Nutrition, Chapter 1, 2, 3, & 4

Which of the following statements is true? A) A diet that has variety contains many different kinds of nutritious foods. B) Dietitians generally classify foods as either "good" or "junk." C) According to scientific evidence, taking megadoses of vitamins and minerals are a safe way to prevent many chronic diseases. D) In the United States, you are more likely to see undernourished than overnourished people.

A) A diet that has variety contains many different kinds of nutritious foods.

An ________ is an ion that can conduct electricity. A) electrolyte B) enzyme C) amp D) atom

A) Electrolyte

When following recipes, Candice wants to use fats that are not solid fats. Which of the following fats should she use? A) Safflower oil B) Shortening C) Stick margarine D) Unsalted butter

A) Safflower oil

In chemistry class, Karl combines hydrochloric acid with a base called sodium hydroxide. This chemical reaction results in the formation of a A) salt. B) buffer. C) tissue. D) proton.

A) Salt

Kristan uses % DVs to help plan nutritious menus with various packaged foods. She should try to obtain at least 100% of the Daily Value for which of the following nutrients? A) Vitamin C B) Added sugars C) Sodium D) Fat

A) Vitamin C

Generally, epidemiological studies A) cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships. B) establish causation without experimentation. C) involve in-vitro experimentation. D) prove positive correlations.

A) cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships.

Max wants to increase his intake of vitamin C without taking a dietary supplement. When he shops for food, he reads Nutrition Facts labels. Which of the following kinds of information will help him choose foods that are the richest sources of vitamin C? A) Organic food logo B) Structure/function claims C) Country of origin information D) %DVs

D) %DVs

A primary function of the digestive system is the A) transmission of nervous impulses. B) production of red blood cells. C) destruction of toxic metabolic by-products. D) breakdown of food into nutrients.

D) Breakdown of food into nutrients

Which of the following statements is true? A) An essential nutrient must be supplied by the diet. B) Under certain conditions, the human body can make iron, copper, and zinc. C) People develop scurvy when their diets lack vitamin E. D) Phytochemicals are antioxidants produced by animal cells.

A) An essential nutrient must be supplied by the diet

The ________ is the smallest living functional unit in an organism. A) organelle B) mitochondrion C) cell D) atom

C) Cell

Iron, calcium, and carbon are A) compounds. B) solvents. C) bases. D) elements.

D) Elements

Over a 2-year period, a team of scientists records the eating behaviors and physical activity patterns of a group of healthy 8-year-old children to determine whether these factors are associated with weight gain. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study. A) case-control B) prospective C) in-vitro D) retrospective

B) prospective

A serving of food contains 2 g carbohydrate, 16 g protein, 6 g fat, 2 mcg vitamin B12, and 60 mg iron. Based on this information, this food provides ________ kcal/serving. A) 136 B) 96 C) 126 D) 116

C) 126

Blood and blood vessels are primary components of the ________ system. A) lymphatic B) integumentary C) circulatory D) urinary

C) Circulatory

Scientists conduct a study in which 100 adults with chronic diarrhea are divided into 2 groups of 50 people. One group is given a supply of yogurt that contains a certain kind of bacteria and the other group is given yogurt that is bacteria free. The study's participants and researchers do not know which group of subjects has the bacteria in the yogurt and which group does not. The scientists instruct the participants to eat the entire 8 ounces of yogurt once a day for a month and record the their bowel habits. This is an example of a(n) ________ study. A) introspective B) uncontrolled C) double-blind D) hypothetical

C) Double-Blind

Jamie wants to eat more foods that are naturally high in phytochemicals and fiber. Based on this information, which of the following foods would you recommend? A) Low-fat dairy foods B) Eggs C) Organic beef D) Fresh fruits and vegetables

D) Fresh fruits and vegetables

Which of the following compounds is secreted by the human stomach? A) Saliva B) Chyme C) Bile salts D) Gastric juice

D) Gastric juice

Which of the following microbes is associated with the development of most stomach ulcers? A) S. aureus B) C. botulinum C) E. coli D) H. pylori

D) H. pylori

The brain and spinal cord are structures of the ________ system. A) cardiovascular B) endocrine C) integumentary D) nervous

D) Nervous

The amount of vitamin C that meets about 98% of the population's need for the nutrient is the ________ for the vitamin. A) EAR B) %DV C) UL D) RDA

D) RDA

Eating a high-salt diet increases people's chances of developing high blood pressure. Thus, a diet that supplies excessive amounts of salt is a ________ for high blood pressure. A) primary predictor B) hypothetical variable C) dietary modulator D) risk factor

D) Risk Factor

According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which of the following substances can not be classified as a dietary supplement? A) copper B) lysine C) vitamin E D) tobacco

D) Tobacco

Which of the following substances is a nutrient that does not supply any energy for the human body? A) Fat B) Carbohydrate C) Alcohol D) Vitamin D

D) Vitamin D

Which of the following nutrients is the most essential for life? A) Protein B) Vitamin C C) Omega-3 fatty acids D) Water

D) Water

Libby was born without salivary glands. As a result of this condition, she A) cannot tolerate eating cold foods. B) digests food too rapidly. C) develops numerous stomach ulcers. D) has trouble tasting food.

D) has trouble tasting food.

Which of the following statements is true? A) According to Islamic dietary laws, chicken is a prohibited food. B) According to Jewish dietary laws, caffeinated beverages should not be consumed. C) In some regions of the United States, the traditional African-American diet may contain unhealthy amounts of fat and sodium. D) The typical Asian diet usually includes plenty of milk and milk products.

C) In some regions of the United States, the traditional African-American diet may contain unhealthy amounts of fat and sodium.

An ________ is a compound that speeds up (catalyzes) a chemical reaction. A) enzyme B) acid C) electron D) anion

A) Enzyme

Which of the following structures normally prevents swallowed food from entering the larynx and trachea? A) Epiglottis B) Tongue C) Voice box D) Pharynx

A) Epiglottis

The ________ of a food describes the extent to which the body is able to absorb the nutrients from the food and use them. A) homeostasis B) bioavailability C) digestibility D) essentiality

B) bioavailability

Chyme moves from the stomach into the A) colon. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) ileum.

B) duodenum.

Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of phytochemicals? A) Tuna B) Margarine C) Grapes D) Luncheon meat

C) Grapes

________ is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells. A) Metabolism B) Anatomy C) Chyme D) Homeostasis

A) Metabolism

Which of the following statements is true? A) It is not unusual for similar studies, especially those involving human subjects, to have different findings. B) Since 1970, nutrition information has undergone few updates, because scientists have discovered all of the nutrients and determined their functions. C) Dietary recommendations are generally based on the findings of one team of nutrition researchers. D) The results of one study are usually enough to convince nutrition scientists to adopt new ideas about nutrition-related topics.

A) It is not unusual for similar studies, especially those involving human subjects, to have different findings.

The ________ helps form feces by absorbing excess water and some minerals from chyme. A) large intestine B) lower stomach C) esophageal sphincter D) pyloric valve

A) large intestines

In 2010, Americans ate more ________ than in 1970. A) whole grains B) red meats C) total calories D) fresh eggs

C) Total calories

Which of the following substances is a phytochemical? A) zinc B) glucose C) caffeine D) pantothenic acid

C) caffeine

A person claims his newly invented device treats cancer without surgery, medication, or other forms of conventional medical therapy. However, people who have used the device report that it was not helpful, and it may have harmed them. According to this information, the inventor's claims and his device are A) quackery. B) intuitive. C) legal. D) unbiased.

A) quackery

Which of the following statements is true? A) Daily Values are dietary standards developed for food labeling purposes. B) If you do not consume 100% of the Daily Values for nutrients, you have a high risk of developing nutritional deficiency disorders. C) Nutrition Facts labels provide information about amounts of ingredients in product recipes. D) The Nutrition Facts panel displays the amount of phytochemicals in a serving of the food.

A) Daily Values are dietary standards developed for food labeling purposes.

Which of the following statements about fruits and vegetables is false? A) Fruit juices provide more fiber than whole fruit. B) Most fruits and vegetables are naturally low in fat. C) Vegetables are often good sources of fiber. D) Fruits and vegetables are sources of phytochemicals.

A) Fruit juices provide more fiber than whole fruit.

A(n) ________ is an atom or a group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge. A) ion B) diatom C) enzyme D) solvent

A) Ion

Chyme is the A) semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach. B) organelle that maintains fluid balance within intestinal cells. C) material absorbed by lacteals that the liver must detoxify and excrete. D) large particle that transports lipids throughout the bloodstream.

A) semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach.

The lining of the small intestine is covered with ________, tiny, finger-like structures that absorb nutrients from food. A) villi B) lacteals C) neurons D) arteries

A) villi

A teaspoon of sugar supplies about 16 kilocalories, which is the same as ________ calories. A) 1600 B) 16,000 C) 160,000 D) 1.6

B) 16,000

The recommended dose of a vitamin is 2.0 mg. Based on this information, a megadose of the vitamin would be ________ mg or more. A) 10.0 B) 20.0 C) 4.0 D) 15.0

B) 20.0

A molecule forms when two or more atoms are attracted to each other and held together by A) bases. B) bonds. C) salts. D) solvents.

B) Bonds

Most forms of ________ are a source of energy for cells. A) vitamin C B) carbohydrate C) cholesterol D) water

B) Carbohydrates

Which of the following groups of Americans is most at risk of undernutrition? A) Preschool children B) Chronic alcoholics C) Middle-age men D) College freshmen

B) Chronic alcoholics

Which of the following behaviors is a known risk factor for heart disease? A) Being physically active B) Smoking cigarettes C) Consuming excess vitamin C D) Eating a high-fiber diet

B) Smoking Cigarettes

________ includes farming techniques that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment. A) Organoleptic crop management B) Sustainable agriculture C) Biotechnologic food production D) Nutrigenomic farming

B) Sustainable agriculture

The bladder and kidneys are organs of the ________ system. A) integumentary B) urinary C) endocrine D) cardiovascular

B) Urinary

Derek takes protein supplements before and after his workouts. He told his workout partner that he became 200% stronger within a couple of months after he added the supplements to his diet. His report about the effects of the supplements is an example of a(an) A) factoid. B) case report. C) anecdote. D) variable.

B) anecdote

After being absorbed, most lipids become incorporated into chylomicrons and enter A) the gastroesophageal sphincter. B) lacteals within the villi. C) special cells lining the hepatic portal vein. D) chyme.

B) lacteals within the villi.

Phil is a participant in a study designed to examine the effects of taking a dietary supplement on muscle tissue development. Phil suspects he is in the experimental group, because he is certain his muscles are bigger and stronger as a result of taking the product supplied by the researchers. When the study is completed, Phil learns that he did not receive the dietary supplement. Phil thinks the researchers made a mistake—he is certain his muscle mass increased while he took the supplement. According to this information, Phil's belief that his physical condition improved while he participated in the study is an example of A) human subject bias. B) participant fatigue. C) the placebo effect. D) an anecdotal report.

C) The placebo effect

A substance that can protect a person's cells from being damaged or destroyed by certain harmful factors is a (an) A) vitamin. B) mineral nutrient. C) antioxidant. D) oxidizing agent.

C) antioxidant

Having a control group enables researchers to A) explore possible hypotheses for future research efforts. B) avoid using harmful interventions when testing control subjects' responses. C) compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group. D) provide specific treatments to participants of the group.

C) compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group.

Which of the following websites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable nutrition information? A) eatright.org B) choosemyplate.gov C) dietsnomore4u.com D) purdue.edu

C) dietsnomore4u.com

The Tolerable Upper Limit for a nutrient is the A) amount that meets the nutrient needs of 98% of the population. B) precise amount proven to cure the nutrient's deficiency disorder in humans. C) highest average amount that is unlikely to harm most people when consumed daily. D) minimum amount of the nutrient that can be tolerated on an empty stomach when consumed as a dietary supplement.

C) highest average amount that is unlikely to harm most people when consumed daily.

Today, the only food Meghan ate was a casserole that contained 24 ounces of lemon-flavored yogurt, 16 ounces of cooked turkey, and 10 ounces of cooked noodles. According to MyPlate, she ate nothing from the food group that includes A) eggs. B) milk and milk products. C) grains. D) fruit.

D) fruit

An essential nutrient A) performs a vital function in the body. B) is only in foods from animal sources. C) is not in empty-calorie food. D) must be supplied by the diet.

D) must be supplied by the diet.

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin C on the human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin C to one group of human subjects and pills that do not contain vitamin C or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain the vitamin are: A) supplements. B) probiotics. C) antidotes. D) placebos.

D) placebos

Some food guides classify dried beans and peas with A) low-fat dairy products. B) empty-calorie foods. C) fruits and vegetables. D) seeds and nuts.

D) seeds & nuts