of separating body weight into fat, soft tissue and bone mineral

Reasons why unreliable diets are problematic include...

+ loss of lean tissue + unchanged habits + limited food selection

Identify the factors that decrease basal metabolism...

+ low calorie intake + loss of lean tissue + dieting

Mindful eating involves..

+ making wise eating decisions + recognizing physical hunger and satiety cues + awareness of food preparation

Energy balance is thought of as energy input versus energy output. Identify the components that contribute to the "energy output" of this equation.

+ metabolism + digestion + physical activity

Weight-related conditions that indicate a need to lose weight include:

+ obesity + hypertension + high blood glucose

The components of the weight-loss triad include..

+ performing regular physical activity + controlling problem behaviors + controlling caloric intake

Which of the following are ways that nurture, rather than nature, may promote obesity?

+ physical activity + high-fat diets

Which of the following are characteristics of unreliable weight-loss programs?

+ promotes quick weight loss + recommends the use of the expensive supplements + lacks scientific support

The body satisfies energy requirements by consuming..

+ protein + carbohydrates + fat

Possible outcomes of bariatric surgery include

+ reduced blood pressure + improvements in blood sugar levels + less likelihood of overeating

A diet plan promoted in a fashion magazine states, "Eat all you want and lose 10 pounds in 2 weeks." This statement does NOT agree with sound weight loss recommendations, such as...

+ set a goal of one pound weight loss per week + control problem eating behaviors

Which factors contribute to weight gain during adulthood?

+ slower metabolism + limited physical activity + excess food intake

The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure requires:

+ stomach size reduction to about 30 milliliters + bypassing a short segment of the small intestine

Which of the following are influences of environment on body weight?

+ stress + high-calorie diet + inactivity

The health problems associated with excess body fat include...

+ surgical risks + liver damage + bone and joint disorders

Which of the following are true statements about novelty diets?

+ they promote weight cycling + leaving out entire food groups can lead to nutrient deficiencies

The Body Mass Index is defined as:

+ weight in pounds multiplied by 703, and divided by the square of the height in inches + weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters

Physiological changes that endorse the set-point theory include..

+ weight loss increases efficiency of fat storage + weight loss reduces calorie cost of weight-bearing activities + reduced calorie intake decreases blood concentration of thyroid hormones

Factors leading to female adulthood obesity include..

+periods of stress and boredom + childhood obesity + excess weight gain during pregnancy

The health problems associated with excess body fat include

+surgical risks +liver damage +bone and joint disorders

What determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein?

- DNA - genes

Which is a significant delivery for triglyceride?

- VLDL - chylomicrons

Hydrogenation

- adds hydrogen to an unsaturated fat - saturates fat

Proteins are a class of compounds differentiated from other macronutrients by which of the following characteristics?

- contain nitrogen, provide 4 kcals/gram in energy - they are made up of 20 amino acids, 9 of which are essential - they number in the millions of variations, depending on the sequence of amino acids - amino acids are coded for by dna

The omega number of a fatty acid specifies

- first point of unsaturation - location of the first double bond

The chemical properties of a protein are determined, directly or indirectly, by

- genes - amino acid sequence - protein structure

Triglycerides are:

- glycerol and three fatty acids - lipids - fats

What is a benefit of eating plant proteins instead of animal proteins? Plant proteins are...

- higher in fiber - lower in cholesterol

Steroid hormones

- include estrogen and testosterone - regulate body function

If you are in positive nitrogen balance, you are..

- ingesting more nitrogen than you are excreting - accumulating protein - building lean tissue

What was a limitation of the Nurses Health Study?

- it didn't include a truly low-fat consumption group - it didn't measure fat intake at an early age

What was the limitation of the Nurses Health Study?

- it didn't include truly low-fat consumption group - it didn't measure fat intake at an early age

Which is a characteristic of anorexia nervosa?

- lunago - amenorrhea

Which of these events occurs because of ischemia?

- myocardial infarction - stroke - angina

Astherosclerosis is:

- part of the process of heart disease and stroke - is the narrowing of arteries - is the formation of plaques on the walls of blood vessels

Glycerol serves as a backbone of which molecule?

- phospholipid - triglyceride

Protein deficiency can cause

- poor immune function - kwashiorkor

Which is characteristic of the "apple" body shape?

- primarily visceral fat distribution - increased risk of chronic disease

How can you lower your total cholesterol level?

- reduce saturated fatty acid intake - increase polyunsaturated fatty acid intake - increase soluble fiber intake - increase monounsaturated fatty acid intake

dieting (a chronic reduction in food intake) may result in:

- reduced metabolic rate - reduced muscle mass

The quality of the protein in dry beans can be improved by serving them with ..

- rice - tortillas

Which describes how molecules made of amino acids can function in the body?

- speed up biochemical reactions - act as chemical messengers - destroy foreign proteins - regulate fluid balance

Which are major dietary sources of fat as determined by NHANES?

- vegetable oils - animal products

Treatment for overweight and obesity should be:

1. a lifestyle change 2. long term

Identify the components of energy output not involving basal metabolism.

1. absorption of nutrients 2. physical activity 3. digestion of nutrients

Consumer education about weight loss products leads to...

1. avoidance of money wasted 2. avoidance of health complications 3. consultation with appropriate health professionals

Which of the following are the top three contributors to the calories expended by the body each day?

1. basal metabolism 2. thermic effect of food 3. physical activity

Select the most logical approaches to weight loss

1. change problematic eating behaviors 2. increase physical activity 3. reduce calorie intake

Positive energy balance is normal and healthy during:

1. childhood 2. pregnancy 3. infancy

The health problems associated with being underweight include...

1. complications with surgery 2. loss of menstrual function 3. low bone mass 4. pregnancy complications 5. slow recovery after illness

The components of the weight-loss triad include:

1. controlling caloric intake 2. controlling problem behaviors 3. performing regular physical activity

The components of a sound weight-loss program include

1. controlling calorie intake 2. increasing physical activity

Factors leading to female adulthood obesity include...

1. excess weight gain during pregnancy 2. childhood obesity 3. periods of stress and boredom

Which of the following trigger adaptive thermogenesis?

1. fidgeting 2. shivering 3. maintenance of posture

The benefits of physical activity include:

1. helping with weight loss 2. helping maintain lower body weight 3. helping a person stay physically fit 4. boosting self esteem

Which of the following are influences of nurture on body weight?

1. high-calorie diet 2. stress 3. inactivity

Weight-related diseases that would indicate a need to lose weight include:

1. hypertension 2. obesity 3. high blood glucose

Which of the following are strategies that could help a person control hunger between meals?

1. include lean protein in meals and snacks. 2. eat meals and snacks more slowly 3. consume foods high in fiber and water

A weight loss regimen on the internet claims that 10 minutes of physical activity each day is all you need to lose weight. A more successful plan would...

1. incorporate 60 to 90 minutes of physical activity 2. include behavior modification strategies 3. include dietary strategies to reduce energy intake

Identify the health risks that are caused by fat storage in abdominal adipose cells.

1. increases blood vessel restriction 2. increases inflammation 3. increases insulin resistance

Possible outcomes of bariatric surgery include:

1. less likelihood of overeating 2. reduced blood pressure 3. elimination of type 2 diabetes

The reasons why unreliable diets are problematic include:

1. limited food selection 2. loss of lean tissue 3. unchanged habits

The health problems associated with excess body fat include:

1. liver damage 2. surgical risks. 3. bone and joint disorders

Identify the factors that decrease basal metabolism.

1. low calorie intake 2. loss of lean tissue 3. dieting

Which of the following are characteristics of unreliable weight-loss programs?

1. promotes quick weight loss 2. lacks scientific support 3. recommends the use of expensive supplements

Order the nutrients below in decreasing order of the energy needed for the thermic effect of foods.

1. protein 2. carbohydrates 3. fat

Identify characteristics of an unreliable weight-loss program:

1. recommends expensive supplements 2. advertised as cure-alls 3. no attempt to change old habits

Identify characteristics of a reliable weight-loss program:

1. recommends physical activity 2. scientific evidence supports program 3. recommends lifestyle change

Which factors contribute to weight gain during adulthood?

1. slower metabolism 2. limited physical activity 3. excess food intake

The thermic effect of food consumes about ___ percent of ingested energy.

10

The processes of digestion, absorption, transport, and storage of nutrients are likely to use what proportions of a typical adult's energy output?

10%

No obese parents

10% chance of obesity

How much does physical activity increase energy expenditure beyond basal metabolism ?

15-35%

How much does physical activity increase energy expenditure beyond basal metabolism?

15-35%

To achieve and maintain a health body weight, the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommend a minimum of...

150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity

To achieve and maintain a healthy body weight, the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommend a minimum of..

150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity

BMI for healthy weight

18.5-24.9

BMI of healthy weight

18.5-24.9

What are desirable amounts of body fat in woman?

21-35%

Angela weighs 61 kg and is 1.6 meters tall. Calculate her BMI.

24

Angela weighs 61 kg and is 1.6 meters tall. Calculate her BMI, rounding to the nearest whole number.

24 BMI = kg/m2

BMI for overweight

25-29.9

Andy eights 220 pounds and is 6 feet tall. His BMI reading would be about:

30

Andy weighs 220 pounds and is 6 feet tall. His BMI reading would be about:

30

How many calories are in one pound of fat tissue?

3500

Carbon has a valence of

4

Upper-body obesity is diagnosed in males when the waist circumference exceeds ___ inches

40

Upper-body obesity is diagnosed in males when the waist circumference exceeds _____ inches.

40

Upper-body obesity is diagnosed in males when the waist circumference exceeds... inches.

40

One obese parent

40% chance of obesity

An athlete in elite-level training for an endurance sport will probably expend an amount of energy equivalent to what percent of their basal metabolic rate in physical activity?

50-125% BMR

Decreasing calorie intake is an important component for weight loss. Approximately how many calories should be eliminated each day for a slow and steady weight loss?

500 kcal

What are desirable amounts of body fat in men?

8-24%

Both parents are obese

80% chance of obesity

BMI for obesity

>= 30

Which of the following is an important concept to have when keeping a weight goal in perspective

A healthy, sustainable rate of weight loss is 1 to 2 pounds per week

Which of the following is an important concept to have when keeping a weight goal in perspective?

A healthy, sustainable rate of weight loss is 1 to 2 pounds per week

Which of the following is an important concept to have when keeping a weight goal in perspective?

A healthy, sustainable rate of weight loss is 1 to 2 pounds per week.

Definition of Dual Energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

A highly accurate method of measuring body composition and bone mass and density using multiple low-energy X-rays

Definition of Air Displacement

A method for estimating body composition that makes use of the volume of space taken up by a body inside a small chamber.

Definition of underwater weighing

A method of estimating total body fat by weighting the individual on a standard scale and then weighting him or her again submerged in water. The difference between the two weights is used to estimate total body volume.

Environmental factors that may promote obesity include ...

Abundance of fast food establishments, stressful work conditions, and lack of safe outdoor recreation facilities

3031

Ade, is a 22 year old sedentary male weighing 100 kg and is 72 inches tall. what is his Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) rounded to the nearest ____ kilocalorie

The amount and location of _____ in the body are important predictors of cardiovascular disease risk.

Adipose tissue

Which of the following are unreliable weight-loss programs ?

Advertised as cure-alls, no attempt to change old habits, and recommends expensive supplements

A saturated fat is one in which

All the carbons are bonded with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

...is an over-the-counter version of orlistat, a weight-loss medication that blocks the digestion of fat in the small intestine.

Alli

__ is the over-the-counter version of orlistat, a weight-loss medication that blocks the digestion of fat in the small intestine

Alli

What is upper-body obesity also known as?

Android obesity

Upper-body obesity is also termed _____ obesity

Android, male-pattern, and apple-shape

Upper-body obesity resembles the shape of a(n) ...

Apple

Which model of dietary fat intake presents the lowest level of total fat intake?

Asian diet

...is commonly used in the clinical setting to assess weight status because it is inexpensive, non-invasive, and closely related to body fat content.

BMI

The ratio of body weight (in kilograms) to height (in meters2) is the:

BMI

___ is commonly used in the clinical setting to assess weight status because it is inexpensive, non-invasive, and closely related to body fat content.

BMI

_____ is commonly used in the clinical setting to assess weight status because it is inexpensive, non-invasive, and closely related to body fat content.

BMI

Having a high basal metabolic rate is a possible cause for...

BMI less than 18.5

Why is lower-body obesity more common in females?

Because estrogen and progesterone encourage lower-body fat storage

Why is a android obesity typically found in men?

Because high blood testosterone levels encourage upper-body obesity

BMI of overweight

Between 25 and 29.9

Which of the following techniques estimates body fat content by measuring the resistance to an electrical current that passes through the body?

Bioelectric Impendance Analysis

Identify the characteristics of a person with a thrifty metabolism.

Built-in safeguard against starvation, body requires fewer calories/day than average people, and stores more fat more readily than average people

Identify those factors that increase basal metabolism.

Caffeine and tobacco use, pregnancy, and increase in lean mass

Why does carbohydrate have a protein-sparing effect?

Carbohydrate intake prevents gluconeogenesis

Upper-body obesity is closely related with what health risks?

Cardiovascular disease Hypertension Type 2 diabetes

Cognitive restructuring

Changes our frame of mind

Which of the following may cause a person to become underweight ?

Chemotherapy for treatment of cancer, a disease that damages the small intestine, and excessive dieting

Positive energy balance is normal and healthy during ...

Childhood, pregnancy, and infancy

Cholesterol can be both produced in the body and consumed in the diet. Which statement below best describes the relationship between these two sources of cholesterol?

Cholesterol consumed in the diet decreases cholesterol synthesis by the body, so that blood levels do not rise as much as might otherwise be expected.

What is the most accurate way to determine body fat?

DEXA

Which sequence of events best describes the cooking, digestion, and absorption of protein (as in hard-boiled eggs)?

Denaturation by heat - denaturation by acid and protease in stomach and small intestine -- absorbed in small instestine as amino acids and dipeptides

Which statement is usually TRUE about dietary cholesterol?

Dietary cholesterol is transported to the liver by the chylomicrons

Choose the factor that does not increase basal metabolism.

Dieting

_____ calorimetry predicts energy needs by measuring the amount of heat released by a person.

Direct

Which of the following best describes the energy balance equation?

Energy input=energy output

What are the disadvantages of the DXA method for measuring body fat ?

Equipment not widely available and expensive equipment

The major cause of male obesity in adulthood is ...

Excess calorie intake

To lose a pound of fat per week, you need to:

Expend 500 kcals more per day than you consume

True/False: Obesity decreases a person's risk for premature death.

False

True/False: Pregnancy would be a time when a person should be sure to maintain a negative energy balance.

False

Which of the following are social systems that may be helpful with weight control ?

Family and friends, weight loss support groups, registered dietitians, and weight control professionals

The body satisfies energy requirements by consuming ...

Fat, protein, and carbohydrates

Obesity caused by nature would be _____ and obesity caused by nurture would be due to _____ factors.

Genetic; environmental

BMI of obesity

Greater or equal to 30

What is lower-body obesity also known as?

Gynoid or gynecoid obesity

Which has the highest proportion of protein?

HDL

Which lipoprotein do we say scavenges cholesterol and returns it to the liver for excretion?

HDL

18.5-24.9 BMI

Healthy weight

Which of the following factors are used to calculate Estimated Energy Requirements for adults with the Food and Nutrition Board's formula ?

Height, weight, and age

What part of the body closely monitors and regulates body fat?

Hypothalamus

Increases in lean body mass will _____ basal metabolic rate.

Increase

The key recommendations for weight loss in the 2020 Dietary Guidelines include ...

Increasing physical activity, losing weight in a slow and steady pace, decreasing calories intake and maintaining adequate nutrient intake

Order the following steps of the procedure for measuring direct calorimetry from the initial step onward.

Initial temperature of a layer of water surrounding an insulated chamber is measured, body heat of a person in the insulated chamber raises temperature of the water surrounding the chamber, and difference between initial and final water temperature is used to determine energy expenditure

Which of the following statements are true about dual energy x-ray absorptiometry ?

It can be used to assess bone mineral density, it measured body fat by passing a small dose of radiation through the body, and it is considered the most accurate determination of body fat.

The positive aspects of using BMI to assess healthy weight include which of the following ?

It is easy and convenient to use, values apply to both men and women, and it is a quick screening test for overweight or obesity

How is the thermic effect of foods similar to a sales tax?

It is like being charged 5-10% of total calories to cover the cost of processing foods

What happens with the cholesterol returned to the liver?

It is used to make bile.

Larry (the BMR in men is higher due to their larger muscle mass)

Larry, a male, and LaWanda, a female, are both 30 years old and weigh the same. who has the higher basal metabolic rate

Negative energy balance occurs when energy input is _____ energy output.

Less than

BMI of underweight

Less than 18

The new weight loss medication that suppresses appetite by altering serotonin receptors within the feeding center of the hypothalamus is call ___

Lorcaserin hydrochloride

Identify the factors that decrease basal metabolism.

Loss of lean tissue, dieting, and low calorie intake

The reason why unreliable diets are problematic include ...

Loss of lean tissue, unchanged habits, and limited food selection

Which factor decreases basal metabolism ?

Low calorie intake

Which lipoprotein contains the highest proportion of cholesterol?

Low density lipoprotein (LDL)

Which of the following statements about body fat is correct?

Men should have about 15% body fat by weight

Which of the following are examples of a sound weight-loss program?

Moderate restriction of food intake by about 250 kcals per day combined with daily exercise and mindful eating techniques to control overeating

Important components of a successful long-term weight loss include:

Modifying problem behaviors, engaging in regular physical activity, and controlling calorie intake

For many people who have lost weight, maintenance of weight loss is the hardest part. Name one of the "3 Ms" that assist efforts at maintenance

Motivation

In order to lose weight, it is necessary to be in _____ energy balance.

Negative

Valerie expends 2200 calories and consumes 2000 calories per day. What is her net energy balance over time?

Negative

Greater or equal to 30 BMI

Obesity

The public, private, and non-profit organizations are currently working together to find a solution to the public health crisis of _____, now considered an epidemic in the United States.

Obesity

Which of the following statements best describes the obese condition?

Obesity is a chronic disease whose cause is genetic and environmental

Weight-related conditions that indicate a need to lose weight include:

Obesity, hypertension, and high blood glucose

How can body weight be measured?

On a scale

The weight-loss medications currently approved by FDA for long-term use are..

Orlistat

Between 25 and 29.9 BMI

Overweight

Lower-body obesity is named after this type of fruit due to its shape ?

Pear

Lower-body obesity is named after this type of fruit due to its shape.

Pear

Which of the following are the top three contributors to the calories expended by the body each day ?

Physical activity, basal metabolism, and thermic effect of food

Identify the components of energy output not involving basal metabolism.

Physical activity, digestion of nutrients, and absorption of nutrients

Energy balance is thought of as energy input versus energy output. Identify the components that contribute to the "energy output" of this equation.

Physical activity, digestion, and metabolism

If Carlos consumes more calories than he expends, his net energy balance will be _____.

Positive

When a person's energy input is greater than his energy output, that person is in _____ energy balance.

Positive

Contingency management

Prepares one for situations that may trigger overeating

Select the true statements concerning body weight among North American adults.

Prevention of an overweight condition in the first place is the most successful approach to maintaining a healthy body weight, achieving and maintaining a healthy weight lowers risk for developing type 2 diabetes, and approximately 68% of adults are overweight.

The energy required for the thermic effect of foods is due to the _____ of nutrients.

Processing, absorption, ad digestion

Which of the following promote lower-body obesity ?

Progesterone and estrogen

Order the nutrients below in decreasing order of the energy needed for the thermic effect of foods.

Protein, carbohydrates, and fat

Stimulus control

Puts us in charge of temptations

Which of the following are reliable weight-loss programs ?

Recommends physical activity, scientific evidence supports program, and recommendations lifestyle change

The factors that help one to maintain an appropriate hight/weight value include which of these ?

Remaining physically active, learning to follow the body's hunger cues, and regularly eating a healthy diet

"Yo-yo" dieting refers to ...

Repeated cycles of weight loss followed by weight regain

The need for women to have a higher body fat when compared to men is to maintain ...

Reproductive functions and estrogen production

The _____ metabolic rate is calculated instead of a basal metabolic rate if the individual has not fasted and/or not rested for 12 hours prior to the test.

Resting

Self-monitoring

Reveals patterns of unconscious overeating

Which of the following is a surgical method of inducing weight loss that involves reducing the stomach capacity and bypassing part of the small intestine?

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Chain-breaking

Separates behaviors that tend to occur together

Which method of body composition analysis directly measures subcutaneous fat stores?

Skin Fold Calipers

Which factors contribute to weight gain during adulthood ?

Slower metabolism, excess food intake, and limited physical activity

What factors increase a person's risk for upper-body obesity ?

Smoking and male hormone testosterone

false

T/F a fast weight loss is always better than a slow gradual weight loss

false

T/F controlling calorie intake is usually enough of a lifestyle change to produce a successful weight loss program

false

T/F obesity decreases a person's risk for premature death

true

T/F poverty is associated with obesity

false

T/F pregnancy would be a time when a person should be sure to maintain a negative energy balance

false

T/F the diagnosis of obesity should be base primarily on overall body weight

true

T/F the location of fat storage is strongly influenced by genetics

The Set Point Theory of weight maintenance proposes that ...

The body closely regulates the body weight and body fat content, humans have a genetically predetermined body fat content and body weight

Which statement about protein is/are true?

The distinguishing feature of protein, as compared with the other macronutrients, is nitrogen

Definition of bio-electrical impedance

The method to estimate total body fat that uses a low-energy electrical current. The more fat storage a person has, the more impedance (resistance) to electrical flow will be exhibited.

What is lower-body obesity?

The type of obesity in which fat storage is primarily located in the buttocks and thigh area.

Definition of Upper-body obesity

The type of obestiy in which fat is stored primarily in the abdominal area; defined as a waist circumference more than 40 in. (102 centimeters) in men and more than 35 in. (89 centimeters) in woman

Which of the following components of energy expenditure is analogous to a sales tax?

Thermic effect of food

A person who needs fewer calories and stores fat more readily than the average human may have inherited a(n) _____ metabolism.

Thrifty

What recommendations have been made regarding dietary intake of fats and cholesterol?

Total fat 20-35% intake, saturated fat <10% intake, cholesterol <300 mg/day

True/False: A weight-loss program that promises a rapid weight loss is unreliable.

True

True/False: Health history and lifestyle should be major contributions when establishing a healthy weight for a person.

True

True/False: The Set Point Theory of weight management proposes that humans have a genetically predetermined body-fat content.

True

True/False: The location of fat storage is strongly influenced by genetics.

True

What is a common method used to estimate body volume?

Underwater weighing

Hyperthyroidism, fat malabsorption, and cancer are some medical reasons a person may become ...

Underweight

Less than 18 BMI

Underweight

What kind of obesity interferes with the liver's ability to use insulin and negatively affects lipoprotein metabolism by the liver?

Upper-body obesity

All of the following are reliable treatments for obesity except:

Using diet pills

Rapid weight loss at the beginning of a weight loss program is a result of ...

Water loss and lean muscle mass depletion

healthy

a BMI reading of 23 kilograms per meter squared falls within the ____ weight region

A high ratio of LDL to HDL suggests

a net flow of cholesterol into arterial plaque

lowering calorie intake is essential for weight loss, moderate physical activity (greater than 10 minutes) is necessary to any weight loss plan, and lifelong behavior changes are necessary for long-term weight maintenance

a weight loss regimen on the Internet claims that 10 minutes of physical activity each day is all you need to lose weight. this is false because

A pedometer monitors:

activity as steps

Which component of energy expenditure encompasses fidgeting and shivering?

adaptive thermogenesis

A person who undergoes lipectomy to reduce body weight will have ___ surgically removed.

adipose tissue

The amount and location of ... in the body are important predictors of cardiovascular disease risk.

adipose tissue

The amount and location of ___ in the body are important predictors of cardiovascular disease risk.

adipose tissue

male gender

all of the following increase the risk for overweight or obesity except

Select the measures that signal a re-evaluation of diet and lifestyle is in order.

an increase of 2 inches or more in waist circumference and gaining more than 10 pounds

Which of the following would be the most desirable situation and would be the most likely to reduce your risk of heart disease?

an increased intake of saturated fat

Which of the following would be the most desireable situation and would be the most likely to reduce your risk of heart disease?

an increased level of HDL cholesterol in your blood

24

angela weighs 54 kg and is 1.5 meters tall. her BMI will be

The strongest evidence of a causal relationship between dietary fat intake and the development of cancer comes from

animal studies

Based on what you know from this class, which eating disorder is most likely to have lowered metabolism as a consequence?

anorexia nervosa

Which is most likely to involve a dramatic loss of body weight?

anorexia nervosa

Which of the following does the body recognize as a foreign protein?

antigen

Which of the following is recognized by the body as a foreign protein?

antigen

The candidates for obesity medications include the following except..

anyone who desires to lose weight

Upper-body obesity resembles the shape of an...

apple

upper-body obesity resembles the shape of a..

apple

Which type of body fat distribution is at greatest risk of heart disease, type II diabetes, and hypertension?

apple shape

Eicosanoids

are formed from long-chain polyunsaturated acids

Eicosanoids

are regulatory compounds

Lean body mass is the most important factor that increases...metabolism.

basal

What determines the number of calories needed by the body for involuntary activities only?

basal metabolic rate

The largest component of energy expenditure is more typically:

basal metabolic rate (bmr)

Which is likely to be the best source of saturated fat?

beef

Which has the fewest points of unsaturation?

beef fat

The terms such as chain-breaking, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, and self-monitoring are components of...modification.

behavior

In which eating disorder are you most likely to see arthritis as a complication?

binge eating disorder

Which has NOT been known to produce cardiac arrhythmias through electrolyte imbalance?

binge eating disorder

The method used to estimate total body fat that uses a low-energy electrical current is known as..

bioelectric impedance

Direct calorimetry measures

body heat

The Set Point Theory often refers to the close regulation of..

body weight

The Set Point Theory often refers to the close regulation of...

body weight

What must be known to measure body fat content accurately?

body weight and body volume

An ___ ___ is the instrument used to determine the calorie content of a food.

bomb calorimeter

Measures the heat given off by a food as it is burned...

bomb calorimeter

80% chance of obesity

both parents are obese, kid is at

The specialized form of tissue that produces large amounts of heat by metabolizing energy-yielding nutrients without synthesizing much useful energy for the body is known as:

brown adipose tissue

Based on what we've said in class, which condition carries with it the highest risk of dental problems?

bulimia nervosa

Reading food labels, writing down everything you eat and drink, and using diet analysis software to adjust calorie intakes are all ways to monitor ___ during a weight-loss program.

caloric intake

Which vegetable oil is the best source of omega-3 fatty acids?

canola

When you generate and use energy, which two materials are primarily being metabolized?

carbohydrate and fat

Very-low-fat diets, such as Pritikin Diet and the "Eat More, Weight Less" plan are most useful for reducing risk for..

cardiovascular disease

Evidence from the Nurses Health Study suggests that saturated fat promotes

colon cancer

Identify which of the following is a typical body response to extend severe energy deprivation:

conserves energy by lowering basal metabolism

Identify which of the following is a typical body response to extended severe energy deprivation:

conserves energy by lowering basal metabolism

Higher intakes of dietary cholesterol will generally ___ the body's own synthesis of cholesterol

decrease

If height, weight, and physical activity level are held constant, energy requirements ... as an adult ages.

decrease

Over time, weight loss that results from a calorie-restricted diet can lead to...basal metabolic rate.

decreased

As body weight decreases, assuming daily routine and exercise patterns do not change, what happens to energy expenditure?

decreases

Which is NOT useful in losing body fat?

decreasing muscle mass

Soluble fiber affects blood cholesterol by

decreasing total cholesterol

All of the factors below increase basal metabolism except..

dieting

All of the factors below increase basal metabolism except:

dieting

body heat released by a person

direct calorimetry measures the amount of

heat

direct calorimetry measures the amount of body ____ released by a person

Which is NOT an example of disordered eating?

eating when hungry

Rank protein-rich foods from highest to lowest

egg, milk, fish, beef, soybean, whole wheat

metabolism, digestion, physical activity

energy balance is thought of as energy input minus energy output. identify the components that contribute to the "energy output" of this equation

Each additional pound of weight is harder to lose than the previous pound.

energy expenditure decreases

What hormones promote lower-body obesity?

estrogen + progesterone

The need for women to have a higher body fat when compared to men is to maintain...

estrogen production and reproductive functions

What increases HDL fraction of blood lipids?

exercise, moderate alcohol consumption, estrogen, and weight loss

A diet too high in protein (and therefore low in carbohydrate) might result in ..

extra burden on kidneys to excrete nitrogen

A diet too high in protein might result in

extra burden on kidneys to excrete nitrogen

childhood obesity, excess weight gain during pregnancy, and periods of stress and boredome

factors leading to female adulthood obesity include

If your diet provides more than enough kcals to meet your energy needs and also more than enough protein for growth and repair, in what form is the excess protein stored?

fat

The conventional "3500-kcal rule" was based on the amount of energy stored in one pound of...

fat

Which nutrient would be the best to restrict in order to facilitate weight loss?

fat

The energy needs of the body are met by

food intake

Obesity caused by nature would be...and obesity caused by nurture would be due to ... factors.

genetic, environmental

Obesity caused by nature would be ___ and obesity caused by nature would be due to ___ factors.

genetic; environmental

Which is NOT a potential effect of an eating disorder?

greater speed and strength

Positive energy balance occurs when energy input is ___ energy output.

greater than

progesterone and estrogen promote

gynoid obesity

Which phrases relate to the indicated condition?

heart attack: myocardial infarction, obstruction from clot

Direct calorimetry measures the amount of body...released by a person.

heat

Which dietary modification is most likely to produce cancer in animals?

high in polyunsaturated fat

Which of the following are ways that nurture, rather than nature, may promote obesity?

high-fat diets and physical activity

The dietary approach that has been most successful in long-term studies is the low-fat, ... approach.

high-fiber

25-40%

how much does physical activity increase energy expenditure beyond basal metabolism

What part of the body closely monitors and regulates body fat?

hypothalamus

leisure time is spent in front of the television and computer and jobs demand less physical activity

identify some of the reasons overweight and obesity are increasing in north america

built-in safeguard against starvation, body requires fewer calories/day and stores fat more readily

identify the characteristics of the Thrifty Metabolism Theory

dieting, loss of lean tissue, and low calorie intake

identify the factors that decrease basal metabolism

hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and stroke

identify the health problems associated with excess weight

adoption of westernized diets, high-calorie diets, and affluence

identify the reasons for the increase in global obesity

negative

in order to lose weight, it is necessary to be in ____ energy balance

Which is most likely to result from consuming an incomplete protein as a sole protein source?

inadequate protein synthesis

increases in lean body mass will_____ basal metabolic rate

increase

Identify those factors that increase basal metabolism

increase in lean mass, pregnancy, caffeine and tobacco use

As lean muscle mass increases as a result of physical activity, metabolic rate

increases

As lean muscle mass increases as a result of physical activity, metabolic rate...

increases

Ghrelin is a hormone that ___ hunger

increases

What effect does estrogen have on blood cholesterol?

increases HDL

identify the health risks that are caused by fat storage in abdominal adipose cells

increases blood vessel restriction, increases insulin resistance, in creases inflammation

nature

influences body weight through the metabolic rate, fuel use, and brain chemistry

Which of the following is NOT synthesized from cholesterol?

insulin

The reason Body Mass Index is the preferred weight-for-height standard is because it..

is the clinical measurement most closely related to body fat content

An amino acid is considered essential if

it cannot be made in the body

An amino acid is considered essential is

it cannot be made in the body

A limiting amino acid interrupts protein synthesis because

it is the first amino acid in the protein's amino acid sequence to run out

Weight loss gimmicks come and go and are likely to resurface again. The best way to feel confident about a weight loss program is to look for ___

its analysis in a peer-reviewed journal

To prevent heart disease, the recommendation most applicable to normal, relatively healthy adults is

keep saturated fat <10% of kcals and dietary cholesterol <300mg/day

Which of the following are characteristics of unreliable weight-loss programs?

lacks scientific support, recommends the use of expensive supplements, promotes quick weight loss

If Craig desires to increase his basal metabolic rate (BMR), he can modify his..

lean body mass

A vegan can best complement grain products in the diet by eating..

legumes; vegans growing rapidly

A 150-pound person with 30% body fat will weigh ___ hydrostatically compared to a 150-pound person with 20% body fat.

less

BMI for underweight

less than 18

distinguish between fat mass and lean mass, associate lean tissue with better health, and indicate the healthiest body weight

limitations associated with using weight-for-height tables include that it does not

Orlistat partially blocks fat digestion and subsequent absorption. Name the fat-digesting enzyme that is inhibited by orlistat.

lipase

Surgical removal of fat tissue is termed...

lipectomy

In what form do lipids circulate in the blood stream?

lipoproteins

Fat released directly from abdominal adipose tissue is transported directly to the:

liver

Much of the initial weight loss seen with low-carbohydrate diets is due to..

loss of body water

Much of the initial weight loss seen with low-carbohydrate diets is due to....

loss of body water

Treatment for overweight and obesity should involve healthy, active living with acceptable diet modifications that will promote weight ___ and late, weight ___

loss; maintenance

The dietary approach that has been most successful in long-term studies is the ___ approach

low fat; high-fiber

Asian and Mediterranean peoples have a low incidence of chronic disease. American have a high incidence. What is different in American lifestyles? Americans practice:

low fruit/vegetable, low fiber, low exercise

High levels of whicih one are most closely associated with greater

low-density lipoproteins

The dietary approach that has been most successful in long-term studies is the _____ approach

low-fat, high-fiber

Who is more prone to upper-body obesity?

men

A behavioral strategy that involves becoming aware of and enjoying the entire eating experience - from the origins of the food to the effects it has on the body - is called...

mindful eating

A behavioral strategy that involves becoming aware of and enjoying the entire eating experience-from the origins of the food to the effects it has on the body-is called

mindful eating

Three key components of a sound weight-loss program are control of calorie intake, increased physical activity, and behavior...

modification

Which of the following is likely to improve the LDL/HDL ratio, in terms of prevention of atherosclerosis?

monounsaturated fats

In order to lose weight, energy balance must be

negative

In order to lose weight, it is necessary to be in ___ energy balance

negative

In order to lose weight, it is necessary to be in...energy balance.

negative

When energy input is less than energy output, the person is in ... energy balance.

negative

When energy input is less than energy output, the person is in ___ energy balance.

negative

10% chance of obesity

no obese parents, kid is at

Novelty diets that exclude a food group or include only one or two foods are based on ___

no scientific merit

novelty diets exclude a food group or include only one or two foods are based on____

no scientific merit

Men with 24% body fat and women over 37% body fat are considered...

obese

The public, private, and non-profit organizations are currently working together to find a solution to the public health crisis of ___, now considered an epidemic in the United States.

obesity

The public, private, and non-profit organizations are currently working together to find a solution to the public health crisis of..., now considered an epidemic in the United States.

obesity

Which of the dietary fats below affects the body by altering the type of eicosanoids produced, resulting in a prolonged blood-clotting time?

omega-3 fatty acids

Which reduces the blood's tendency to clot and thus may help prevent heart attacks?

omega-3 fatty acids

Which fatty acid decreases both LDL & HDL?

omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid

40% chance of obesity

one obese parent, kid is at

1. protein 2. carbs 3. fat

order the nutrients below in decreasing order of the energy needed for the thermic effect of foods

indirect calorimetry measures

oxygen consumption

Very short chains of amino acids are called

peptides

the components of the weight-loss triad include

performing regular physical activity, controlling problems behaviors, controlling caloric intake

Which of the following accounts for 25-30% of the daily energy the average person expends?

physical activity

Based on what we've said in lecture, which eating disorder in this list cannot be placed on a behavioral continuum with the others?

pica

Which fatty acids are clear liquids at cold temperatures?

polyunsaturated oils

If Carlos consumes more calories than he expends, his net energy balance will be...

positive

When energy input is greater than energy output, the person is in...energy balance.

positive

Positive energy balance is normal and healthy during

pregnancy, infancy, childhood

Which groups of vegans should take special care in planning their diets?

pregnant women and very young children

Which is NOT a function of lipid?

primary source of energy for the brain

For diagnostic purposes, the American Psychological Association defines eating disorders as:

psychological disorders

If total body weight does not change, an increase in lean tissue

raises basal metabolism

Recognizing high-risk situations and planning ways to cope with occasional setbacks throughout a weight management program will help to prevent...

relapse

"Yo-yo" dieting refers to...

repeated cycles of weight loss followed by weight regain

Which of the following is the best indication of an effective weight-loss aid?

research reviewed in a scientific journal

The ___ metabolic rate is calculated instead of a basal metabolic rate if the individual has not fasted and/or not rested for 12 hours prior to the test.

resting

The...metabolic rate is calculated instead of a basal metabolic rate if the individual has not fasted or rested for 12 hours.

resting

Foods that are high in fiber and water promote

satiety

foods that are high in fiber and water promote

satiety

Regarding cancer, which nutritional factor has been observed in human studies to promote colon cancer?

saturated fat

Which will likely elevate blood total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) to the greatest extent?

saturated fat

They Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommend limited time spent in

sedentary activities

eat less, increase physical activity, and change problematic eating behaviors

select the most logical approaches to weight loss

decreased calorie intake, behavior modification and increased physical activity

select the most reliable treatments for the condition of overweight or obesity

prevention of an overweight condition in the first place is the most successful approach to maintaing a healthy body weight, healthy weight leads to a long and healthy life, and approximately 65% of adults are overweight

select the true statements concerning body weight among north american adults

Weight-loss aids found on the Internet or in over-the-counter medications can lead to..

serious health problems

The body's resistance to dramatic fluctuations in weight, especially to weight loss, causes it to have a:

set point

opponents of the ___ argue that weight does not remain constant throughout adulthood

set-point theory

What plant protein has protein quality similar to that of an animal protein?

soy

When absolute amounts of fat (number of grams) are considered, fat consumption in the US is

staying the same

The use of a pedometer to monitor activity enables the achievement of the recommended goal of 10,000 ... per day.

steps

The use of a pedometer to monitor activity enables the achievement of the recommended goal of 10,000 ___ per day

steps

The first chemical challenge to proteins during digestion occurs in the

stomach

Complementary proteins

supplement each other's limiting amino acids

A recently-approved weight-loss medication, lorcaserin hydrochloride, assists weight loss by

suppressing appetite

Other considerations for bariatric surgery in addition to patient selection criteria include

surgical expenses might not be covered by medical insurance, the need to plan small frequent meals after surgery, follow-up surgery may be needed to correct stretched skin

Functions of lipids include all but the following:

synthesis of glucose

There are fewer opportunities to expend calories because of the increased prevalence of...

technology

humans have a genetically predetermined body weight and body fat content and the body closely regulates the two

the Set Point Theory of weight maintenance proposes that

body weight

the Set Point Theory refers to the close regulation of

thrifty

the ____ metabolism theory proposes that some people store fat more readily to guard again starvation

fat

the amount and location of ____ stores in the body are important predictors of health risk

Why is linoleic acid considered an Essential Fatty Acid?

the body can't synthesize omega-6 bonds

The Set Point Theory of weight maintenance proposes that

the body closely regulates the body weight and body fat content, humans have a genetically predetermined body fat content, humans have a genetically predetermined body weight

fat

the body components that make up weight loss include both lean tissue and ____ tissue

carbohydrates, protein, and fat

the body satisfies energy requirements by consuming

changing of eating and exercise habits over the lifetime, reducing intake by 250 kcal and increasing expenditure by about 250 kcal daily, controlling calorie intake, and increasing physical activity

the components of a sound weight-loss program include

thermic effect of food

the energy needed for the digestion, absorption, and processing of nutrients is called the

remaining physically active, regularly eating a healthy diet, and learning to follow the body's hunger cues

the factors that help one to maintain an appropriate height/weight value include which of these

Which is NOT a function of an amino acid or protein?

the major storage form of energy in the body

which group is most likely to respond to external cues to eat, rather than internal cues?

the obese

Basal metabolism consists of..

the reactions that sustain key involuntary life processes

Basal metabolism is

the reactions that sustain key life processes

fat

the reason Body Mass Index is the preferred weight-for-height standard is because it is the clinical measurement most closely related to body ____ content

3500

there are approximately ____ calories in one pound of fat tissue

The energy used for digestion, absorption, and processing of food is called the..

thermic effect of food

The energy used for the digestion, absorption, and processing of food is called the....

thermic effect of food

Which of the following contributes the least to the calories that are used each day by the body?

thermogenesis

What is true about omega-3 fatty acids?

they are named after the location of their first double bond

Which best describes high-fiber foods?

they promote satiety due to their higher volume with respect to low-fiber foods

A person who needs fewer calories and stores fat more readily than the average human may have inherited....metabolism.

thrifty

A person who needs fewer calories are stores fat are more readily than the average human may have inherited a ___ metabolism.

thrifty

loss;maintenance

treatment for overweight and obesity should involve healthy, active living with acceptable diet modification that will promote weight ____ and later, weight ____

Which is the most common form of naturally occuring fats we consume

triglycerides

The major form of lipid in foods is ___, comprising approximately ___ of the lipid in foods.

triglycerides; 95%

Which is NOT a health risk associated with obesity discussed in lecture?

ulcers

The technique used to measure the difference between the weight on a standard scale and that during submersion in water is called...

underwater weighing

Which is the most accurate and reliable measurement of body composition?

underwater weighing

A BMI of 18.1 is classified as...

underweight

male

upper body obesity is generally more predominant among the ____ gender

40

upper-body obesity is diagnosed in males when the waist circumference exceeds ____ inches

A person with a "thrifty metabolism"

uses energy very efficiently

All of the following are reliable treatments for obesity except:

using diet pills

What is not a reliable treatment for obesity

using diet pills

The liver initially ships out triglyceride as:

very low density lipoprotein

The liver transports triglyceride in:

very low density lipoprotein

A liquid diet that supplies about 400 to 800 kcal per day, mostly in the form of protein and carbohydrates, is known as..

very-low-calorie diet

A person who uses orlistat for weight management should take a multivitamin and mineral supplement because the drug limits absorption of

vitamin A, D and K

obesity, high blood glucose, and hypertension

weight-related diseases that would indicate a need to lose weight include

positive

when energy input is greater than energy output, the person is in ____ energy balance

negative (this means the person is losing weight)

when energy input is less than energy output, the person is in ____ energy balance

The main insight that was gained by the study of identical twins was..

when raised apart, they have similar weight and body fat patterns

slower metabolism, excess food intake, and limited physical activity

which factors contribute to adult weight gain

thermogenesis

which of the following contributes the least to the calories that are used each day by the body

lean body mass

which of the following plays the biggest role in increasing the basal metabolic rate

Based on what we discussed in lecture, which of these organisms is most likely to have its cell membrane composed primarily of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids?

winter wheat (wheat planted in fall that remains in the ground over the winter)

The continuous gain and loss cycle of dieting is called..

yo-yo dieting

Which group needs the most protein per unit of body weight?

young children

Your basal (or resting) metabolic rate is most reliably and directly related to

your lean body mass


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