Nutrition: Chapter 6 - Energy Balance
Underweight is considered __ % below ideal body weight and under __ % considered risky and usually means pt. has an eating disorder.
10, 20
Our protein balance should be ___ to ___ % per day.
10, 35
We never want a pt. to consume less than ________ calories per day.
1200
With BMI want pt. to fall between ___ and ___ Ibs.
18, 25
Everyone should lift weights ___ to ___ days per week.
2, 3
For women the amount of body fat usually falls between ___ and ___ %.
20, 35
Our fat balance should be up to ____ % per day.
25
Our carb balance should be ____ to ____ % per day.
45, 65
Create a calorie deficit of ______ calories per day when trying to lose weight healthily.
500
Hamwi formula for men is ___ Ibs more than for women due to the differences in body composition.
6
Athletes should drink __ to __ oz of fluid every 15-20 minutes during physical activity.
6, 12
What is the fuel factor of alcohol?
7kcal/gram
For men the amount of body fat usually falls between __ and __ %.
8, 22
We should ________ our own recipes to make them healthier. Ex. Buttermilk in mashed potatoes
Adapt
2nd form of stored energy our body will use; Amount varies from person to person; directly related to amount of excess nutrients we stored in the past.
Adipose
Requires oxygen and raises heart rate; recommended everyone gets at least 30 minutes per day at least 5 days a week.
Aerobic Exercise
How air is displaced, enclosed space, put pt. in a BOD POD
Air Displacement Plethysmography
These build muscle by mimicking the natural male hormone, however, can cause a women to look more masculine and cause testicular atrophy in men.
Anabolic Steroids
Weight in kg divided by height in meters squared
BMI
Number is expressed in kcals per day and is about metabolism; Amount of calories required for all your body processes when @ rest.
BMR
More popular surgical procedure because not as risky and can be reversed.
Banding/Sleeve
Resting energy Expenditure and Resting Metabolic Rate
Basil Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Uses a special scale, pt. must weigh barefoot; sends light electrical current through the body and its based on content that fat will slow the current.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis
The amount of body fat a person has, men tend to have less.
Body Composition
__________ __________ can affect BMR; BMR raises with this and lowers as well.
Body Temperature
Fad diet that works temporarily by reducing your water weight
Body Wrap
Our bodies waste products are
CO2 and H2O
Concentration of calories in food, if this number is high then has high this for the amount of food.
Caloric Density
1 Ib of body fat is equal to 3,500 _______.
Calories
Athletes tend to practice _______ and __________ loading usually before a big event.
Carb, Glygogen
What is the primary energy nutrient?
Carbohydrates
Plants convert the energy from the sun into _________ energy.
Chemical
Increases risk of being an overweight adult
Childhood Obesity
Yo yo dieting, or dieting and stopping, pt. loses weight but gains all back and more in most cases is known as this.
Chronic Dieting Syndrome
Nursing term for morbidly obese
Clinically Severe
The day of an event, the athlete will eat a light meal consisting of __________ ___________.
Complex Carbs
Energy cannot be created or ____________, only changed.
Destroyed
Over counter drugs or by prescription; putting something in the body that causes some side effects.
Diet Pills
As much as 10% of our daily calories are used to __________ food.
Digest
Using Xray to distinguish bone, muscle, water, and fat density
Dual Energy Xray Absorptiometry
Food goes right through a pt. (through bowels)
Dumping Syndrome
Muscles have _________ energy
Electrical
Contains little to no nutrients and plenty of calories, example is beer
Empty Calories
In nutrition, kcals measure the ___________ in our food.
Energy
Energy Intake vs _______ ______
Energy Output
In U.S. lack of ________ is a major contributing factor to obesity.
Exercise
We look at the energy cycle in 2 parts; _______ and ___________.
External, Internal
Anything outside of the norm is considered an _________ practice.
Extreme
If buying over the counter diet pills, they are not regulated by ____.
FDA
Quick fix; often very difficult to maintain and often not nutritionally sound.
Fad Diets
True or False: Because children are smaller, their energy requirements are less per kilogram (or pound) of body weight than those of adults.
False
True or False: Different people doing the same amount of physical activity require the same amount of energy in kilocalories.
False
True or False: The RMR takes into account energy that is used for physical activity.
False
True or False: Vitamins are energy-yielding nutrients in foods.
False
Not eating
Fasting
What are the fuel factors of the three energy nutrients?
Fat 9kcal/gram Protein 4kcal/gram Carbs 4kcal/gram
1 kcal x weight (in kg) x 24 hours
Formula for men
1/2 kcal x weight (in kg) x 24 hours
Formula for women
With this procedure, 90% of pts. lose 20-25% of their body weight, however, only 50-80% keep it off for 5 years and number goes down every year.
Gastric Bypass
_________ stimulates appetite.
Ghrelin
1st form of stored energy our body will use; stored form of sugar
Glycogen
In kids, we look at __________ ___________ to screen for malnourishment.
Growth Charts
Undernourishment in kids can lead to loss of _________ and _________ tissue that is needed for healthy growth.
Growth, Repair
For women: 5'0=100Ibs, add 5 for every additional inch and subtract 5 for every inch shorter
Hamwi Formula
Diet pills can raise your BP and damage ________.
Heart
Involuntary Body Functions include-
Heart beating, Brain function, and liver/kidney functions
When growing or pregnant BMR is _________.
Higher
Need this for balance
Homeostasis
In women, ________ can add to risk of obesity.
Hormones
Most precise measurement, requires complete submersion in water and a special scale; Pt. has to exhale and hold breath for several seconds, then look at weight and how much water you displaced.
Hydrostatic Weighing
If pt. is undernourished their __________ system can be compromised.
Immune
Impossible to find exact measurement of BMR, so we use _________ __________.
Indirect Calorimetry
Lack of ___________, decreases BMR- body tries to conserve all the energy it has.
Intake
How much we bring in as compared to how much we use
Intake vs Output
Energy is measured in this
Kilocalories
What factors influence basal energy requirements?
Lean body mass, Growth periods, Body temperature, Hormonal status
_______ controls satiety.
Leptin
More cosmetic surgery that rids person of body fat
Lipectomy
What body tissues contribute most to resting metabolic needs?
Liver, brain, heart, kidney
A light meal will stay in the stomach ___________.
Longer
_____________ BMR in the elderly.
Lower
Biggest source of intake is our ____________ consumption.
Macronutrient
Stop eating a certain macronutrient, such as carbs, considered a fad diet; Will lose weight short term, but missing needed vitamin and nutrients.
Macronutrient Restriction
Athletes need more ___________, not just protein.
Macronutrients
We convert some of the energy we consume (plants/animals) to _______________ energy; good example is muscles.
Mechanical
Pay attention to the elderly for undernourishment because their ________ and certain disorders can cause a lack of appetite.
Medications
When your body goes into starvation mode, ________ slows down.
Metabolism
When a person has surgery they can not eat as much which limits their ______________ intake.
Micronutrient
Clearly excessive or massive weight; BMI equal to or greater than 40 Ibs.
Morbid Obesity
Aerobic exercise improves heart, lung, and ________ function
Muscle
Last resort of energy; means more than likely too late and pt. is malnourished.
Muscle Mass
What factors influence nonbasal energy needs? Identify each as either voluntary or involuntary.
Nonbasal energy needs are influenced by physical activity and the thermic effect of food. Physical activity is voluntary, whereas the thermic effect of food is involuntary, but both increase energy needs.
Diet pills may interfere with __________ absorption.
Nutrient
When trying to lose weight should eat more ___________ dense food.
Nutrient
Concentration of nutrients in food, high # means high for amount of food
Nutrient Density
Excess body fat, 20% or more over ideal body weight or BMI greater than or equal to 30 Ibs.
Obese
Hypertension, heart disease, Type II diabetes, Gird, degenerative joint disease, cancer (breast, colon, and prostate), and sleep apnea are all health risks for these type of ppl.
Obese
Really low fat diet, can be dangerous because need fatty acids for brain and heart functions.
Ornish
BMI greater than or equal to 25
Overweight
When you move you use calories. Higher this means higher energy expenditure.
Physical Activity
Animals consume the _______, and convert it to energy for themselves.
Plants
When dieting and your weight levels out (stop losing) it is known as hitting a ___________.
Plateau
The main source of energy that animals contain come from _______ and ________.
Protein, Fat
Things that actually build muscle, such as lifting weights
Resistance Training
Define RMR
Resting metabolic rate (RMR), or resting energy expenditure (REE), refers to the sum of all internal working activities of the body at rest and is expressed in kcal/d.
Most important factor for a pt to lose weight is this
Self-motivation
Use calipers to measure skin folds, measure in more than one area for more accurate answer.
Skin fold measurement
________ energy means it is available for use; when you run out of other sources of energy.
Stored
Our _________ count as our intake as well- even though they are already in our body.
Stores
_________ by itself does not increase metabolic need, however, how we deal with it does (hair twirling, tapping foot, clicking pen, etc.)
Stress
Plants use CO2 and H20 and convert it to energy using the ____.
Sun
When a pt. is undernourished we incorporate the use of _______________, such as ensure or boost, to give them extra micro and macro nutrients.
Supplements
Option for someone who is morbidly obese; changes body structure and decreases it's size.
Surgery
Last resort for undernourishment, this is administered through an IV.
TPN
Body produces waste and plants use our waste to restart the cycle.
Thermal Energy
Part of total energy expenditure; refers to the amount of energy required to transport, digest, and use food.
Thermic Effect of Food
Genetics, Poor Eating Habits, Psychological Factors, Physiologic Factors
Things that can influence obesity
Higher _______ hormone means lower BMR, lower this means higher BMR.
Thyroid
Other terms for Output.
Total Energy Requirement and Pyloric Need
Stress eating, eating because of boredom, and eating while watching TV or studying are known as this, and we need to watch out for them.
Triggers
True or False: The thermic effect of food refers to the energy that is necessary for the digestion of food.
True
True or False: The thyroid hormone thyroxine is a controlling factor of body metabolism.
True
For the first hour of activity, athletes should drink ________.
Water
1 to 2 pounds a week is a realistic this
Weight loss
Athletes will increase carb intake and ___________ a couple of days before a big event.
Workouts
Which one of the following people is using the most energy? a A teenager who is playing basketball b A woman who is walking uphill c A student who is studying for her final examinations d A man who is driving a car
a. Teenager playing basketball
In human nutrition, the kilocalorie is used to a provide vitamins and water. b measure energy input and output. c control energy reactions. d measure electrical energy.
b. measure energy input and output
In the following family of four, who has the highest energy needs per unit of body weight? a The 32-year-old mother b The 35-year-old father c The 2-month-old son d The 70-year-old grandmother
c. 2-month old son
A slice of bread contains 2 g of protein, 1 g of fat, and 15 g of carbohydrate in the form of starch. What is its kilocalorie value? a 17 kcal b 68 kcal c 77 kcal d 92 kcal
c. 77 kcal 2 x 4=8 1 x 9=9 15 x 4=60
An overactive thyroid causes a decreased energy needs. b no effect on energy needs. c increased energy needs. d decreased protein needs.
c. increased energy need
Which of these foods has the highest energy value per unit of weight? a Bread b Meat c Potato d Butter
d. Butter
