Nutrition Chapter 4
What order are the parts of the small intestine as they appear in the GI tract?
1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum
lumen
A hollow space through which food and fluid pass
__________ is a condition characterized by the presence of tiny pouches that form in the wall of the colon
Diverticulosis
Which of the following can contribute to constipation?
Low water intake, anxiety or depression, changes in routine
To reduce the likelihood that young children will choke on food, caregivers should
Not allow children to run with food in their mouths, Not leave children unattended while eating
RDA
Recommendations for nutrients, developed to cover the needs of 98% of a healthy population
The 2 major components of the digestive system are the:
accessory organs and GI tract
Starvation, antibiotic use, and excessive emotional stress are among the factors that can upset the normal balance and diversity of ___________ populations in the GI tract.
bacteria
Dumping syndrome often occurs after which of the following:
bariatric, stomach, and esophageal surgery
The ________ is a flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the larynx and trachea during food consumption
epiglottis
Heartburn can be worsened by _________
excess body fat, drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes
________ is a process of absorption which requires a carrier protein but no energy
facilitated diffusion
Mucus, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and digestive enzymes are all components of _______ juice
gastric
The _____ intestine doesn't have villi
large
goblet cells produce:
mucus
What are the 2 organs that make the most digestive enzymes?
pancreas and small intenstines
Deep, dull upper abdominal pain and a feeling of fullness that occurs about 2 hours after eating are symptoms of a ________ ___________
peptic ulcer
______ are live microorganisms that play a role in maintaining good health for their human hosts
probiotics
What are functions of the stomach?
produces and secretes HCI, begins chemical digestion of protein, secretes chemical messengers that regulate digestion
Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called _______, which is produced by glands in the mouth
saliva
_________ is a hormone that stimulates the pancreas and liver to release a bicarbonate-rich solution to raise the pH of chyme
secretin
Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest __________
starch
Definition of absorption
substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the bloodstream or the lymph
A primary purpose of the villi is to increase the __________ of the small intestines in order to enhance absorption rates
surface area
T or F? low pH=acidic
true
In cases of _________, the inflammatory process causes ulcers to form in the mucosa of the colon and rectum
ulcerative colitis
This hormone ( ______________ ) is stimulated by the presence of fat in the small intestine and triggers this organ ( ____________ ) to secrete ________________ into the duodenum. This helps slow stomach motility and allows fat to be digested.
Cholecystokinin (CCK), Gallbladder, Bile
When should a physician be consulted for vomiting?
Combined with fever and diarrhea, or presence of blood (coffee ground looking) in the vomit
What are causes of diarrhea?
More water than normal is secreted into the GI tract, The GI tract absorbs less water than normal
____________ ______________ is an inflammatory process that causes ulcers to form in the mucosa of the colon and rectum
Ulcerative colitis
UL
a maximum nutrient recommendation set to guard against over-consumption
EAR
a minimum recommendation developed to meet the needs of 50% a healthy population
AI
a recommendation that's used when there's insufficient research to establish a more specific value
Although the actual causes of IBS are unknown, the disease typically results from:
an abnormal immune response to an environmental trigger
Crohn's Disease is a condition caused by:
an autoimmune disorder
DRI (dietary reference intakes)
an umbrella term that includes all nutrient recommendations
Cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder to release _______
bile
The main function of ________ is to emulsify fat, thus assisting in fat digestion
bile
The extent to which the digestive tract absorbs a nutrient and how well the body uses it is termed:
bioavailability
A refined grain product that has iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid added to replace amounts lost during processing has been
enriched
Symptoms of a peptic ulcer include:
feeling of fullness that occurs about 2 hours after eating, deep dull upper abdominal pain
Accessory organs
gallbladder, liver
Chronic constipation and straining during bowel movement play a role in the development of _________
hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the anal canal are called _________
hemorrhoids
Simple diffusion is when a nutrient moves from the lumen where it is in ______ concentration to the absorptive cell where the nutrient is in __________ concentration
higher, lower
Foods that are likely to cause choking in children include:
hot dogs, hard candy, popcorn
In contrast to the small intestine, the large intestine:
lacks villi, lacks digestive enzymes, and has increased bacterial action
The ______ uses cholesterol to make bile
liver
Constipation can be caused by a diet that is _________ in fiber and water
low
The ___________ sphincter closes after a bolus has been swallowed and enters the stomach. This sphincter is essential to prevent the contents of the stomach reentering the esophaus
lower esophageal
A slippery, alkaline substance that protects the stomach from its acid and digestive enzymes is called ________.
mucus
Recommendations to reduce the risk of heartburn include:
not overeating at mealtimes, avoiding smoking cigarettes, and losing excess body weight
Waves of muscular contraction that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called __________
peristalsis
The circulation of nutrients to the liver is via the _______ vein
portal
The main function of the lower gastroesophageal sphincter is to:
prevent the flow of food to the stomach from entering too quickly
Ringlike muscular contractions followed by relaxations that are designed to help to mix the chyme in the small intestine are called _________
segmentation
Most ulcers are now attributed to infection with H. pylori. Other risk factors that may contribute to the development of an ulcer include:
smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and regular use of NSAIDs (anti-inflammatory drugs).
Chyme is formed in the
stomach
The acid in the __________ helps to activate digestive enzymes, makes proteins easier to digest, and kills many disease causing microorganisms
stomach
The pyloric sphincter regulates the flow of chyme from the __________ into the small intestine
stomach
The wall of the __________ is the thickest and strongest of the GI tract
stomach
GI tract
stomach, small intestine
The 5 primary taste sensations are:
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami
What are functions of intestinal bacteria?
synthesis of vitamins K, B-12, thiamin, and biotin, and metabolism of certain phytochemicals into forms that can be used by the body
The length of time it takes for the stomach to empty:
varies with the amount of liquid consumed, is influenced by the amount of food and type of nutrients consumed
Under normal circumstances, ____________ carbohydrate, protein, and fat escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine
very little
What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually to the liver before they enter the general circulation?
water-soluble vitamins
IBS is more common in
women
This sphincter is situated between the esophagus and the stomach
lower esophageal sphincter
A physical activity that prepares solid foods for swallowing and chemical digestion is called ______
mastication
___________ is a process of absorption that requires energy and a carrier protein
active transport