Nutrition Ch. 1

2.2 pounds = ____ kilogram

1

How many calories in kilocalorie

1,000

Recommended percentage of total caloric intake from protein.

10-35%

Food insecurity occurred in an estimate of ___% of all US households in 2018

11

1 inch = ___ cm

2.54

Recommended percentage of total caloric intake from fat.

20-35%

1 ounce = __grams

28

Recommended percentage of total caloric intake from carbohydrates.

45-65%

1 pound = ____ grams

454

Approx. number of essential nutritents

50

What must be supplied by food?

Essential nutrient

T/F Alcohol is a nutrient

False

T/F Foods with high water content such as fruits and vegetables are energy dense

False

T/F Nutrients cure ailments other than nutrient deficiencies

False

Balance

Food types complement one another in diet Not any one nutrient or food type is overbearing

Leading Causes of Death

Heart disease Cancer Stroke Diabetes (Type 2)

Factors that influence your health

Lifestyle and risk factors

High risk groups for undernutrition in US:

Low income Anorexia nervosa Alcohol/drug addictions Long-term care facilities Chronic medical conditions

Capsaicinoids

May provide some pain relief

Fructooligosaccharides

May stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the human intestinal tract

What does food provide us?

Nutrients and energy

Factors that contributes to Chronic Undernutrition

Overpopulation Parasites Depleted farmland and natural recourses Cultural traditions Lack of clean water supplies Food distribution problems War and political unrest Disease

Nonnutrients

Phytochemicals Antioxidants

Risk factors for chronic diseases include

Poor dietary practices Lack of physical activity Drug/Alcohol use Genetics, family history, age Environmental conditions Psychological factors

Undernutrition during periods of rapid growth can be devastating during:

Pregnancy Infancy Preschool year

According to some nutritional experts, key beneficial nutrients are:

Protein Fiber Vitamins A,C,E Minerals: calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium

Alkaloids

Stimulant effects

examples of empty calorie foods

Sugar-sweetened soft drinks Pastries Alcohol

T/F Alcohol provides energy

True

T/F Example of energy dense food is a doughnut

True

T/F Many popular dietary supplements are not helpful and may even be harmful

True

T/F No natural foods is "perfect" (contains all nutrients in amounts needed by the body)

True

T/F Nutrition information constantly evolves

True

True or false: All foods have nutritional value.

True

Micronutrients

Vitamins Minerals

Diet

a person's usual pattern of food choices

Lifestyle

a person's usual way of living, including practices and physical activity habits

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994

allows manufacturers to classify nutrient supplements and certain herbal products as FOOD (not drugs)

Physiological dose

amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally

Megadose

amount of a vitamin or mineral that greatly exceeds the recommended amount

Calorie

amount of heat energy required to raise one kilogram of water one degree Celsius from 36-37 Celsius

Food

anything edible that nourishes the body

Empty Calories

calories that come from foods that offer few, if any, nutrients SoFAS = Solid Fats & Added Sugars

Situations when it would be appropriate for people to take specific nutrient supplements.

certain inherited disorders older adults who may need higher amounts of a nutrient than what is found in food digestive disorders that interfere with nutrient absorption

Nutrients

chemical substances that are essential for growth and to maintain proper body functioning

Food insecurity

concern about running out of food or not having enough money to buy more food

Nutrient toxicity may result from ______.

eating large amounts of foods that are fortified taking megadoses of a supplement

What term describes a food or beverage that is a poor source of micronutrients in relation to its energy value?

empty-calorie

Soft drinks are considered empty calorie foods, but even sugar sweetened soft drinks provide

energy water

Macronutrients provide

energy (calories)

Energy Density

energy value of a food in relation to the food's weight

_____ is the best source of nutrients and phytochemicals

food not dietary supplements

What term describes a food that is manufactured to boost nutrient intakes?

functional foods

What is the leading cause of death to Americans?

heart disease

Maintaining a healthy body weight, avoiding tobacco, limiting alcohol intake, and exercising regularly may reduce the risk of _____.

heart disease and cancer

Reducing one's risk for heart disease and/or cancer can be achieved by _____.

maintaining healthy weight limiting alcohol intake avoiding tobacco exposure

Overweight or obese Americans are an example of _________.

malnutrition overnutrition

Glycosides

may kill certain microbes

Special diets prescribed for people with chronic health conditions are called _____.

medical nutrition therapies

Supplements may______.

not contain phytochemicals include nutrients that may be less available than those in food not contain all the nutrients needed by the human body

After scientists identify the ____'s roles in the body, they can explain why abnormalities occur when the substance was missing from the diet.

nutrient

Essential Nutrients

nutrients that body can not produce enough, thus have to be obtained from food

All foods have ..

nutritional value

Example of foods that are both nutrient dense and energy dense

nuts and nut butter

What is the second leading cause (risk factor) of preventable death in North America?

obesity

Which of the following would be considered a risk factor for a chronic disease?

obesity, smoking, physical inactivity, genetic background

Dietary moderation can be achieved by______.

obtaining nutrients from the food one eats. consuming food in reasonable amounts.

Antioxidants

protect cells and their components from being damaged or destroyed by certain factors

Nutrition

scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them

What is the leading cause (risk factor) of preventable death in North America?

smoking

Limit intake (moderate) of

solid fats cholesterol added sugar added sodium refined grains alcohol

Usually nutrient dense foods have little or no:

solid fats added sugars refined starches sodium

Medical nutrition therapeis

special diets designed to meet needs of people with chronic illnesses

Deficiency disease

state of health (signs and symptoms of ill health) that occurs when a nutrient is missing from the diet

Chemistry

study of the composition and characteristics of matter and changes that can occur to it

Phytochemicals

substances found in plants that are not classified as nutrients but may be beneficial to human health

Nutrient dense foods

supplies more key beneficial nutrients in relation to its total calorie per serving has little or no solid fats, sugars, refined starches, and sodium

Malnutrition can result from:

undernutrition and overnutrition

Kilocalorie

unit used to measure energy

Biotechnology

use of living things - plants, animals, or microbes - to manufacture new products

What is often main nutrient in foods?

water

T/F Nutritional needs of healthy people vary during different stages in their lives

True

dietary supplement

product (excluding tobacco) that contains a vitamin, mineral, an herb, or other plant product, an amino acid, or dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake

Alcohol has how many calories per gram?

7 calories

A kilocalorie, Kcal or Calorie is denoted with a capital

C

Major Federally Subsidized Food Programs

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNPA) Commodity Distribution Program Women, Infant, and Children (WIC) Child Nutrition Programs Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations

Adequacy

enough essential nutrients, fiber, and energy are present in diet

Sustainable agriculture

farming methods that meet the demand for more food without depleting natural resources or harming the environment. -stop expanding agricultural activity, esp into tropical forests and grasslands -rely more nonchemical methods of pest management - ways to increase crop yield on existing farms using biotechnology -reduce food waste -eat less meat -use natural resources and pesticides more efficiently

Many _____ are antioxidants that may reduce risks of heart disease and certain cancers

phytochemicals

_______ often removes nutrients and other beneficial foods componenets

processing

Nutritional Density

the amount of nutrients provided relative to the number of Calories

Healthy People 2030

A report by US Department of Heath and Human Services that includes national health promotion and disease prevention objective

Characteristics of a Healthy Diet

Adequacy Balance Moderation Variety

Examples of carotenoids

Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin

Carotenoids

Antioxidant activity; may reduce risk of macular degeneration (a major cause of blindness)

Organosulfides

Antioxidant effects; may improve immune system functioning and reduce the risk of heart disease

Phenolics

Antioxidants activity; may inhibit cancer growth, reduce risk of heart disease

Calorie in =

Calorie out

Macronutrients

Carbs Lips Protein Water

Examples of phytochemicals classes

Carotenoids Phenolics Organosulfides Alkaloids Capsaicinoids Fructooligosaccharides