Nutrition Ch 8
Define the word gluconeogenesis based upon the meaning of the following segements: "gluco" =_______ , "neo" = _______ , "genesis" = _______.
-glucose -new -formation
What happens after the liver's glycogen supply runs out?
The body metabolizes fatty acids. Certain amino acids are turned into pyruvate and then glucose.
Which of the following hormones can adapt to increasing or decreasing metabolic rates? Multi
Thyroid hormone
True or false: The thyroid hormone can have catabolic or anabolic actions.
True
A drink that contains 13 to 14g of alcohol is considered ______.
a standard drink
The body gets its energy to perform work from the ____ energy that is stored in macronutrients and alcohol
chemical
Which is the final step of complete glucose breakdown?
electron transport chain
After eating a combo meal from the local fast food joint, triglycerides get absorbed and
incorporated into VLDL. flood into the liver.
Which of the following factors may cause differences in the storage capacity of fat and glycogen between individuals?
physical fitness dietary intake body composition
Place the following stages of glucose breakdown in order
-glycolysis -pyruvate to acetyl CoA -Citric acid cycle -electron transport chain
The first priorities for amino acids derived from proteins are to ______.
synthesize hormones synthesize enzymes create structural molecules
True or false: During starvation, the body will break down glycogen and adipose tissue while not degrading protein.
False
Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, and thyroid hormone are key ______ that direct or regulate metabolic activities
Hormones
Choose the effects of alcohol on the body.
Increases fat deposits in abdominal region Increases risk of esophageal, liver, stomach, pancreas, and colon cancers Interferes with nutrient absorption
The hormone that activates receptors on cell membranes of adipocytes and muscle cells and signals glucose transport proteins is
Insulin
Where is the primary site for metabolizing alcohol?
Liver
Which of the following could be signs of alcohol abuse?
Lose interest in food Drinks alone Lie about drinking habits
____ are "powerhouse" organelles that synthesize most of the ATP that cells need to function.
Mitrochondria
The pathway by which glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells is _____
glycogenesis
You might be at risk for an alcohol use disorder if you
lose interest in food as a result of your drinking habits. drink alone. drink to relax, forget your worries, or improve your mood.
The conversion of amino acids into other molecules such as glucose and fatty acids is dependent on the overall needs of the body and ______.
the specific amino acid
Which of the following vitamins is often present in the chemical structure of coenzymes?
vitamin B
The amount of ATP formed by catabolism of an amino acid depends on
where it entered the catabolic pathway.
is an enzyme that cleaves apart a triglyceride molecule leaving 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone.
Hormone sensitive lipase
Liver glycogen becomes depleted in an approximate range of _____ - ______ hours
12 24
A standard drink contains _____ grams of alcohol.
13-14
How much of the triglycerides absorbed from a meal get incorporated into very-low-density-lipoprotein?
A considerable amount
Which vitamin deficiency would have a potentially limiting effect on protein metabolism?
B-6
____ is the chemical pathway that is involved in the catabolism of an activated fatty acid.
Beta-oxidation
True or false: In most cases, the body will excrete excess glucose in the urine.
False
True or false: Insulin is released in the post-absorptive state.
False
Obesity can lead to ___________, which is linked to type 2 diabetes.
Insulin Resistance
True or false: Alcohol has negative effects on almost all parts of the body.
True
Which of the following ketone bodies formed during ketogenesis produces a "fruity" odor similar to nail polish remover?
acetone
When an ATP molecule loses its third phosphate group, it becomes ______.
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Which of the following is a major storage site for energy within the body?
adipose cells liver muscle
____ ____ occurs in muscle cells and adipocytes because insulin receptors no longer function properly.
insulin resistance
During anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to ______.
lactic acid
Where is the primary site of glycogen degradation to provide tissues with energy?
liver
When excess protein is consumed, the amino acids are stripped of the _____ and used to make either glucose or fat
nitrogen group
Excess amino acids may be ______.
oxidized in the citric acid cycle used to make glucose
During beta-oxidation, fatty acid molecules are separated into ______ carbon segments that are converted to ______.
two; acetyl CoA
Match the beverage amount with the appropriate number of standard drinks it provides.
10 ounces of wine ===> 2 drinks 36 ounces of beer ===> 3 drinks 6 ounces of liquor ===> 4 drinks
Rank alcohol absorption rate from slowest to fastest based on the scenario.
- john consumes wine with his meal - john consumes a shot of liquor on an empty stomach - john consumes a beer on an empty stomach
What is required before an amino acid can be used for ATP production?
-The nitrogen group must be removed. -Pyridoxal phosphate must be available.
Metabolic reactions may be ______.
-anabolic -catabolic
Mitochondria are responsible for
-catabolize macronutrients. -transfer energy released to ATP.
Which of the following can be a product of anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate?
-lactate -lactic acid
Gluconeogenesis is the making of glucose from ______.
-lactate and glycerol -most amino acids -pyruvate
Metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions that occur in living cells include
-using energy to build new molecules -breaking down molecules to release energy
Where does glucose go after it is degraded in the liver?
Bloodstream
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between enzymes and coenzymes?
Coenzymes will often help enzymes catalyze reactions.
Oxaloacetate is produced during ________ metabolism. Multiple
Glucose
During ______ metabolism, adequate oxygen is present allowing mitochondria to make lots of ATP.
aerobic
When adequate oxygen is present in a cell, mitochondria can make lots of ATP through ______ metabolism.
aerobic
Liver cells convert extra acetyl CoA molecules to ____________ which are known as ketone bodies.
beta-hydroxybutyrate acetone acetoacetate
Choose the true statements about caffeinated alcoholic beverages.
caffeine does not changed the body's ability to metabolize alcohol caffeine may make the person feel more alert
When a diabetic is suffering from ketosis, you know that glucose cannot be utilized as a fuel source and that the patient is breaking down _____ as an alternative fuel source.
fatty acids
Which of the following are key hormones in the regulation of metabolic activities?
glucagon thyroid hormone cortisol insulin epinephrine
Match the pathway on the left with where they enter the catabolic pathway on the right.
glucogenic ===> pyruvate ketogenic ===> acetyl CoA
Cortisol promotes which of the following actions?
increases use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis increases protein catabolism
Why can drinking caffeinated alcoholic beverages be dangerous?
makes the person feel more alert may not meet the legal standard for a safe food additive masks the effects of the alcohol and a person may drink more
Human cells obtain energy by
releasing chemical energy from macronutrients.
Alcohol is absorbed in the _____ and _____.
stomach. small intestine.
The conversion of ATP to ADP results from ______.
the cleaving of the bond between the last two phosphate groups of ATP
Which of the following nutrients provides the greatest energy density?
Triglycerides
Order the steps to explain how triglyceride is stored within the cell. Instructions
-triglycerides are circulated in VLDL -lipoprotein lipase cleaves glycerol backbone from 3 fatty acids -triglyceride components enter the cell -3 fatty acids attach to glycerol molecule forming a triglyceride molecule
______ is a catabolic hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands.
Cortisol
_____ is the degradation of proteins in order to release amino acids.
Proteolysis
What is required before an amino acid can be used for ATP production?
The nitrogen group must be removed. Pyridoxal phosphate must be available.
The human body stores more energy in _________ than in _________.
fat cells; glycogen stores
