Nutrition Chapter 9-10
When a water-soluble vitamin assists in the chemical reaction involved in the metabolism of the macronutrients, this is known as its ____ function.
coenzyme
What is the role of vitamin c
collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, and immune function
A high level of salt in sweat is a positive sign for a diagnosis of
cystic fibrosis
is a condition that results in the overproduction of mucus that negatively affects the lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, sinuses, and sexual organs.
cystic fibrosis
Symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency
dermatitis, anemia, convulsions, depression, confusion
In the United States, people at risk for niacin deficiency include those with
tryptophan metabolism disorder. alcoholism. anorexia nervosa.
Sources of pantothenic acid
vitamin fortified cereals, liver, sunflower seeds, mushrooms, peas, walnuts, and berries
What vitamin is found in plant and animal food sources but can also be synthesized by bacteria in the intestinal tract?
vitamin k
Poor disease management of cystic fibrosis results in
destruction of pancreatic tissue. reduced enzymatic activity that cause nutrient malabsorption. blockage of ducts leading to and from the pancreas.
Cooking vegetables in small amounts of water, cutting produce into large pieces, and cooking fruits and vegetables with their skins are all effective ways to reduce the loss of _____ that easily leach out of food and dissolve in cooking water.
water-soluble vitamins
Vitamins provide_____ kilocalories per gram.
zero
What are some signs and symptoms of rickets?
soft bones, misshapen bones, muscle pain
The neural tube in the human embryo eventually develops into the ______.
spinal cord; brain
Which form of vitamin B-12 is more readily absorbed?
synthetic form of vitamin B-12
Although plants do not contain ______vegetarians do not develop a deficiency of this compound, suggesting that it isn't essential.
taurine
According to a nationwide survey, approximately ______ of American adults had low blood levels of vitamin D.
50%
How many vitamin Bs are there
8- thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12
Which statement is most accurate?
A nutritionally adequate diet can supply vitamins that last for days and even years.
Which roles does vitamin D play in the body?
Assists with absorption of calcium Production of bones Maintains phosphorus levels in blood Maintenance of bones
Cells require vitamin____ to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of methylation in the metabolism of folate.
B12
Intestinal bacteria can produce which vitamin?
Biotin
Why is it not necessary to consume 100% of every vitamin each day?
Body cells can store vitamins to some extent. Bacteria in your lower intestinal tract can produce certain vitamins. Your body can synthesize vitamin D.
Where does the healthy body store vitamin E?
Body fat Liver Skeletal muscle
Pantothenic acid is a component of
Coenzyme A
How is a total parenteral solution administered?
IV
What British physician discovered a cure for Scurvy?
James Lind
Which roles does vitamin D play in the body?
Maintains phosphorus levels in blood Maintenance of bones Assists with absorption of calcium Production of bones
Which of the following is true about vitamin E?
Only the alpha-tocopherol form of vitamin E is used by the body
Which groups of people are most at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency?
People with fat malabsorption Preschoolers who don't eat vegetables Older adults
Which vitamin is a component of the two coenzymes FMN and FAD that play key roles in energy metabolism?
Riboflavin
_______ is a component of two coenzymes that play key roles in energy metabolism, yogurt, and other milk products are some of the best sources of this vitamin.
Riboflavin
Which of the following are major food sources of vitamin K?
Soybean and canola oils Green leafy vegetables Margarine and salad dressing
______ is a water-soluble vitamin that is used to make a coenzyme that participates in chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates.
Thiamin
Choose the true statements about vitamins.
Toxicity is more likely to occur when taking excessive amounts of vitamin supplements. Most commonly eaten foods do not contain toxic levels of vitamins. Taking a "once daily" multivitamin is unlikely to produce toxic effects in adults.
Choose the true statements about vitamin D.
Vitamin D is considered a hormone. Vitamin D is not considered an essential nutrient. Calciferol comes from plant and animal sources.
What vitamins are fat soluble vitamins?
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
What are carotenoids?
Yellow and orange plant pigments
What is a vitamin?
a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic process in the body.
Choose the statements that are true about cancer.
a group of chronic diseases occurs when damage occurs to genes
In its coenzyme form, biotin participates in chemical reactions that
add carbon dioxide to other compounds.
One role of lipoic acid in the body is with
antioxidants
Three leading causes of cancer death for women are ______.
breast cancer colorectum cancer lung and bronchus cancer
Premature infants and people recovering from serious diseases and injuries may have a conditional need for
carnitine
Which of the following is found only in plants?
carotenoids
What roles does vitamin A play in the body?
cell growth, formation of epithelial cells, cell production
Inositol may be conditionally essential in
certain cancers. multiple sclerosis. diabetes.
Signs and symptoms of ariboflavinosis include
cheilosis, glossitis
Dark green fruits and vegetables that contain carotenoids are not yellow-orange in color because of the presence of
chlorophyll
Factors associated with low vitamin D status include ______.
drinking milk less than once a week excess body fat screentime more than 4 hours daily
Niacin participates in which of the following?
energy metabolism
True or false: Pantothenic acid is so rare in our foods that nutritional deficiencies are common.
false
True or false: Taurine is found in fruits and vegetables.
false
The body is able to store which group of vitamins?
fat soluble vitamins
In the body, pantothenic acid is important for
fatty acid synthesis. energy metabolism.
What is the name of the synthetic form of folate that is found in supplements and added to fortify food?
folic acid
Vitamin E protects the polyunsaturated fatty acids that are located in cell membranes from being damaged by
free radicals
A swollen and sore tongue is a possible sign of the riboflavin deficiency condition known as
glossitis
Biotin's roles in the body includes ______.
glucose synthesis amino acid breakdown fatty acid synthesis
Intestinal enzymes are necessary to remove ___________ from naturally-occurring folate.
glutamates
Vitamin K deficiency can commonly develop in people who ______.
have cystic fibrosis have liver disease have a condition that impairs fat absorption
Clinical studies _______ provided support for taking vitamin A or beta-carotene supplements to reduce the risk of CVD.
have not
_______ is a toxic amino acid and vitamin B-6 plays a vital role in keeping it from accumulating in the blood.
homocysteine
A vitamin-like compound that may be conditionally essential in diabetes is
inosintol
About 10% of the body's supply of menaquinone (vitamin K2) is supplied by ______.
intestinal bacteria
Several long-term studies have shown a(n) _______ relationship between vitamin K intake and the risk for osteoporosis.
inverse
Choose functions of niacin.
involved in the pathway that releases energy from macronutrients involved in at least 200 reactions used to make NAD and NADP
What is thiamin?
is part of the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) which participates in chemical reactions that remove a carbon dioxide molecule from a larger compound.
What foods are rich in folate
leafy vegetables, liver, legumes, asparagus, broccoli, orange juice
A common food additive added to certain foods such as salad dressings and ice cream for its emulsifying properties is called
lecithin
The vitamin-like compound that removes carbon dioxide from compounds is
lipoic acid
Where is most of the vitamin A in the body stored?
liver
Describe treatment for cystic fibrosis.
medications diet airway clearance surgery
What are some major food sources of vitamin B-12?
milk poultry meat
Salmon, tuna, mushrooms, beef liver and enriched breads are all good sources of
niacin
Which vitamin plays a role in over 200 reactions and is necessary for the release of energy?
niacin
Smokers need more vitamin C daily than non-smokers because
of the greater stress placed on the lungs due to the oxidative damage.
Burning feet syndrome may be a sign of a deficiency of
pantothenic acid.
Compounds in fruits and vegetables that may help prevent cancer include
phytochemicals. carotenoids. vitamin C.
Vitamin D comes from both plant and animal food sources, the _____ form of vitamin D is called ergocalciferol.
plant
Vitamin K deficiency may develop in individuals on long-term antibiotic therapy because such therapy can _____ the number of bacteria in the colon that synthesize the vitamin naturally.
reduce
Vitamin A is transported in the blood bound to
retinol-binding protein (RBP)
Milk, yogurt, liver, spinach, and enriched cereals are all good sources of which vitamin?
riboflavin
What criteria does a vitamin meet
the body cannot synthesize the compound or make enough to maintain good health the compound naturally in commonly eaten food signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet
Where are water soluble vitamins filterted
the kidneys
Which vitamin does not reach toxic levels in the body because it is readily excreted in urine?
thiamin
Which vitamin plays a role in the chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates?
thiamin
What are the major water soluble vitamins
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B6 & B12, folate, ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
Why is lecithin added to certain foods?
to help keep watery and fatty ingredients mixed
In chemical reactions involved in the metabolism of macronutrients, water-soluble vitamins are
used as coenzymes.
Vitamin is a term created from ______meaning necessary for life and______ meaning containing nitrogen.
vita; amine
What is a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes in the body?
vitamin
Shellfish, poultry, meat, and eggs are all good sources of which vitamin?
vitamin B12
Beef, salmon, potatoes, walnuts, and sweet red peppers are all good sources of ______.
vitamin B6
Collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, and assistance in immune system functioning are all functions of which vitamin?
vitamin C
Which fat-soluble vitamin serves as a major antioxidant in the body?
vitamin E
Vegans need to be concerned about getting an adequate intake of ______ because plant foods are not good food sources of this micronutrient.
vitamin b 12
Which vitamin do cells require to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of methylation in the metabolism of folate?
vitamin b 12
______ plays a vital role in keeping homocysteine from accumulating in the blood by converting it to cysteine.
vitamin b 6
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
vitamins that are hydrophobic