nutrition chapter 5
monosaccharide
basic chemical unit of carbohydrates
fructose
cabbage, green beans, and asparagus are sources of ____
starch, table sugar
carbs are a class of nutrients that include ___ & ____
glucose
fruits and vegetables, especially berries, grapes, corn, and carrots are good sources of _____
simple
glucose is a ___ carbohydrate
glycogenolysis
glycogen breakdown
simple carbohydrates
group of carbohydrates that includes sugars
diabetes mellitus (diabetes)
group of serious chronic diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
syndrome
group of signs and symptoms that occur together and indicate a specific health problem
nonnutritive sweeteners
group of synthetic compounds that are intensely sweet tasting compared to sugar
maltose
has two glucose molecules bonded together
45-65
healthy americans should consume diets that furnish ____ - _____ percent of energy from carbohydrates, primarily complex carbohydrates
glucagon
hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels
insulin
hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels
lactose intolerance
inability to digest lactose properly
insoluble fiber
is in whole grain products, including brown rice
type 2
more common form of diabetes
glucose
most important monosaccharide in the human body because it is a primary fuel for muscle and other cells
fructose
natural found in fruit, honey, and a few vegetables
dietary fiber
nondigestable plant material; most types are polysaccharides
galactose
not commonly found in foods
lignin
only type of fiber that is not carbohydrate
glucose
primary fuel for muscles and other cells
hyperglycemia
primary sign of diabetes is ___
monosaccharide
simplest type of sugar
viscous fiber
soluble fiber is sometimes referred to as ....
glucagon
alpha cells in pancreas produce ____
sugar alcohols: sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol
alternative nutritive sweeteners include _________: _____, _____, & _______
polysaccharides
another way to refer to complex carboydrates
whole-grain oat cereal
which of the following foods is the best source of soluble fiber? raw fruit, whole-grain oat cereal, sports drinks, cooked meat
sucrose
which of the following is a disaccharide? fructose, sucrose, galactose, or glycogen?
glycogen
which of the following substances is a polysaccharide? glycogen, glucose, lactose, or insulin?
muscles and liver
___ & ____ are major sites for glycogen formation and storage
lactose, sucrose
___ & _____ are major dietary disaccharides
glucose
___ is a primary fuel for the body's cells
glucagon
___ is the hormone that enables glucose to enter cells
glucagon
___ stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose molecules and release them into the bloodstream
nervous system, red blood cells
____ & _____ rely on glucose for energy under normal conditions
regular soft drinks
____ are the primary source of added sugars in American diets
glucose
____ is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells
tooth decay
____ is the only health problem that is clearly associated with eating carbohydrates
glucose
____ is the primary end product of carbohydrate digestion
diverticula
abnormal, tiny sacs that form in wall of colon
hyperglycemia
abnormally high blood glucose level
hormones
chemicals that convey messages concerning specific responses to target cells
ketone bodies
chemicals that result from incomplete fat breakdown
carbohydrates
class of nutrients that include glucose, a major source of energy for the body
galactose
component of lactose
complex carbohydrates
compounds comprised of 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together
pre-diabetes
condition characterized by fasting blood glucose levels that are 100 to 125 mg/dl
metabolic syndrome
condition that increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD
hypoglycemia
condition that occurs when the blood glucose level is abnormally low
ketoacidosis
condition that occurs when the body forms excessive ketone bodies
sucrose
consists of a molecule of glucose and one of fructose
complex carbohydrates
contain many simple carbohydrate molecules
is not digested by human intestinal tract
dietary fiber .......
maltose, sucrose, lactose
disaccharides include...
pancreatic amylase
enzyme secreted by pancreas that breaks down starch into maltose molecules
salivary amylase
enzyme secreted by salivary glands that begins starch digestion
lactase
enzyme that breaks down lactose
lactase
enzyme that splits lactose molecule
maltase
enzyme that splits maltose molecule
sucrase
enzyme that splits sucrose molecule
lipolysis
fat breakdown
energy dense
foods that contain a lot of added sugars, especially in regular soft drinks, is largely responsible for Americans' rising rate of obesity
gestational diabetes
form of diabetes that pregnant women can develop
soluble fiber
forms of dietary fiber that dissolve or swell in water
insoluble fiber
forms of dietary fiber that generally do not dissolve in water
lactose
forms when a galactose molecule bonds to a glucose molecule
glycogen
storage polysaccharide in animals
starch
storage polysaccharide in plants
nutritive sweeteners
substances that sweeten and contribute energy to foods
alternative sweeteners
substances that sweeten foods while providing few or no kilocalories
disaccharide
sugar comprised of two monosaccharides
added sugars
sugars added to food during processing or preparation
small intestine
the ___ is the main site for carbohydrate digestion and absorption
little
the body has ___ need for fructose
glycogen or fat
the liver can use simple sugars to make ________, but if the body needs energy, the organ releases glucose into the bloodstream.
beta cells, insulin
the pancreas contains _______, which produce ____
glucose, fructose, galactose
three most important dietary monosacchariddes
glucose, fructose, galactose
three most important dietary monosaccharides
soluble/insoluble
two types of dietary fiber
often associated with excess body weight
type 2 diabetes is....
hyperglycemia
what is a common sign or symptom of untreated type 1 diabetes
high fasting blood glucose
what sign is associated with metabolic syndrome?
cornflakes cereal
which of the following foods has a high glycemic index?