Nutrition Chapter 6
Lipids incude:
triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols
Diglyceride - lipid that has _____ fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
two
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) - fatty acid that has _____ or more double bonds within the carbon chain
two
Lipids - a class of nutrients that do not dissolve in _________
water
Cholesterol - a lipid found in ______ foods; precursor for steroid hormones, bile, and vitamin D
animal
The body converts linoleic acid into _______ acid
arachidonic
Glycerol - a three-carbon alcohol that forms the "_______" of fatty acids
backbone
Larde is high in saturated fat (41%), but not as high as ______ (66%)
butter
Fatty acids are identified by: •Number of _____ atoms •The type of _____ between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
carbon bond
Hydrocarbon chain - a chain of _______ atoms bonded to each other and two ______ atoms
carbon hydrogen
Saturated fatty acid (SFA) - a fatty acid that has each ______ atom within the chain filled with _______ atoms
carbon hydrogen
Carboxylic acid - an organic molecule with a _______ (-COOH) group
carboxyl
The acidic environment of the stomach actives lipase which begins _______ digestion
fat
Omega (methyl) end - the end of a ______ acid containing a methyl (-CH3) group
fatty
Triglyceride - a lipid that has three _____ acids attached to a three-______ compound called glycerol
fatty, carbon
Omega‒6 fatty acid - a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the ______ double bond at the _____ carbon from the omega end of the molecule
first, sixth
Omega‒3 fatty acid - a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the _____ double bond at the _____ carbon from the omega end of the molecule
first, third
Liquid corn oil contains a _____ proportion of unsaturated than saturated fatty acids
greater
Fatty acid - a _________ chain found in lipids; one end of the chain forms a c______ acid, and one end forms a m_______ group
hydrocarbon carboxylic methyl
Partial hydrogenation - the food manufacturing process that adds ________ atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming ______ fats
hydrogen trans
Oils containing artificial fats are called partially ________ oils
hydrogenated (PHOs)
Most lipids are completely _______ in water, complicating their digestion, absorption and transport
insoluble
Example of an omega-6 fatty acid
linoleic acid
Example of two essential fatty acids
linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid
_____ - enzymes that break down lipids
lipases
The small intestine is the primary site of _______ digestion; it secretes hormones in response to fatty ______
lipid chyme
Fatty acids are also identified by the ________ of double bonds in the carbon chain
location
Eicosanoids - a group of ______-chain fatty acids with ____ functions
long hormonelike
Unsaturated fatty acid - a fatty acid that is _______ hydrogen atoms and has one or more _______ bonds within the carbon chain
missing double
Oleic acid - an 18-carbon _____ fatty acid
monounsaturated
The fat in beef and dairy products contains ______ saturated than unsaturated fatty acids
more
Phospholipid - a type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of ____ cells; chemically similar to a triglyceride, except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains ______
nerve phosphorus
Monoglyceride - lipid that has _____ fatty acid attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
one
Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) - fatty acid that has _____ double bond within the carbon chain
one
Trans fatty acids have hydrogen atoms of the double-bonded carbons on _______ sides of hydrocarbon chain
opposite
Phospholipids are ______ water soluble because the phosphorus-containing portion of the molecule is hydrophilic, but it also has a hydrophobic portion
partially
Linoleic acid - an 18-carbon ______ fatty acid with _____ double bonds; an essential fatty acid
polyunsaturated two
Three types of eicosanoids
prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes
Trans fats are unsaturated fatty acids that have at least one _________ double bond
trans
______ ______ are more solid at room temperature than cis fatty acids
trans fat
Example of an omega-3 fatty acid
alpha-linolenic acid
Adequate Intake (AI) for alpha-linolenic acid is: •_______ g/day for men •_______ g/day for women
1.6 1.1
Long-chain fatty acids have ___ to ___ carbons
14-24
Adequate Intake (AI) for linoleic acid is: ______ g/day for men _______ g/day for women
17 12
Short-chain fatty acids have ___ to____ carbons
2-4
Worldwide, over ______ million tons of palm oil are produced annually
47
Palm oil contains about _____% saturated fatty acids and _____% unsaturated fatty acids
50 50
Medium-chain fatty acids have ___ to ____ carbons
6-12
Triglycerides comprise ____% of lipids in food and the human body
95
Infants require ____ and ____ for nervous system development Babies do not grow properly if their diet lacks essential _____ acids
DHA, EPA fatty
What can be eaten to help meet alpha-linolenic acid?
Fatty fish like salmon and tuna
Most common phospholipid in food
Lecithin
Olive oil is a rich source of _______
MUFAs
_________ oil is made by pressing the flesh of the fruit of the palm oil tree
Palm
What type of foods can be eaten to help meet linoleic acid levels?
Pecan, almonds, and avocados
Alpha-linolenic acid - an 18-carbon ______ fatty acid with ___ double bonds; an essential fatty acid
Polyunsaturated three
Signs of essential fatty acid deficiency include:
Scaly skin, hair loss, poor wound healing
Most triglycerides contain a mixture of _______ and ________ fatty acids
Unsaturated and saturated
Prostaglandins
a class of eicosanoids that produce a variety of important effects on the body
Choline is used to form the neurotransmitter _________
acetylcholine
Most well known sterol
cholesterol
_________ - a water-soluble, vitamin-like compound; component of lecithin
choline
Most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are ______ fatty acids
cis
Sterols - type of lipid that has a more chemically _______ structure than triglycerides and phospholipids.
complex
Essential fatty acids - fatty acids that must be supplied by the _______;
diet
Cis fatty acids have hydrogen atoms of the __________-bonded carbons on same side of ______ chain
double hydrocarbon
Arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are all essential fatty acids that are precursors to ___________
eicosanoids
The body converts alpha-linolenic acid to _________________ acid and ________________ acid
eicospentaenoic docosahexaenoic
By having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, a phospholipid can serve as an ________
emulsifier
Stearic acid - an 18-carbon ______ fatty acid
saturated
Structurally, trans fatty acids resemble ________ ones, providing the properties of long-chain saturated fatty acids to foods
saturated
Generally, animal foods contain higher percentages of _______ than most plant foods
saturated fatty acids
Manufacturers may add emulsifiers to foods to keep oily and watery ingredients from ______ during storage
separating
The body uses fats and other lipids to: •Absorb fat-_______ vitamins and phytochemicals •_______ the body against bumps and blows •Form and maintain cell _____ •Participate in cell ______ •_______ the body against cold temperatures •Produce ______ hormones •Provide and store ______ (triglycerides)
solubles cushion membranes signaling insulate steroid energy
Plant _____/_____ are structurally similar to cholesterol
sterol/stanols