Nutrition: Chapter 6 - Energy Balance

Underweight is considered __ % below ideal body weight and under __ % considered risky and usually means pt. has an eating disorder.

10, 20

Our protein balance should be ___ to ___ % per day.

10, 35

We never want a pt. to consume less than ________ calories per day.

1200

With BMI want pt. to fall between ___ and ___ Ibs.

18, 25

Everyone should lift weights ___ to ___ days per week.

2, 3

For women the amount of body fat usually falls between ___ and ___ %.

20, 35

Our fat balance should be up to ____ % per day.

25

Our carb balance should be ____ to ____ % per day.

45, 65

Create a calorie deficit of ______ calories per day when trying to lose weight healthily.

500

Hamwi formula for men is ___ Ibs more than for women due to the differences in body composition.

6

Athletes should drink __ to __ oz of fluid every 15-20 minutes during physical activity.

6, 12

What is the fuel factor of alcohol?

7kcal/gram

For men the amount of body fat usually falls between __ and __ %.

8, 22

We should ________ our own recipes to make them healthier. Ex. Buttermilk in mashed potatoes

Adapt

2nd form of stored energy our body will use; Amount varies from person to person; directly related to amount of excess nutrients we stored in the past.

Adipose

Requires oxygen and raises heart rate; recommended everyone gets at least 30 minutes per day at least 5 days a week.

Aerobic Exercise

How air is displaced, enclosed space, put pt. in a BOD POD

Air Displacement Plethysmography

These build muscle by mimicking the natural male hormone, however, can cause a women to look more masculine and cause testicular atrophy in men.

Anabolic Steroids

Weight in kg divided by height in meters squared

BMI

Number is expressed in kcals per day and is about metabolism; Amount of calories required for all your body processes when @ rest.

BMR

More popular surgical procedure because not as risky and can be reversed.

Banding/Sleeve

Resting energy Expenditure and Resting Metabolic Rate

Basil Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Uses a special scale, pt. must weigh barefoot; sends light electrical current through the body and its based on content that fat will slow the current.

Bioelectrical impedance analysis

The amount of body fat a person has, men tend to have less.

Body Composition

__________ __________ can affect BMR; BMR raises with this and lowers as well.

Body Temperature

Fad diet that works temporarily by reducing your water weight

Body Wrap

Our bodies waste products are

CO2 and H2O

Concentration of calories in food, if this number is high then has high this for the amount of food.

Caloric Density

1 Ib of body fat is equal to 3,500 _______.

Calories

Athletes tend to practice _______ and __________ loading usually before a big event.

Carb, Glygogen

What is the primary energy nutrient?

Carbohydrates

Plants convert the energy from the sun into _________ energy.

Chemical

Increases risk of being an overweight adult

Childhood Obesity

Yo yo dieting, or dieting and stopping, pt. loses weight but gains all back and more in most cases is known as this.

Chronic Dieting Syndrome

Nursing term for morbidly obese

Clinically Severe

The day of an event, the athlete will eat a light meal consisting of __________ ___________.

Complex Carbs

Energy cannot be created or ____________, only changed.

Destroyed

Over counter drugs or by prescription; putting something in the body that causes some side effects.

Diet Pills

As much as 10% of our daily calories are used to __________ food.

Digest

Using Xray to distinguish bone, muscle, water, and fat density

Dual Energy Xray Absorptiometry

Food goes right through a pt. (through bowels)

Dumping Syndrome

Muscles have _________ energy

Electrical

Contains little to no nutrients and plenty of calories, example is beer

Empty Calories

In nutrition, kcals measure the ___________ in our food.

Energy

Energy Intake vs _______ ______

Energy Output

In U.S. lack of ________ is a major contributing factor to obesity.

Exercise

We look at the energy cycle in 2 parts; _______ and ___________.

External, Internal

Anything outside of the norm is considered an _________ practice.

Extreme

If buying over the counter diet pills, they are not regulated by ____.

FDA

Quick fix; often very difficult to maintain and often not nutritionally sound.

Fad Diets

True or False: Because children are smaller, their energy requirements are less per kilogram (or pound) of body weight than those of adults.

False

True or False: Different people doing the same amount of physical activity require the same amount of energy in kilocalories.

False

True or False: The RMR takes into account energy that is used for physical activity.

False

True or False: Vitamins are energy-yielding nutrients in foods.

False

Not eating

Fasting

What are the fuel factors of the three energy nutrients?

Fat 9kcal/gram Protein 4kcal/gram Carbs 4kcal/gram

1 kcal x weight (in kg) x 24 hours

Formula for men

1/2 kcal x weight (in kg) x 24 hours

Formula for women

With this procedure, 90% of pts. lose 20-25% of their body weight, however, only 50-80% keep it off for 5 years and number goes down every year.

Gastric Bypass

_________ stimulates appetite.

Ghrelin

1st form of stored energy our body will use; stored form of sugar

Glycogen

In kids, we look at __________ ___________ to screen for malnourishment.

Growth Charts

Undernourishment in kids can lead to loss of _________ and _________ tissue that is needed for healthy growth.

Growth, Repair

For women: 5'0=100Ibs, add 5 for every additional inch and subtract 5 for every inch shorter

Hamwi Formula

Diet pills can raise your BP and damage ________.

Heart

Involuntary Body Functions include-

Heart beating, Brain function, and liver/kidney functions

When growing or pregnant BMR is _________.

Higher

Need this for balance

Homeostasis

In women, ________ can add to risk of obesity.

Hormones

Most precise measurement, requires complete submersion in water and a special scale; Pt. has to exhale and hold breath for several seconds, then look at weight and how much water you displaced.

Hydrostatic Weighing

If pt. is undernourished their __________ system can be compromised.

Immune

Impossible to find exact measurement of BMR, so we use _________ __________.

Indirect Calorimetry

Lack of ___________, decreases BMR- body tries to conserve all the energy it has.

Intake

How much we bring in as compared to how much we use

Intake vs Output

Energy is measured in this

Kilocalories

What factors influence basal energy requirements?

Lean body mass, Growth periods, Body temperature, Hormonal status

_______ controls satiety.

Leptin

More cosmetic surgery that rids person of body fat

Lipectomy

What body tissues contribute most to resting metabolic needs?

Liver, brain, heart, kidney

A light meal will stay in the stomach ___________.

Longer

_____________ BMR in the elderly.

Lower

Biggest source of intake is our ____________ consumption.

Macronutrient

Stop eating a certain macronutrient, such as carbs, considered a fad diet; Will lose weight short term, but missing needed vitamin and nutrients.

Macronutrient Restriction

Athletes need more ___________, not just protein.

Macronutrients

We convert some of the energy we consume (plants/animals) to _______________ energy; good example is muscles.

Mechanical

Pay attention to the elderly for undernourishment because their ________ and certain disorders can cause a lack of appetite.

Medications

When your body goes into starvation mode, ________ slows down.

Metabolism

When a person has surgery they can not eat as much which limits their ______________ intake.

Micronutrient

Clearly excessive or massive weight; BMI equal to or greater than 40 Ibs.

Morbid Obesity

Aerobic exercise improves heart, lung, and ________ function

Muscle

Last resort of energy; means more than likely too late and pt. is malnourished.

Muscle Mass

What factors influence nonbasal energy needs? Identify each as either voluntary or involuntary.

Nonbasal energy needs are influenced by physical activity and the thermic effect of food. Physical activity is voluntary, whereas the thermic effect of food is involuntary, but both increase energy needs.

Diet pills may interfere with __________ absorption.

Nutrient

When trying to lose weight should eat more ___________ dense food.

Nutrient

Concentration of nutrients in food, high # means high for amount of food

Nutrient Density

Excess body fat, 20% or more over ideal body weight or BMI greater than or equal to 30 Ibs.

Obese

Hypertension, heart disease, Type II diabetes, Gird, degenerative joint disease, cancer (breast, colon, and prostate), and sleep apnea are all health risks for these type of ppl.

Obese

Really low fat diet, can be dangerous because need fatty acids for brain and heart functions.

Ornish

BMI greater than or equal to 25

Overweight

When you move you use calories. Higher this means higher energy expenditure.

Physical Activity

Animals consume the _______, and convert it to energy for themselves.

Plants

When dieting and your weight levels out (stop losing) it is known as hitting a ___________.

Plateau

The main source of energy that animals contain come from _______ and ________.

Protein, Fat

Things that actually build muscle, such as lifting weights

Resistance Training

Define RMR

Resting metabolic rate (RMR), or resting energy expenditure (REE), refers to the sum of all internal working activities of the body at rest and is expressed in kcal/d.

Most important factor for a pt to lose weight is this

Self-motivation

Use calipers to measure skin folds, measure in more than one area for more accurate answer.

Skin fold measurement

________ energy means it is available for use; when you run out of other sources of energy.

Stored

Our _________ count as our intake as well- even though they are already in our body.

Stores

_________ by itself does not increase metabolic need, however, how we deal with it does (hair twirling, tapping foot, clicking pen, etc.)

Stress

Plants use CO2 and H20 and convert it to energy using the ____.

Sun

When a pt. is undernourished we incorporate the use of _______________, such as ensure or boost, to give them extra micro and macro nutrients.

Supplements

Option for someone who is morbidly obese; changes body structure and decreases it's size.

Surgery

Last resort for undernourishment, this is administered through an IV.

TPN

Body produces waste and plants use our waste to restart the cycle.

Thermal Energy

Part of total energy expenditure; refers to the amount of energy required to transport, digest, and use food.

Thermic Effect of Food

Genetics, Poor Eating Habits, Psychological Factors, Physiologic Factors

Things that can influence obesity

Higher _______ hormone means lower BMR, lower this means higher BMR.

Thyroid

Other terms for Output.

Total Energy Requirement and Pyloric Need

Stress eating, eating because of boredom, and eating while watching TV or studying are known as this, and we need to watch out for them.

Triggers

True or False: The thermic effect of food refers to the energy that is necessary for the digestion of food.

True

True or False: The thyroid hormone thyroxine is a controlling factor of body metabolism.

True

For the first hour of activity, athletes should drink ________.

Water

1 to 2 pounds a week is a realistic this

Weight loss

Athletes will increase carb intake and ___________ a couple of days before a big event.

Workouts

Which one of the following people is using the most energy? a A teenager who is playing basketball b A woman who is walking uphill c A student who is studying for her final examinations d A man who is driving a car

a. Teenager playing basketball

In human nutrition, the kilocalorie is used to a provide vitamins and water. b measure energy input and output. c control energy reactions. d measure electrical energy.

b. measure energy input and output

In the following family of four, who has the highest energy needs per unit of body weight? a The 32-year-old mother b The 35-year-old father c The 2-month-old son d The 70-year-old grandmother

c. 2-month old son

A slice of bread contains 2 g of protein, 1 g of fat, and 15 g of carbohydrate in the form of starch. What is its kilocalorie value? a 17 kcal b 68 kcal c 77 kcal d 92 kcal

c. 77 kcal 2 x 4=8 1 x 9=9 15 x 4=60

An overactive thyroid causes a decreased energy needs. b no effect on energy needs. c increased energy needs. d decreased protein needs.

c. increased energy need

Which of these foods has the highest energy value per unit of weight? a Bread b Meat c Potato d Butter

d. Butter