Nutrition Chapter 6

Lipids incude:

triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

Diglyceride - lipid that has _____ fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol

two

Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) - fatty acid that has _____ or more double bonds within the carbon chain

two

Lipids - a class of nutrients that do not dissolve in _________

water

Cholesterol - a lipid found in ______ foods; precursor for steroid hormones, bile, and vitamin D

animal

The body converts linoleic acid into _______ acid

arachidonic

Glycerol - a three-carbon alcohol that forms the "_______" of fatty acids

backbone

Larde is high in saturated fat (41%), but not as high as ______ (66%)

butter

Fatty acids are identified by: •Number of _____ atoms •The type of _____ between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain

carbon bond

Hydrocarbon chain - a chain of _______ atoms bonded to each other and two ______ atoms

carbon hydrogen

Saturated fatty acid (SFA) - a fatty acid that has each ______ atom within the chain filled with _______ atoms

carbon hydrogen

Carboxylic acid - an organic molecule with a _______ (-COOH) group

carboxyl

The acidic environment of the stomach actives lipase which begins _______ digestion

fat

Omega (methyl) end - the end of a ______ acid containing a methyl (-CH3) group

fatty

Triglyceride - a lipid that has three _____ acids attached to a three-______ compound called glycerol

fatty, carbon

Omega‒6 fatty acid - a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the ______ double bond at the _____ carbon from the omega end of the molecule

first, sixth

Omega‒3 fatty acid - a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid with the _____ double bond at the _____ carbon from the omega end of the molecule

first, third

Liquid corn oil contains a _____ proportion of unsaturated than saturated fatty acids

greater

Fatty acid - a _________ chain found in lipids; one end of the chain forms a c______ acid, and one end forms a m_______ group

hydrocarbon carboxylic methyl

Partial hydrogenation - the food manufacturing process that adds ________ atoms to liquid vegetable oil, forming ______ fats

hydrogen trans

Oils containing artificial fats are called partially ________ oils

hydrogenated (PHOs)

Most lipids are completely _______ in water, complicating their digestion, absorption and transport

insoluble

Example of an omega-6 fatty acid

linoleic acid

Example of two essential fatty acids

linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid

_____ - enzymes that break down lipids

lipases

The small intestine is the primary site of _______ digestion; it secretes hormones in response to fatty ______

lipid chyme

Fatty acids are also identified by the ________ of double bonds in the carbon chain

location

Eicosanoids - a group of ______-chain fatty acids with ____ functions

long hormonelike

Unsaturated fatty acid - a fatty acid that is _______ hydrogen atoms and has one or more _______ bonds within the carbon chain

missing double

Oleic acid - an 18-carbon _____ fatty acid

monounsaturated

The fat in beef and dairy products contains ______ saturated than unsaturated fatty acids

more

Phospholipid - a type of lipid needed to make cell membranes and for proper functioning of ____ cells; chemically similar to a triglyceride, except that one of the fatty acids is replaced by a chemical group that contains ______

nerve phosphorus

Monoglyceride - lipid that has _____ fatty acid attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol

one

Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) - fatty acid that has _____ double bond within the carbon chain

one

Trans fatty acids have hydrogen atoms of the double-bonded carbons on _______ sides of hydrocarbon chain

opposite

Phospholipids are ______ water soluble because the phosphorus-containing portion of the molecule is hydrophilic, but it also has a hydrophobic portion

partially

Linoleic acid - an 18-carbon ______ fatty acid with _____ double bonds; an essential fatty acid

polyunsaturated two

Three types of eicosanoids

prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

Trans fats are unsaturated fatty acids that have at least one _________ double bond

trans

______ ______ are more solid at room temperature than cis fatty acids

trans fat

Example of an omega-3 fatty acid

alpha-linolenic acid

Adequate Intake (AI) for alpha-linolenic acid is: •_______ g/day for men •_______ g/day for women

1.6 1.1

Long-chain fatty acids have ___ to ___ carbons

14-24

Adequate Intake (AI) for linoleic acid is: ______ g/day for men _______ g/day for women

17 12

Short-chain fatty acids have ___ to____ carbons

2-4

Worldwide, over ______ million tons of palm oil are produced annually

47

Palm oil contains about _____% saturated fatty acids and _____% unsaturated fatty acids

50 50

Medium-chain fatty acids have ___ to ____ carbons

6-12

Triglycerides comprise ____% of lipids in food and the human body

95

Infants require ____ and ____ for nervous system development Babies do not grow properly if their diet lacks essential _____ acids

DHA, EPA fatty

What can be eaten to help meet alpha-linolenic acid?

Fatty fish like salmon and tuna

Most common phospholipid in food

Lecithin

Olive oil is a rich source of _______

MUFAs

_________ oil is made by pressing the flesh of the fruit of the palm oil tree

Palm

What type of foods can be eaten to help meet linoleic acid levels?

Pecan, almonds, and avocados

Alpha-linolenic acid - an 18-carbon ______ fatty acid with ___ double bonds; an essential fatty acid

Polyunsaturated three

Signs of essential fatty acid deficiency include:

Scaly skin, hair loss, poor wound healing

Most triglycerides contain a mixture of _______ and ________ fatty acids

Unsaturated and saturated

Prostaglandins

a class of eicosanoids that produce a variety of important effects on the body

Choline is used to form the neurotransmitter _________

acetylcholine

Most well known sterol

cholesterol

_________ - a water-soluble, vitamin-like compound; component of lecithin

choline

Most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids are ______ fatty acids

cis

Sterols - type of lipid that has a more chemically _______ structure than triglycerides and phospholipids.

complex

Essential fatty acids - fatty acids that must be supplied by the _______;

diet

Cis fatty acids have hydrogen atoms of the __________-bonded carbons on same side of ______ chain

double hydrocarbon

Arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are all essential fatty acids that are precursors to ___________

eicosanoids

The body converts alpha-linolenic acid to _________________ acid and ________________ acid

eicospentaenoic docosahexaenoic

By having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, a phospholipid can serve as an ________

emulsifier

Stearic acid - an 18-carbon ______ fatty acid

saturated

Structurally, trans fatty acids resemble ________ ones, providing the properties of long-chain saturated fatty acids to foods

saturated

Generally, animal foods contain higher percentages of _______ than most plant foods

saturated fatty acids

Manufacturers may add emulsifiers to foods to keep oily and watery ingredients from ______ during storage

separating

The body uses fats and other lipids to: •Absorb fat-_______ vitamins and phytochemicals •_______ the body against bumps and blows •Form and maintain cell _____ •Participate in cell ______ •_______ the body against cold temperatures •Produce ______ hormones •Provide and store ______ (triglycerides)

solubles cushion membranes signaling insulate steroid energy

Plant _____/_____ are structurally similar to cholesterol

sterol/stanols