Nutrition Chapter 6 & 7 exam
after several hours of fasting liver _____ depletes. as a result blood _____levels drop
glycogen, glucose
List the roles of protein?
hormones, regulates fluid balance, acid base regulators, transporters, source of energy and glucose, antibodies
Proteins are susceptible to heat and acid. an example of this process in the body is during digestion when proteins are exposed to ____________acid
hydrochloric
ketones
incomplete fat breakdown
if a nonessential amino acid is needed, the body can make it from a ______ acid
keto
Glycogen used first in _____
ketosis
when an essential amino acid isn't supplied in the amount needs to support protein synthesis, it is called a ________ amino acid
limiting
what four things does protein deficiency result in?
malnutrition, marasmus, kwashiorkor, heart disease
12. If input of nitrogen is less than output then a person is in ___________ balance.
negative
Is protein stored in the body?
no, proteins are in a constant state of turnover
In the exchange system how much protein is in one exchange for fruits?
none
__________ amino acids may become essential under certain conditions
nonessential
Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA location? by Product?
occurs in the mitochondria, CO2 is the by product, acetyl CoA is a two carbon molecule and cannot be remade into pyruvate
_____ accepts electrons, this combines with hydrogen atoms to form_____
oxygen, water
Two amino acids hooked together makes a ________?
polypeptide chains
if input of nitrogen is greater than output then a person is in _______ balance
positive
What happens when there is too much protein?
protein is converted to fat
continual production and destruction
protein turnover
incomplete proteins
proteins that lack one or more of the essential amino acids
amino acids converted to _________ can make glucose
pyruvate
Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
pyruvate enters mitochondria, carbon removed, becomes CO2, 2 carbon compound joins with CoA
some amino acids enter energy pathways after being converted to _______, others as acetyl CoA. others enter the ________ directly
pyruvate, citric acid cycle
glycolysis is _______
reversible
Where does the digestion of protein begin?
stomach
how do we measure protein quality?
the amount of amino acids it is composed of
protein synthesis
the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
where does nitrogen come from if more is excreted than taken in?
the muscles
What part of the amino acid makes it unique or able to differentiate from others
the side group
the liver can synthesis nonessential amino acids through the process of __________
transamination
What is tRNA and what does it do?
transfer RNA brings appropriate amino acid into the ribosome and attaches it onto the growing polypeptide
the liver converts ammonia to ______ it is filtered from the blood by the __________
urea, kidneys
glycogen and protein increase ______ production
urine
What is a conditionally essential amino acid?
usually not essential, except in times of illness and stress. can become essential
In the exchange system how much protein is in one exchange for Cho?
varies
Aerobic
Process that requires oxygen
fats are broken down to form
glycerol and fatty acids
What is the RDA for protein....calculate it the RDA for protein in a person weighing 130 pounds.
.8g/kg
What is the RDA for protein?
0.8 g/kg
protein contributes to what percent of energy needs?
10-15 percent
How many non-essential amino acids?
11/20
one glucose yields _____acetyl CoA
2
one glucose yields_____ pyruvate
2
Acetyl CoA
2 carbon structure, can not make glucose
in the process of fatty acid oxidation, fatty acids are taken apart _____ fragments at a time. they then form____. as this occurs, _______ and electrons are released and carried to the electron transport chain
2 carbon; acetyl CoA, hydrogens
In the exchange system how much protein is in one exchange for vegetables?
2g
pyruvate
3 carbon structure, can make glucose
In the exchange system how much protein is in one exchange for starch?
3g
In the exchange system how much protein is in one exchange for meat?
7g
how many grams of protein per ounce?
7g
In the exchange system how much protein is in one exchange for milk?
8g
There are how many essential amino acids?
9/20
in the first few days of fasting body protein provide ______ percent of the glucose needed. the other ____ percent is provided by glycerol
90, 10
the electron transport chain captures energy in the high energy bonds of_____
ATP
fatty acids are converted to ______
Acetyl CoA
glucose and fatty acids are broken down into_______, which enters the energy pathway
Acetyl CoA
All amino acids have which elements?
C,H,N,O
complementary proteins
Combining multiple plant foods to create a complete protein is
the chain is a series of proteins that carry______
Electrons
Anaerobic
Process that does not require oxygen
Homosistine
In red meat risk factor for heart disease
Kwashiorkor
Malnutrition produced by a severely inadequate amount of protein in the diet.
Marasmus
Malnutrition produced by the inadequate amount of protein and calories
what is mRNA and what does it do?
Messenger RNA; mRNA carries instructions on how to make specific proteins.
When does gluconeogenesis occur?
When you starve your body of carbs, so it has to get glucose from somewhere else (proteins and fats)
What is the electron transport chain?
a series of proteins in the inner membrane of mitochondria
_______ is the compound that enters the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA
amino acids from protein breakdown and dietary proteins
amino acid pool
proteins are broken down into
amino acids
used for energy
amino acids if nitrogen is removed
_______ and a carbon structure are the products of amino acid breakdown
ammonia
there must be ample _______ coming in for protein to be used for what it should be used for.
amount of amino acids
Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?
anaerobic
What is beta oxidation?
breaking fatty acids down directly to acetyl coA to be used in the citric acid cycle
Combining low-quality proteins provide adequate essential amino acids, this concept is called:
complementary proteins
complete proteins
contain all essential amino acids
the process of _________ occurs when amino acids are broken down, this must occur before they are used for_____
deamination, energy
before amino acids can enter the metabolic pathway_______ must occur, this removed the ________ containing amino group
deamination; nitrogen
___________ is the process when a protein uncoils or loses its shape
denaturation
energy harnessed through the ______
electron transport chain
the carbon structures are used to make nonessential amino acids or _______
energy
Gluconeogenesis
formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
Carbs are broken down during digestion to form
glucose
glycerol and amino acids can provide _______ because they can be converted to pyruvate
glucose
glycerol can be converted to ______ or _______
glucose, pyruvate
