Nutrition Chapter 4

What order are the parts of the small intestine as they appear in the GI tract?

1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum

lumen

A hollow space through which food and fluid pass

__________ is a condition characterized by the presence of tiny pouches that form in the wall of the colon

Diverticulosis

Which of the following can contribute to constipation?

Low water intake, anxiety or depression, changes in routine

To reduce the likelihood that young children will choke on food, caregivers should

Not allow children to run with food in their mouths, Not leave children unattended while eating

RDA

Recommendations for nutrients, developed to cover the needs of 98% of a healthy population

The 2 major components of the digestive system are the:

accessory organs and GI tract

Starvation, antibiotic use, and excessive emotional stress are among the factors that can upset the normal balance and diversity of ___________ populations in the GI tract.

bacteria

Dumping syndrome often occurs after which of the following:

bariatric, stomach, and esophageal surgery

The ________ is a flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the larynx and trachea during food consumption

epiglottis

Heartburn can be worsened by _________

excess body fat, drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes

________ is a process of absorption which requires a carrier protein but no energy

facilitated diffusion

Mucus, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and digestive enzymes are all components of _______ juice

gastric

The _____ intestine doesn't have villi

large

goblet cells produce:

mucus

What are the 2 organs that make the most digestive enzymes?

pancreas and small intenstines

Deep, dull upper abdominal pain and a feeling of fullness that occurs about 2 hours after eating are symptoms of a ________ ___________

peptic ulcer

______ are live microorganisms that play a role in maintaining good health for their human hosts

probiotics

What are functions of the stomach?

produces and secretes HCI, begins chemical digestion of protein, secretes chemical messengers that regulate digestion

Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called _______, which is produced by glands in the mouth

saliva

_________ is a hormone that stimulates the pancreas and liver to release a bicarbonate-rich solution to raise the pH of chyme

secretin

Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest __________

starch

Definition of absorption

substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the bloodstream or the lymph

A primary purpose of the villi is to increase the __________ of the small intestines in order to enhance absorption rates

surface area

T or F? low pH=acidic

true

In cases of _________, the inflammatory process causes ulcers to form in the mucosa of the colon and rectum

ulcerative colitis

This hormone ( ______________ ) is stimulated by the presence of fat in the small intestine and triggers this organ ( ____________ ) to secrete ________________ into the duodenum. This helps slow stomach motility and allows fat to be digested.

Cholecystokinin (CCK), Gallbladder, Bile

When should a physician be consulted for vomiting?

Combined with fever and diarrhea, or presence of blood (coffee ground looking) in the vomit

What are causes of diarrhea?

More water than normal is secreted into the GI tract, The GI tract absorbs less water than normal

____________ ______________ is an inflammatory process that causes ulcers to form in the mucosa of the colon and rectum

Ulcerative colitis

UL

a maximum nutrient recommendation set to guard against over-consumption

EAR

a minimum recommendation developed to meet the needs of 50% a healthy population

AI

a recommendation that's used when there's insufficient research to establish a more specific value

Although the actual causes of IBS are unknown, the disease typically results from:

an abnormal immune response to an environmental trigger

Crohn's Disease is a condition caused by:

an autoimmune disorder

DRI (dietary reference intakes)

an umbrella term that includes all nutrient recommendations

Cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder to release _______

bile

The main function of ________ is to emulsify fat, thus assisting in fat digestion

bile

The extent to which the digestive tract absorbs a nutrient and how well the body uses it is termed:

bioavailability

A refined grain product that has iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid added to replace amounts lost during processing has been

enriched

Symptoms of a peptic ulcer include:

feeling of fullness that occurs about 2 hours after eating, deep dull upper abdominal pain

Accessory organs

gallbladder, liver

Chronic constipation and straining during bowel movement play a role in the development of _________

hemorrhoids

Swollen veins in the anal canal are called _________

hemorrhoids

Simple diffusion is when a nutrient moves from the lumen where it is in ______ concentration to the absorptive cell where the nutrient is in __________ concentration

higher, lower

Foods that are likely to cause choking in children include:

hot dogs, hard candy, popcorn

In contrast to the small intestine, the large intestine:

lacks villi, lacks digestive enzymes, and has increased bacterial action

The ______ uses cholesterol to make bile

liver

Constipation can be caused by a diet that is _________ in fiber and water

low

The ___________ sphincter closes after a bolus has been swallowed and enters the stomach. This sphincter is essential to prevent the contents of the stomach reentering the esophaus

lower esophageal

A slippery, alkaline substance that protects the stomach from its acid and digestive enzymes is called ________.

mucus

Recommendations to reduce the risk of heartburn include:

not overeating at mealtimes, avoiding smoking cigarettes, and losing excess body weight

Waves of muscular contraction that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called __________

peristalsis

The circulation of nutrients to the liver is via the _______ vein

portal

The main function of the lower gastroesophageal sphincter is to:

prevent the flow of food to the stomach from entering too quickly

Ringlike muscular contractions followed by relaxations that are designed to help to mix the chyme in the small intestine are called _________

segmentation

Most ulcers are now attributed to infection with H. pylori. Other risk factors that may contribute to the development of an ulcer include:

smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and regular use of NSAIDs (anti-inflammatory drugs).

Chyme is formed in the

stomach

The acid in the __________ helps to activate digestive enzymes, makes proteins easier to digest, and kills many disease causing microorganisms

stomach

The pyloric sphincter regulates the flow of chyme from the __________ into the small intestine

stomach

The wall of the __________ is the thickest and strongest of the GI tract

stomach

GI tract

stomach, small intestine

The 5 primary taste sensations are:

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami

What are functions of intestinal bacteria?

synthesis of vitamins K, B-12, thiamin, and biotin, and metabolism of certain phytochemicals into forms that can be used by the body

The length of time it takes for the stomach to empty:

varies with the amount of liquid consumed, is influenced by the amount of food and type of nutrients consumed

Under normal circumstances, ____________ carbohydrate, protein, and fat escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine

very little

What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually to the liver before they enter the general circulation?

water-soluble vitamins

IBS is more common in

women

This sphincter is situated between the esophagus and the stomach

lower esophageal sphincter

A physical activity that prepares solid foods for swallowing and chemical digestion is called ______

mastication

___________ is a process of absorption that requires energy and a carrier protein

active transport