nutrition chapter 10

energy intake

"biological fuels" are macronutrients in foods and beverages

adipose tissue

"fat cells" store droplets of fat; overeating can cause increase in fat cell size and number, and once formed they remain in the body unless they die or are surgically removed

AN is prevalent in about ___ of adolescent females and is ___ more common in females than males

0.5%; 3X

BN affects ____ of the U.S population and is more common in ______

1-2.9%; females

people who have a first degree relative with AN are ____ more likely to have an eating disorder than people who do not

10X

female athlete triad appears to occur in ___% of female athletes, especially those who participate in ...

16; appearance based sports like gymnastics and swimming

those who suffer from AN maintain a BMI of ___ or less

18.5

healthy BMI

18.5-24.9

loss of 1 lb. of body fat requires a negative energy state of _____ kcal; thus to lose 1 lb. in 7 days one must ...

3500; reduce caloric intake by 500 kcal or expend 500 kcal more per day

americans spend over _____ on weight loss products and services

50 billion

___% of Americans are overweight or obese

69%; (2/3)

skinfold thickness

a trained person measures you at multiple body sites; although easy and inexpensive it may underestimate total body fat of overweight people

lower body fat

adds stress to hips and knee joints, but carries lower risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes or CVD (pear shape)

total body fat

adipose tissue, and essential fat in cell membranes, certain bones and nervous tissue

___ cells contain some fat

all

gene and environment have ____ effects of body weight

almsot equal

low carb approaches (examples and description)

atkins or south beach diet; initial rapid weight loss linked to water loss; and after 6 month people lose more weight than those on low fat diets, but after a year there is little difference in weight loss between the two plans

examples of energy output

basal and resting metabolism, physical activity, thermic effect of food, and non exercise activity thermogenesis

fat free mass

body water, mineral rich tissues, and protein rich tissues

energy

capacity to perform work; it's consistent in the body because it can be stored, released, moved, or transformed from one form to another

disordered eating

chaotic and abnormal food related practices; when a person has excessive concern about body size and social pressure to avoid weight gain

central body fat

characterized by excessive abdominal (visceral) fat that poses higher risk of serious health problems (apple shape)

____ therapy is an important approach for eating disorder treatment

cognitive behavioral

underwater weighing

compares weight on land to weight when completely submerged in a tank of water; although accurate disadvantages include inconvenience, expense and impracticality

obesity

condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat (1/3 of Americans)

liposuction

cosmetic procedure to improve body contours/surgical method of suctioning the excess fat out of the body (not considered treatment for obesity)

visceral fat

deep layer of fat that forms the protective structure under abdominal muscles and over stomach and intestines

appetite

desire to eat appealing foods; environmental influences include advertising, increased portion size, and conditions that reduce physical activity

steps to planning weight loss

determine whether weight loss is needed than set reasonable and realistic goals

body fat distribution

distribution of excess body fat is more closely associated with obesity related diseases than 1% of total body fat

successful dieters based on national weight control registry

eat low calories, low-fat diets, breakfast everyday, weigh themselves once a week, exercise on average for 60 min/day, and limit television time to 10 hours/week

bulemia nervosa

eating disorder characterized by cyclic episodes of bingeing and calorie restrictive dieting

non exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

energy spent of involuntary skeletal muscle activity such as fidgeting, shivering, and maintaining muscle tone or body posture; some expend as much as 700 kcal/day

thermic effect of food (TEF)

energy used to digest foods and beverages, and absorb and process the nutrients; typically 5-10% of total caloric intake

physical activity increases ____ needs above ...

energy; basal energy needs

behavior modification involves recognizing cues such as ...

environmental factors that stimulate eating behavior, such as viewing food commercials, and developing ways to change negative food/activity related behaviors

all energy outputs together forms the body's

estimate daily energy or kcal needs

those suffering from AN avoid _____ food and may engage in ...

fattening; self induced vomiting, abuse of laxatives, excessive exercise, and use of appetite suppressant

factors contributing to underweight

genetics, lifestyle practices, chronic diseases, psychological disturbances, cancer, TB, or AIDS or inflammatory bowel disease

main biological fuels

glucose comes from carbohydrates and fatty acids come from fat

overweight

having extra weight from bone, muscle, body fat, and or body water (1/3 of Americans)

forms of energy include

heat, mechanical, chemical and electrical

those who suffer from BN usually binge on ____ foods

high fat or carb

leptin (and CCK, PYY)

hormone secreted by adipose cells that reduces hunger and inhibits fat storage in the body

ghrelin

hormone secreted by stomach that stimulates hunger/eating behavior

roux-en Y gastric bypass

irreversible surgery where the small intestine is cut and the lower end is attached to the newly formed stomach "pouch"

female athlete triad

low energy availability, abnormal menstrual cycles, reduced bone mineral density

bioelectrical impedance

measures conduction of a weak electrical current throughout the body; disadvantages include reliability based on hydration and there is no design for home use

healthy body fat in men and women

men (13-21%); women (23-31%)

healthy waist circumference for men and women

men (less than 40 in.); women (less than 35 in.)

basal metabolism

minimal number of calories used for vital physiological activities after fasting and resting for 12 hours

______ disorders often accompany eating disorders

mood and anxiety

sleeve gastrectomy

most common, irreversible surgery where a portion of the stomach is removed, leaving a banana shaped stomach pouch

key factors to weight management

motivation, calorie reduction and behavior modification

other causes of eating disorders besides genetics and psychological personality factors include

national origin, income, occupation, and lifestyle choices

body mass index

numerical value of relationship between body weight and risk of certain chronic health problems

high fructose diets are associated with...

obesity because fructose does not contribute to satiety and increases fatty acid synthesis

complications of bariatric surgical procedures

occur in less than 1% of patients and can include intestinal blockage/bleeding, ulcers, or blood clot formation

subcutaneous fat

outer layer of fat, directly under the skin that helps to insulate the body and protect muscle and bone from injury

treatment of eating disorders often occurs in ____ care settings because of ____

outpatient; cost

causes of obesity

physiological aspects, environmental influences, behavior factors, psychological conditions

very low fat approaches (examples and description)

pritikin and ornish diet; limits fat intake to 5-10% of total calories resulting in rapid weight loss, diets harmless but adherence is low

eating disorders

psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications; occurs when disordered eating becomes a lifestyle

eating disorder treatment should include ____ and address ______ needs while involving a _____ group of experts

psychotherapy; nutritional; multidisciplinary

waist circumference

quick and easy way to determine obesity related risk

binge eating disorder (BED)

recurrent episodes of overeating that are NOT followed by purging; small prevalence in U.S

orlistat (Xenical and Alli)

reduce fat digestion by 30% but can result in unpleasant oily feces and reduction in fat-soluble vitamin absorption

anabolic ____ energy; catabolic ____ energy

require; release

adjustable gastric banding

reversible surgery where a small stomach pouch is created with an adjustable band instead of fixed surgical staples

set point theory

scientific notion that body fat content is genetically predetermined

signs that someone suffers from BN

scrapes on knuckles, dental enamel erosion, blood chemistry abnormality, swollen salivar glands, and tears or bleeding of esophagus

other factors that influence weight

self esteem, mood, societal pressure, and emotions

satiety

sense that enough food was eaten

anorexia nervosa

severe psychological disturbance characterized by self imposed starvation resulting in malnutrition and low body weight

small biological fuels

small amounts of amino acids are metabolized for energy and alcohol provides energy without nutrients

air displacement

subjects sits in a BOD POD chamber that assesses body volume

metabolism

sum of all chemical changes or reactions that constantly occur in living cells

bariatric surgical procedures

surgery to reduce size of stomach limiting the amount of food that can be eaten; after weight loss patients often achieve normal BP, glucose and triglyceride levels

factors that influence metabolic rate

thyroid hormone, body composition, gender (slower in women), body surface area, age, caloric intake, fever, stimulant drugs, pregnancy or lactating, and recovery after exercise

caloric expenditure is based on

type of activity, intensity, duration, and weight of the person

hunger

uncomfortable feeling leading to desire to eat

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

uses multiple low energy x-rays to scan the body in order to provide a detailed image of the internal structures; disadvantages include expense and can only be performed in a clinical setting

BMI formula

weight in lbs. divided by height in inches squared, all multiplied by 703

community based weight loss program example

weight watchers

energy output

what energy cells use to carry out activities

gestational diabetes

when pregnant women become diabetic, most of the time it goes away after birth