Nutrition Chapter 6 & 7 exam

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after several hours of fasting liver _____ depletes. as a result blood _____levels drop

glycogen, glucose

List the roles of protein?

hormones, regulates fluid balance, acid base regulators, transporters, source of energy and glucose, antibodies

Proteins are susceptible to heat and acid. an example of this process in the body is during digestion when proteins are exposed to ____________acid

hydrochloric

ketones

incomplete fat breakdown

if a nonessential amino acid is needed, the body can make it from a ______ acid

keto

Glycogen used first in _____

ketosis

when an essential amino acid isn't supplied in the amount needs to support protein synthesis, it is called a ________ amino acid

limiting

what four things does protein deficiency result in?

malnutrition, marasmus, kwashiorkor, heart disease

12. If input of nitrogen is less than output then a person is in ___________ balance.

negative

Is protein stored in the body?

no, proteins are in a constant state of turnover

In the exchange system how much protein is in one exchange for fruits?

none

__________ amino acids may become essential under certain conditions

nonessential

Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA location? by Product?

occurs in the mitochondria, CO2 is the by product, acetyl CoA is a two carbon molecule and cannot be remade into pyruvate

_____ accepts electrons, this combines with hydrogen atoms to form_____

oxygen, water

Two amino acids hooked together makes a ________?

polypeptide chains

if input of nitrogen is greater than output then a person is in _______ balance

positive

What happens when there is too much protein?

protein is converted to fat

continual production and destruction

protein turnover

incomplete proteins

proteins that lack one or more of the essential amino acids

amino acids converted to _________ can make glucose

pyruvate

Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

pyruvate enters mitochondria, carbon removed, becomes CO2, 2 carbon compound joins with CoA

some amino acids enter energy pathways after being converted to _______, others as acetyl CoA. others enter the ________ directly

pyruvate, citric acid cycle

glycolysis is _______

reversible

Where does the digestion of protein begin?

stomach

how do we measure protein quality?

the amount of amino acids it is composed of

protein synthesis

the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

where does nitrogen come from if more is excreted than taken in?

the muscles

What part of the amino acid makes it unique or able to differentiate from others

the side group

the liver can synthesis nonessential amino acids through the process of __________

transamination

What is tRNA and what does it do?

transfer RNA brings appropriate amino acid into the ribosome and attaches it onto the growing polypeptide

the liver converts ammonia to ______ it is filtered from the blood by the __________

urea, kidneys

glycogen and protein increase ______ production

urine

What is a conditionally essential amino acid?

usually not essential, except in times of illness and stress. can become essential

In the exchange system how much protein is in one exchange for Cho?

varies

Aerobic

Process that requires oxygen

fats are broken down to form

glycerol and fatty acids

What is the RDA for protein....calculate it the RDA for protein in a person weighing 130 pounds.

.8g/kg

What is the RDA for protein?

0.8 g/kg

protein contributes to what percent of energy needs?

10-15 percent

How many non-essential amino acids?

11/20

one glucose yields _____acetyl CoA

2

one glucose yields_____ pyruvate

2

Acetyl CoA

2 carbon structure, can not make glucose

in the process of fatty acid oxidation, fatty acids are taken apart _____ fragments at a time. they then form____. as this occurs, _______ and electrons are released and carried to the electron transport chain

2 carbon; acetyl CoA, hydrogens

In the exchange system how much protein is in one exchange for vegetables?

2g

pyruvate

3 carbon structure, can make glucose

In the exchange system how much protein is in one exchange for starch?

3g

In the exchange system how much protein is in one exchange for meat?

7g

how many grams of protein per ounce?

7g

In the exchange system how much protein is in one exchange for milk?

8g

There are how many essential amino acids?

9/20

in the first few days of fasting body protein provide ______ percent of the glucose needed. the other ____ percent is provided by glycerol

90, 10

the electron transport chain captures energy in the high energy bonds of_____

ATP

fatty acids are converted to ______

Acetyl CoA

glucose and fatty acids are broken down into_______, which enters the energy pathway

Acetyl CoA

All amino acids have which elements?

C,H,N,O

complementary proteins

Combining multiple plant foods to create a complete protein is

the chain is a series of proteins that carry______

Electrons

Anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen

Homosistine

In red meat risk factor for heart disease

Kwashiorkor

Malnutrition produced by a severely inadequate amount of protein in the diet.

Marasmus

Malnutrition produced by the ina​dequate amount of protein and calories

what is mRNA and what does it do?

Messenger RNA; mRNA carries instructions on how to make specific proteins.

When does gluconeogenesis occur?

When you starve your body of carbs, so it has to get glucose from somewhere else (proteins and fats)

What is the electron transport chain?

a series of proteins in the inner membrane of mitochondria

_______ is the compound that enters the citric acid cycle?

acetyl CoA

amino acids from protein breakdown and dietary proteins

amino acid pool

proteins are broken down into

amino acids

used for energy

amino acids if nitrogen is removed

_______ and a carbon structure are the products of amino acid breakdown

ammonia

there must be ample _______ coming in for protein to be used for what it should be used for.

amount of amino acids

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

anaerobic

What is beta oxidation?

breaking fatty acids down directly to acetyl coA to be used in the citric acid cycle

Combining low-quality proteins provide adequate essential amino acids, this concept is called:

complementary proteins

complete proteins

contain all essential amino acids

the process of _________ occurs when amino acids are broken down, this must occur before they are used for_____

deamination, energy

before amino acids can enter the metabolic pathway_______ must occur, this removed the ________ containing amino group

deamination; nitrogen

___________ is the process when a protein uncoils or loses its shape

denaturation

energy harnessed through the ______

electron transport chain

the carbon structures are used to make nonessential amino acids or _______

energy

Gluconeogenesis

formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

Carbs are broken down during digestion to form

glucose

glycerol and amino acids can provide _______ because they can be converted to pyruvate

glucose

glycerol can be converted to ______ or _______

glucose, pyruvate


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