Nutrition Chapter 9 - Energy Metabolism

What causes the formation of acetone, which eventually leaves the body through the lungs, causing breath with a fruity smell?

ketosis

Without sufficient ____, cells cannot readily utilize glucose, resulting in rapid lipolysis and the excess production of ketone bodies.

insulin

The incomplete breakdown of fat results in ____ bodies.

ketone

What is the main purpose of newborn screenings?

identify infants with genetic and metabolic disorders

The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called ____.

lipolysis

Define aerobic respiration. Define anaerobic respiration.

making ATP in the presence of oxygen making ATP without oxygen

The electron transport chain is located in the ____.

mitochondria

Where are the branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) mainly metabolized?

muscles

To prolong survival during fasting, the body goes through which of the following adaptations?

nervous system uses less glucose reduction in energy requirements slowing of metabolic rate

People with PKU need to avoid foods containing high amounts of ____.

phenylanine

What can happen when calorie supplies are insufficient or exceed needs?

the rate at which macronutrients are converted to energy changes the type of macronutrient used to generate energy changes

Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ____, is the main form of energy used by the body.

ATP

How does carbohydrate aid fatty acid oxidation?

by providing additional oxaloacetate

What pathway is used during moderate to excessive alcohol consumption?

MEOS

During anaerobic glycolysis, which compounds accumulate?

NAD lactate

ATP consists of ____.

adenosine three phosphates

Which process is considered more efficient at converting the energy in glucose to energy stored as ATP?

aerobic respiration

The use of amino acids as a fuel will result in the removal of the amino group from the amino acid. The amino group, which contains nitrogen, is converted to _____. The substance must be removed from the body as a buildup of its toxic. This substance is removed from the body through urea, which is eventually excreted in urine.

ammonia

During periods of growth, such as when new tissue is being made, the body is in a(n) ___ state.

anabolic

What is another name for fatty acid oxidation>

beta oxidation

Define catabolism.

breaking down compounds to small units

In what part of the cell does the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway predominantly function?

cytoplasm

The result of feasting is the accumulation of body _____.

fat

Anyone who consumes more of the energy-yielding nutrients than the body can use will ____.

gain weight

What is the name of the pathway that is used to produce glucose from amino acids?

gluconeogenesis

Glucose metabolism begins with the process of ____.

glycolysis

Altered glucose metabolism by cancer cells allow these cells to grow ___.

rapidly

Define cellular respiration.

removing electrons from food molecules to obtain energy

Which two of the following vitamins assists dehydrogenase enzymes and therefore play a role in transferring the hydrogens from energy-yielding compounds to oxygen in the metabolic pathways of the cell?

riboflavin niacin

Define anabolism.

smaller, simpler compounds used to build larger, more complicated compounds