nutrition chapter 10
energy intake
"biological fuels" are macronutrients in foods and beverages
adipose tissue
"fat cells" store droplets of fat; overeating can cause increase in fat cell size and number, and once formed they remain in the body unless they die or are surgically removed
AN is prevalent in about ___ of adolescent females and is ___ more common in females than males
0.5%; 3X
BN affects ____ of the U.S population and is more common in ______
1-2.9%; females
people who have a first degree relative with AN are ____ more likely to have an eating disorder than people who do not
10X
female athlete triad appears to occur in ___% of female athletes, especially those who participate in ...
16; appearance based sports like gymnastics and swimming
those who suffer from AN maintain a BMI of ___ or less
18.5
healthy BMI
18.5-24.9
loss of 1 lb. of body fat requires a negative energy state of _____ kcal; thus to lose 1 lb. in 7 days one must ...
3500; reduce caloric intake by 500 kcal or expend 500 kcal more per day
americans spend over _____ on weight loss products and services
50 billion
___% of Americans are overweight or obese
69%; (2/3)
skinfold thickness
a trained person measures you at multiple body sites; although easy and inexpensive it may underestimate total body fat of overweight people
lower body fat
adds stress to hips and knee joints, but carries lower risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes or CVD (pear shape)
total body fat
adipose tissue, and essential fat in cell membranes, certain bones and nervous tissue
___ cells contain some fat
all
gene and environment have ____ effects of body weight
almsot equal
low carb approaches (examples and description)
atkins or south beach diet; initial rapid weight loss linked to water loss; and after 6 month people lose more weight than those on low fat diets, but after a year there is little difference in weight loss between the two plans
examples of energy output
basal and resting metabolism, physical activity, thermic effect of food, and non exercise activity thermogenesis
fat free mass
body water, mineral rich tissues, and protein rich tissues
energy
capacity to perform work; it's consistent in the body because it can be stored, released, moved, or transformed from one form to another
disordered eating
chaotic and abnormal food related practices; when a person has excessive concern about body size and social pressure to avoid weight gain
central body fat
characterized by excessive abdominal (visceral) fat that poses higher risk of serious health problems (apple shape)
____ therapy is an important approach for eating disorder treatment
cognitive behavioral
underwater weighing
compares weight on land to weight when completely submerged in a tank of water; although accurate disadvantages include inconvenience, expense and impracticality
obesity
condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat (1/3 of Americans)
liposuction
cosmetic procedure to improve body contours/surgical method of suctioning the excess fat out of the body (not considered treatment for obesity)
visceral fat
deep layer of fat that forms the protective structure under abdominal muscles and over stomach and intestines
appetite
desire to eat appealing foods; environmental influences include advertising, increased portion size, and conditions that reduce physical activity
steps to planning weight loss
determine whether weight loss is needed than set reasonable and realistic goals
body fat distribution
distribution of excess body fat is more closely associated with obesity related diseases than 1% of total body fat
successful dieters based on national weight control registry
eat low calories, low-fat diets, breakfast everyday, weigh themselves once a week, exercise on average for 60 min/day, and limit television time to 10 hours/week
bulemia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by cyclic episodes of bingeing and calorie restrictive dieting
non exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
energy spent of involuntary skeletal muscle activity such as fidgeting, shivering, and maintaining muscle tone or body posture; some expend as much as 700 kcal/day
thermic effect of food (TEF)
energy used to digest foods and beverages, and absorb and process the nutrients; typically 5-10% of total caloric intake
physical activity increases ____ needs above ...
energy; basal energy needs
behavior modification involves recognizing cues such as ...
environmental factors that stimulate eating behavior, such as viewing food commercials, and developing ways to change negative food/activity related behaviors
all energy outputs together forms the body's
estimate daily energy or kcal needs
those suffering from AN avoid _____ food and may engage in ...
fattening; self induced vomiting, abuse of laxatives, excessive exercise, and use of appetite suppressant
factors contributing to underweight
genetics, lifestyle practices, chronic diseases, psychological disturbances, cancer, TB, or AIDS or inflammatory bowel disease
main biological fuels
glucose comes from carbohydrates and fatty acids come from fat
overweight
having extra weight from bone, muscle, body fat, and or body water (1/3 of Americans)
forms of energy include
heat, mechanical, chemical and electrical
those who suffer from BN usually binge on ____ foods
high fat or carb
leptin (and CCK, PYY)
hormone secreted by adipose cells that reduces hunger and inhibits fat storage in the body
ghrelin
hormone secreted by stomach that stimulates hunger/eating behavior
roux-en Y gastric bypass
irreversible surgery where the small intestine is cut and the lower end is attached to the newly formed stomach "pouch"
female athlete triad
low energy availability, abnormal menstrual cycles, reduced bone mineral density
bioelectrical impedance
measures conduction of a weak electrical current throughout the body; disadvantages include reliability based on hydration and there is no design for home use
healthy body fat in men and women
men (13-21%); women (23-31%)
healthy waist circumference for men and women
men (less than 40 in.); women (less than 35 in.)
basal metabolism
minimal number of calories used for vital physiological activities after fasting and resting for 12 hours
______ disorders often accompany eating disorders
mood and anxiety
sleeve gastrectomy
most common, irreversible surgery where a portion of the stomach is removed, leaving a banana shaped stomach pouch
key factors to weight management
motivation, calorie reduction and behavior modification
other causes of eating disorders besides genetics and psychological personality factors include
national origin, income, occupation, and lifestyle choices
body mass index
numerical value of relationship between body weight and risk of certain chronic health problems
high fructose diets are associated with...
obesity because fructose does not contribute to satiety and increases fatty acid synthesis
complications of bariatric surgical procedures
occur in less than 1% of patients and can include intestinal blockage/bleeding, ulcers, or blood clot formation
subcutaneous fat
outer layer of fat, directly under the skin that helps to insulate the body and protect muscle and bone from injury
treatment of eating disorders often occurs in ____ care settings because of ____
outpatient; cost
causes of obesity
physiological aspects, environmental influences, behavior factors, psychological conditions
very low fat approaches (examples and description)
pritikin and ornish diet; limits fat intake to 5-10% of total calories resulting in rapid weight loss, diets harmless but adherence is low
eating disorders
psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications; occurs when disordered eating becomes a lifestyle
eating disorder treatment should include ____ and address ______ needs while involving a _____ group of experts
psychotherapy; nutritional; multidisciplinary
waist circumference
quick and easy way to determine obesity related risk
binge eating disorder (BED)
recurrent episodes of overeating that are NOT followed by purging; small prevalence in U.S
orlistat (Xenical and Alli)
reduce fat digestion by 30% but can result in unpleasant oily feces and reduction in fat-soluble vitamin absorption
anabolic ____ energy; catabolic ____ energy
require; release
adjustable gastric banding
reversible surgery where a small stomach pouch is created with an adjustable band instead of fixed surgical staples
set point theory
scientific notion that body fat content is genetically predetermined
signs that someone suffers from BN
scrapes on knuckles, dental enamel erosion, blood chemistry abnormality, swollen salivar glands, and tears or bleeding of esophagus
other factors that influence weight
self esteem, mood, societal pressure, and emotions
satiety
sense that enough food was eaten
anorexia nervosa
severe psychological disturbance characterized by self imposed starvation resulting in malnutrition and low body weight
small biological fuels
small amounts of amino acids are metabolized for energy and alcohol provides energy without nutrients
air displacement
subjects sits in a BOD POD chamber that assesses body volume
metabolism
sum of all chemical changes or reactions that constantly occur in living cells
bariatric surgical procedures
surgery to reduce size of stomach limiting the amount of food that can be eaten; after weight loss patients often achieve normal BP, glucose and triglyceride levels
factors that influence metabolic rate
thyroid hormone, body composition, gender (slower in women), body surface area, age, caloric intake, fever, stimulant drugs, pregnancy or lactating, and recovery after exercise
caloric expenditure is based on
type of activity, intensity, duration, and weight of the person
hunger
uncomfortable feeling leading to desire to eat
dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
uses multiple low energy x-rays to scan the body in order to provide a detailed image of the internal structures; disadvantages include expense and can only be performed in a clinical setting
BMI formula
weight in lbs. divided by height in inches squared, all multiplied by 703
community based weight loss program example
weight watchers
energy output
what energy cells use to carry out activities
gestational diabetes
when pregnant women become diabetic, most of the time it goes away after birth