Nutrition Chapter 9 - Energy Metabolism
What causes the formation of acetone, which eventually leaves the body through the lungs, causing breath with a fruity smell?
ketosis
Without sufficient ____, cells cannot readily utilize glucose, resulting in rapid lipolysis and the excess production of ketone bodies.
insulin
The incomplete breakdown of fat results in ____ bodies.
ketone
What is the main purpose of newborn screenings?
identify infants with genetic and metabolic disorders
The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called ____.
lipolysis
Define aerobic respiration. Define anaerobic respiration.
making ATP in the presence of oxygen making ATP without oxygen
The electron transport chain is located in the ____.
mitochondria
Where are the branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) mainly metabolized?
muscles
To prolong survival during fasting, the body goes through which of the following adaptations?
nervous system uses less glucose reduction in energy requirements slowing of metabolic rate
People with PKU need to avoid foods containing high amounts of ____.
phenylanine
What can happen when calorie supplies are insufficient or exceed needs?
the rate at which macronutrients are converted to energy changes the type of macronutrient used to generate energy changes
Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ____, is the main form of energy used by the body.
ATP
How does carbohydrate aid fatty acid oxidation?
by providing additional oxaloacetate
What pathway is used during moderate to excessive alcohol consumption?
MEOS
During anaerobic glycolysis, which compounds accumulate?
NAD lactate
ATP consists of ____.
adenosine three phosphates
Which process is considered more efficient at converting the energy in glucose to energy stored as ATP?
aerobic respiration
The use of amino acids as a fuel will result in the removal of the amino group from the amino acid. The amino group, which contains nitrogen, is converted to _____. The substance must be removed from the body as a buildup of its toxic. This substance is removed from the body through urea, which is eventually excreted in urine.
ammonia
During periods of growth, such as when new tissue is being made, the body is in a(n) ___ state.
anabolic
What is another name for fatty acid oxidation>
beta oxidation
Define catabolism.
breaking down compounds to small units
In what part of the cell does the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway predominantly function?
cytoplasm
The result of feasting is the accumulation of body _____.
fat
Anyone who consumes more of the energy-yielding nutrients than the body can use will ____.
gain weight
What is the name of the pathway that is used to produce glucose from amino acids?
gluconeogenesis
Glucose metabolism begins with the process of ____.
glycolysis
Altered glucose metabolism by cancer cells allow these cells to grow ___.
rapidly
Define cellular respiration.
removing electrons from food molecules to obtain energy
Which two of the following vitamins assists dehydrogenase enzymes and therefore play a role in transferring the hydrogens from energy-yielding compounds to oxygen in the metabolic pathways of the cell?
riboflavin niacin
Define anabolism.
smaller, simpler compounds used to build larger, more complicated compounds