Nutrition Ch. 1
2.2 pounds = ____ kilogram
1
How many calories in kilocalorie
1,000
Recommended percentage of total caloric intake from protein.
10-35%
Food insecurity occurred in an estimate of ___% of all US households in 2018
11
1 inch = ___ cm
2.54
Recommended percentage of total caloric intake from fat.
20-35%
1 ounce = __grams
28
Recommended percentage of total caloric intake from carbohydrates.
45-65%
1 pound = ____ grams
454
Approx. number of essential nutritents
50
What must be supplied by food?
Essential nutrient
T/F Alcohol is a nutrient
False
T/F Foods with high water content such as fruits and vegetables are energy dense
False
T/F Nutrients cure ailments other than nutrient deficiencies
False
Balance
Food types complement one another in diet Not any one nutrient or food type is overbearing
Leading Causes of Death
Heart disease Cancer Stroke Diabetes (Type 2)
Factors that influence your health
Lifestyle and risk factors
High risk groups for undernutrition in US:
Low income Anorexia nervosa Alcohol/drug addictions Long-term care facilities Chronic medical conditions
Capsaicinoids
May provide some pain relief
Fructooligosaccharides
May stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the human intestinal tract
What does food provide us?
Nutrients and energy
Factors that contributes to Chronic Undernutrition
Overpopulation Parasites Depleted farmland and natural recourses Cultural traditions Lack of clean water supplies Food distribution problems War and political unrest Disease
Nonnutrients
Phytochemicals Antioxidants
Risk factors for chronic diseases include
Poor dietary practices Lack of physical activity Drug/Alcohol use Genetics, family history, age Environmental conditions Psychological factors
Undernutrition during periods of rapid growth can be devastating during:
Pregnancy Infancy Preschool year
According to some nutritional experts, key beneficial nutrients are:
Protein Fiber Vitamins A,C,E Minerals: calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium
Alkaloids
Stimulant effects
examples of empty calorie foods
Sugar-sweetened soft drinks Pastries Alcohol
T/F Alcohol provides energy
True
T/F Example of energy dense food is a doughnut
True
T/F Many popular dietary supplements are not helpful and may even be harmful
True
T/F No natural foods is "perfect" (contains all nutrients in amounts needed by the body)
True
T/F Nutrition information constantly evolves
True
True or false: All foods have nutritional value.
True
Micronutrients
Vitamins Minerals
Diet
a person's usual pattern of food choices
Lifestyle
a person's usual way of living, including practices and physical activity habits
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994
allows manufacturers to classify nutrient supplements and certain herbal products as FOOD (not drugs)
Physiological dose
amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally
Megadose
amount of a vitamin or mineral that greatly exceeds the recommended amount
Calorie
amount of heat energy required to raise one kilogram of water one degree Celsius from 36-37 Celsius
Food
anything edible that nourishes the body
Empty Calories
calories that come from foods that offer few, if any, nutrients SoFAS = Solid Fats & Added Sugars
Situations when it would be appropriate for people to take specific nutrient supplements.
certain inherited disorders older adults who may need higher amounts of a nutrient than what is found in food digestive disorders that interfere with nutrient absorption
Nutrients
chemical substances that are essential for growth and to maintain proper body functioning
Food insecurity
concern about running out of food or not having enough money to buy more food
Nutrient toxicity may result from ______.
eating large amounts of foods that are fortified taking megadoses of a supplement
What term describes a food or beverage that is a poor source of micronutrients in relation to its energy value?
empty-calorie
Soft drinks are considered empty calorie foods, but even sugar sweetened soft drinks provide
energy water
Macronutrients provide
energy (calories)
Energy Density
energy value of a food in relation to the food's weight
_____ is the best source of nutrients and phytochemicals
food not dietary supplements
What term describes a food that is manufactured to boost nutrient intakes?
functional foods
What is the leading cause of death to Americans?
heart disease
Maintaining a healthy body weight, avoiding tobacco, limiting alcohol intake, and exercising regularly may reduce the risk of _____.
heart disease and cancer
Reducing one's risk for heart disease and/or cancer can be achieved by _____.
maintaining healthy weight limiting alcohol intake avoiding tobacco exposure
Overweight or obese Americans are an example of _________.
malnutrition overnutrition
Glycosides
may kill certain microbes
Special diets prescribed for people with chronic health conditions are called _____.
medical nutrition therapies
Supplements may______.
not contain phytochemicals include nutrients that may be less available than those in food not contain all the nutrients needed by the human body
After scientists identify the ____'s roles in the body, they can explain why abnormalities occur when the substance was missing from the diet.
nutrient
Essential Nutrients
nutrients that body can not produce enough, thus have to be obtained from food
All foods have ..
nutritional value
Example of foods that are both nutrient dense and energy dense
nuts and nut butter
What is the second leading cause (risk factor) of preventable death in North America?
obesity
Which of the following would be considered a risk factor for a chronic disease?
obesity, smoking, physical inactivity, genetic background
Dietary moderation can be achieved by______.
obtaining nutrients from the food one eats. consuming food in reasonable amounts.
Antioxidants
protect cells and their components from being damaged or destroyed by certain factors
Nutrition
scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them
What is the leading cause (risk factor) of preventable death in North America?
smoking
Limit intake (moderate) of
solid fats cholesterol added sugar added sodium refined grains alcohol
Usually nutrient dense foods have little or no:
solid fats added sugars refined starches sodium
Medical nutrition therapeis
special diets designed to meet needs of people with chronic illnesses
Deficiency disease
state of health (signs and symptoms of ill health) that occurs when a nutrient is missing from the diet
Chemistry
study of the composition and characteristics of matter and changes that can occur to it
Phytochemicals
substances found in plants that are not classified as nutrients but may be beneficial to human health
Nutrient dense foods
supplies more key beneficial nutrients in relation to its total calorie per serving has little or no solid fats, sugars, refined starches, and sodium
Malnutrition can result from:
undernutrition and overnutrition
Kilocalorie
unit used to measure energy
Biotechnology
use of living things - plants, animals, or microbes - to manufacture new products
What is often main nutrient in foods?
water
T/F Nutritional needs of healthy people vary during different stages in their lives
True
dietary supplement
product (excluding tobacco) that contains a vitamin, mineral, an herb, or other plant product, an amino acid, or dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake
Alcohol has how many calories per gram?
7 calories
A kilocalorie, Kcal or Calorie is denoted with a capital
C
Major Federally Subsidized Food Programs
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNPA) Commodity Distribution Program Women, Infant, and Children (WIC) Child Nutrition Programs Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations
Adequacy
enough essential nutrients, fiber, and energy are present in diet
Sustainable agriculture
farming methods that meet the demand for more food without depleting natural resources or harming the environment. -stop expanding agricultural activity, esp into tropical forests and grasslands -rely more nonchemical methods of pest management - ways to increase crop yield on existing farms using biotechnology -reduce food waste -eat less meat -use natural resources and pesticides more efficiently
Many _____ are antioxidants that may reduce risks of heart disease and certain cancers
phytochemicals
_______ often removes nutrients and other beneficial foods componenets
processing
Nutritional Density
the amount of nutrients provided relative to the number of Calories
Healthy People 2030
A report by US Department of Heath and Human Services that includes national health promotion and disease prevention objective
Characteristics of a Healthy Diet
Adequacy Balance Moderation Variety
Examples of carotenoids
Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin
Carotenoids
Antioxidant activity; may reduce risk of macular degeneration (a major cause of blindness)
Organosulfides
Antioxidant effects; may improve immune system functioning and reduce the risk of heart disease
Phenolics
Antioxidants activity; may inhibit cancer growth, reduce risk of heart disease
Calorie in =
Calorie out
Macronutrients
Carbs Lips Protein Water
Examples of phytochemicals classes
Carotenoids Phenolics Organosulfides Alkaloids Capsaicinoids Fructooligosaccharides