Nutrition Chapter 9-10

When a water-soluble vitamin assists in the chemical reaction involved in the metabolism of the macronutrients, this is known as its ____ function.

coenzyme

What is the role of vitamin c

collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, and immune function

A high level of salt in sweat is a positive sign for a diagnosis of

cystic fibrosis

is a condition that results in the overproduction of mucus that negatively affects the lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, sinuses, and sexual organs.

cystic fibrosis

Symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency

dermatitis, anemia, convulsions, depression, confusion

In the United States, people at risk for niacin deficiency include those with

tryptophan metabolism disorder. alcoholism. anorexia nervosa.

Sources of pantothenic acid

vitamin fortified cereals, liver, sunflower seeds, mushrooms, peas, walnuts, and berries

What vitamin is found in plant and animal food sources but can also be synthesized by bacteria in the intestinal tract?

vitamin k

Poor disease management of cystic fibrosis results in

destruction of pancreatic tissue. reduced enzymatic activity that cause nutrient malabsorption. blockage of ducts leading to and from the pancreas.

Cooking vegetables in small amounts of water, cutting produce into large pieces, and cooking fruits and vegetables with their skins are all effective ways to reduce the loss of _____ that easily leach out of food and dissolve in cooking water.

water-soluble vitamins

Vitamins provide_____ kilocalories per gram.

zero

What are some signs and symptoms of rickets?

soft bones, misshapen bones, muscle pain

The neural tube in the human embryo eventually develops into the ______.

spinal cord; brain

Which form of vitamin B-12 is more readily absorbed?

synthetic form of vitamin B-12

Although plants do not contain ______vegetarians do not develop a deficiency of this compound, suggesting that it isn't essential.

taurine

According to a nationwide survey, approximately ______ of American adults had low blood levels of vitamin D.

50%

How many vitamin Bs are there

8- thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12

Which statement is most accurate?

A nutritionally adequate diet can supply vitamins that last for days and even years.

Which roles does vitamin D play in the body?

Assists with absorption of calcium Production of bones Maintains phosphorus levels in blood Maintenance of bones

Cells require vitamin____ to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of methylation in the metabolism of folate.

B12

Intestinal bacteria can produce which vitamin?

Biotin

Why is it not necessary to consume 100% of every vitamin each day?

Body cells can store vitamins to some extent. Bacteria in your lower intestinal tract can produce certain vitamins. Your body can synthesize vitamin D.

Where does the healthy body store vitamin E?

Body fat Liver Skeletal muscle

Pantothenic acid is a component of

Coenzyme A

How is a total parenteral solution administered?

IV

What British physician discovered a cure for Scurvy?

James Lind

Which roles does vitamin D play in the body?

Maintains phosphorus levels in blood Maintenance of bones Assists with absorption of calcium Production of bones

Which of the following is true about vitamin E?

Only the alpha-tocopherol form of vitamin E is used by the body

Which groups of people are most at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency?

People with fat malabsorption Preschoolers who don't eat vegetables Older adults

Which vitamin is a component of the two coenzymes FMN and FAD that play key roles in energy metabolism?

Riboflavin

_______ is a component of two coenzymes that play key roles in energy metabolism, yogurt, and other milk products are some of the best sources of this vitamin.

Riboflavin

Which of the following are major food sources of vitamin K?

Soybean and canola oils Green leafy vegetables Margarine and salad dressing

______ is a water-soluble vitamin that is used to make a coenzyme that participates in chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates.

Thiamin

Choose the true statements about vitamins.

Toxicity is more likely to occur when taking excessive amounts of vitamin supplements. Most commonly eaten foods do not contain toxic levels of vitamins. Taking a "once daily" multivitamin is unlikely to produce toxic effects in adults.

Choose the true statements about vitamin D.

Vitamin D is considered a hormone. Vitamin D is not considered an essential nutrient. Calciferol comes from plant and animal sources.

What vitamins are fat soluble vitamins?

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

What are carotenoids?

Yellow and orange plant pigments

What is a vitamin?

a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic process in the body.

Choose the statements that are true about cancer.

a group of chronic diseases occurs when damage occurs to genes

In its coenzyme form, biotin participates in chemical reactions that

add carbon dioxide to other compounds.

One role of lipoic acid in the body is with

antioxidants

Three leading causes of cancer death for women are ______.

breast cancer colorectum cancer lung and bronchus cancer

Premature infants and people recovering from serious diseases and injuries may have a conditional need for

carnitine

Which of the following is found only in plants?

carotenoids

What roles does vitamin A play in the body?

cell growth, formation of epithelial cells, cell production

Inositol may be conditionally essential in

certain cancers. multiple sclerosis. diabetes.

Signs and symptoms of ariboflavinosis include

cheilosis, glossitis

Dark green fruits and vegetables that contain carotenoids are not yellow-orange in color because of the presence of

chlorophyll

Factors associated with low vitamin D status include ______.

drinking milk less than once a week excess body fat screentime more than 4 hours daily

Niacin participates in which of the following?

energy metabolism

True or false: Pantothenic acid is so rare in our foods that nutritional deficiencies are common.

false

True or false: Taurine is found in fruits and vegetables.

false

The body is able to store which group of vitamins?

fat soluble vitamins

In the body, pantothenic acid is important for

fatty acid synthesis. energy metabolism.

What is the name of the synthetic form of folate that is found in supplements and added to fortify food?

folic acid

Vitamin E protects the polyunsaturated fatty acids that are located in cell membranes from being damaged by

free radicals

A swollen and sore tongue is a possible sign of the riboflavin deficiency condition known as

glossitis

Biotin's roles in the body includes ______.

glucose synthesis amino acid breakdown fatty acid synthesis

Intestinal enzymes are necessary to remove ___________ from naturally-occurring folate.

glutamates

Vitamin K deficiency can commonly develop in people who ______.

have cystic fibrosis have liver disease have a condition that impairs fat absorption

Clinical studies _______ provided support for taking vitamin A or beta-carotene supplements to reduce the risk of CVD.

have not

_______ is a toxic amino acid and vitamin B-6 plays a vital role in keeping it from accumulating in the blood.

homocysteine

A vitamin-like compound that may be conditionally essential in diabetes is

inosintol

About 10% of the body's supply of menaquinone (vitamin K2) is supplied by ______.

intestinal bacteria

Several long-term studies have shown a(n) _______ relationship between vitamin K intake and the risk for osteoporosis.

inverse

Choose functions of niacin.

involved in the pathway that releases energy from macronutrients involved in at least 200 reactions used to make NAD and NADP

What is thiamin?

is part of the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) which participates in chemical reactions that remove a carbon dioxide molecule from a larger compound.

What foods are rich in folate

leafy vegetables, liver, legumes, asparagus, broccoli, orange juice

A common food additive added to certain foods such as salad dressings and ice cream for its emulsifying properties is called

lecithin

The vitamin-like compound that removes carbon dioxide from compounds is

lipoic acid

Where is most of the vitamin A in the body stored?

liver

Describe treatment for cystic fibrosis.

medications diet airway clearance surgery

What are some major food sources of vitamin B-12?

milk poultry meat

Salmon, tuna, mushrooms, beef liver and enriched breads are all good sources of

niacin

Which vitamin plays a role in over 200 reactions and is necessary for the release of energy?

niacin

Smokers need more vitamin C daily than non-smokers because

of the greater stress placed on the lungs due to the oxidative damage.

Burning feet syndrome may be a sign of a deficiency of

pantothenic acid.

Compounds in fruits and vegetables that may help prevent cancer include

phytochemicals. carotenoids. vitamin C.

Vitamin D comes from both plant and animal food sources, the _____ form of vitamin D is called ergocalciferol.

plant

Vitamin K deficiency may develop in individuals on long-term antibiotic therapy because such therapy can _____ the number of bacteria in the colon that synthesize the vitamin naturally.

reduce

Vitamin A is transported in the blood bound to

retinol-binding protein (RBP)

Milk, yogurt, liver, spinach, and enriched cereals are all good sources of which vitamin?

riboflavin

What criteria does a vitamin meet

the body cannot synthesize the compound or make enough to maintain good health the compound naturally in commonly eaten food signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet

Where are water soluble vitamins filterted

the kidneys

Which vitamin does not reach toxic levels in the body because it is readily excreted in urine?

thiamin

Which vitamin plays a role in the chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates?

thiamin

What are the major water soluble vitamins

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B6 & B12, folate, ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

Why is lecithin added to certain foods?

to help keep watery and fatty ingredients mixed

In chemical reactions involved in the metabolism of macronutrients, water-soluble vitamins are

used as coenzymes.

Vitamin is a term created from ______meaning necessary for life and______ meaning containing nitrogen.

vita; amine

What is a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes in the body?

vitamin

Shellfish, poultry, meat, and eggs are all good sources of which vitamin?

vitamin B12

Beef, salmon, potatoes, walnuts, and sweet red peppers are all good sources of ______.

vitamin B6

Collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, and assistance in immune system functioning are all functions of which vitamin?

vitamin C

Which fat-soluble vitamin serves as a major antioxidant in the body?

vitamin E

Vegans need to be concerned about getting an adequate intake of ______ because plant foods are not good food sources of this micronutrient.

vitamin b 12

Which vitamin do cells require to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of methylation in the metabolism of folate?

vitamin b 12

______ plays a vital role in keeping homocysteine from accumulating in the blood by converting it to cysteine.

vitamin b 6

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

vitamins that are hydrophobic