Nutrition Connect #5

Stephen complains to his doctor of frequent urination, excessive thirst, and a 12-pound unintentional weight loss over the past 3 months. The doctor notices Stephen also has a fruity smelling breath. His doctor sends him for tests to see if he has

diabetes

If you are trying to lose weight, it may be helpful to add more high-______ foods to your diet.

fiber

Dairy

food group in which galactose is typically found

Added sugars are found in sugar-sweetened beverages such as

fruit ades

Cells metabolize ____________ to release the energy stored in the molecule.

glucose

Glucose

The monosaccharide commonly called "blood sugar"

To meet their energy needs, a starving person will sacrifice their skeletal muscles and other tissues to produce ___________

glucose

What is the primary energy fuel for muscle & other cells?

glucose

What is lactose made of?

glucose and galactose (two monosaccharides)

When using _____, foods with values of 70 or more are considered high and foods with values of 55 or less are considered low.

glycemic index

Two ways high-intensity sweeteners compare to sugar:

They are much sweeter than the same amount of sugar. They provide fewer calories per serving when compared to sugar

When _____________ storage reaches maximum capacity, the liver will convert excess glucose into fat.

glycogen

High fiber intakes are associated with _____ than low fiber intakes.

healthier body weights

A _____________ helps to ease elimination and thus can help prevent constipation

high fiber diet

Dietary Polysaccharides

include both digestible and indigestible forms.

In a person with lactose intolerance, dietary lactose is _____.

incompletely digested and broken down by bacteria in the large intestin

Maltose

is a disaccharide not often found naturally in foods, but that can be made from the breakdown of some complex carbohydrates.

Glucagon

is a hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that helps raise blood glucose levels.

Insulin

is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas that helps lower blood glucose levels.

Tooth Decay

is a risk associated with consuming carbohydrate foods that contain simple sugars.

Disaccharide

is a simple carbohydrate compromised of two monosaccharides.

Diabetes

is diagnosed when the body is unable to properly regulate blood levels of glucose

Galactose

is not commonly found as a single sugar in foods, it's typically found as a component of lactose

Non-alcholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

is the term for the accumulation of fat in the liver that is not caused by alcohol consumption.

Another name for fructose

levulose

Fructose tastes __________ ______________ than glucose

much sweeter

High-fiber diets may lower risk for which disease?

obesity

Treatment for individuals with type 1 diabetes involves

receiving insulin

The hemoglobin A1c test

shows how well the body has controlled its blood glucose levels over the 90 days

The _____ is where carbohydrate digestion of both disaccharides and starch occurs.

small intestine

Examples of sugar alcohols

sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol

Examples of Disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Erythritol

sugar alcohol & type of alternative sweetener

In type 2 diabetes the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to

1. elevated blood glucose levels.

A fasting blood glucose level of _____ or higher is used as the threshold for diabetes diagnosis.

126 mg/dl

Sugar alcohols generally supply an average of

2 kcal/g

Glucose supplies

4 kcal/g

What is the recommended percent of daily calorie intake from carbohydrates?

45-65%

Hypoglycemia occurs when the blood glucose level falls below _____.

70 mg/dl

A fasting blood glucose of ______________ is a normal blood sugar.

98 mg/dl

________________ of a high-intensity sweetener is needed to sweeten a food to a similar sweetness as if that food was made with sugar

A very small amount

Examples of High-intensity sweeteners

Aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, monk fruit extract, and stevia leaf extracts

Monosaccharide

Basic unit of a carbohydrate

Because it tastes sweeter than other monosaccharides, manufacturers use which monosaccharide in the preparation of sweetened soft drinks and baked goods?

Fructose

Where is fructose naturally found in?

Fruit & honey

Polysaccharides in plants and animals are comprised of long chains of _____ molecules.

Glucose

What is the only monosaccharide found in maltose?

Glucose

What is the primary source of fuel for the body's cells?

Glucose

Which of the following would be a characteristic of a carbohydrate-rich, low-glycemic index food?

High fiber content

Although most carbohydrate digestion occurs in the small intestine, where does it begin?

In the mouth

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by _____.

Insulin resistance

Lactose intolerance results from an insufficient production of the enzyme _____

Lactase

One way that a lactose-intolerant person can consume dairy without experiencing digestive symptoms is to drink milk that has been pre-treated with the enzyme _____.

Lactase

What is lactose found in?

Milk

Why can some lactose-intolerant individuals consume hard cheeses without experiencing any digestive tract problems?

Most of the lactose is lost when milk is processed to make hard cheeses

Which type of diabetes is an autoimmune disease?

Type I diabetes

Gestational Diabetes

When a woman develops diabetes during pregnancy Begins around the middle of pregnancy and ends with the birth of the baby.

Glycemic Index

a value that reflects the body's blood glucose response after eating a food that supplies 50 g of digestible carbohydrates as compared

In adults, diabetes is a major cause of heart disease and which other conditions?

a. Blindness b. Kidney failure c. Lower limb amputations

Choose the foods that some individuals with lactose intolerance can eat without experiencing gastrointestinal problems.

a. Cheddar cheese b. Swiss cheese c. Yogurt

What are some strategies lactose-intolerant individuals can use to meet their dairy requirement while minimizing intestinal discomfort?

a. Consume smaller servings of milk b. Consume dairy foods that have been pre-treated with lactase c. Substitute soy milk for cow's milk

What are two ways for people with diabetes to monitor their blood glucose levels?

a. Daily blood glucose testing b. Measuring hemoglobin A1c levels

A high-fiber diet can help prevent which of the following conditions?

a. Diverticula b. Hemorrhoids

Choose the treatments that may help individuals control type 2 diabetes.

a. Exercising regularly b. Making dietary changes

Choose the health problems that are common for someone with diabetes to experience.

a. Fatigue and confusion b. Frequent urination c. Excessive thirst

Examples of monosaccharides

a. Fructose b. Galactose c. Glucose

Select risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes.

a. Having a close, genetically-related family member with type 2 diabetes b. Being overweight or obese c. Being sedentary

Although fiber is not an essential nutrient, it is beneficial because diets high in fiber may lower the risk for developing which diseases?

a. Heart disease b. Some intestinal tract disorders c. Stroke

Select the various ways by which individuals with type 1 diabetes can receive insulin.

a. Injections b. Inhaler c. Insulin pump

What are two suggestions that may help those with non-alcoholic fatty acid liver disease stop accumulating fat in the liver and allow the liver to become healthy again?

a. Lose excess body fat b. Follow a healthy diet pattern

What steps can a person take to possibly reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?

a. Lose excess weight b. Consume a healthy, balanced diet c. Exercise regularly

Select the body components that can be permanently damaged by untreated or poorly controlled diabetes.

a. Nerves b. Organs c. Blood Vessels

Sarah is a college student who wants to increase her fiber intake. Select all of the following foods you would recommend she consume.

a. Nuts, beans, and seeds b. Brown rice c. Fresh or frozen fruit

Which two amino acids make up the high-intensity sweetener, aspartame?

a. Phenylalanine b. Aspartic acid

Which two scenarios can occur when excess carbohydrate is consumed, beyond what is needed for cells to meet their energy needs?

a. Some glucose is converted to glycogen. b. Some glucose is converted to fat.

Examples of Carbs

a. Starches b. Fiber c. Sugars

Without some carbohydrate, the body will use muscle proteins for energy, resulting in which two outcomes?

a. Weakness b. Muscle wasting

Energy drinks, soft drinks, and sweetened coffees are all types of sugar-sweetened beverages, which are a major source of _____ in Americans' diets.

added sugars

When added to your food, ______________ ______________ can contribute zero calories or fewer calories per serving than sucrose

alternative sweeteners

Carbohydrates

are a class of nutrients that are a major source of energy for the body

Examples of manufactured alternative sweeteners

aspartame, sucralose, saccharin

Tooth decay can occur when _____ in your mouth use the carbohydrates in food for their energy needs.

bacteria

Soluble fiber improves heart health by binding to ________ in the GI tract, allowing for their elimination in bowel movements.

bile components

After consuming a food high in refined carbohydrates, _____.

both blood glucose and insulin levels increase rapidly

Dietary fiber is different than both starch and glycogen in that the bonds that hold the glucose units together in fiber

cannot be digested by human intestinal enzymes

Consuming excess _______________ in the form of starches and sugars can contribute to weight gain

carbohydrate

Type 1 Diabetes

certain immune cells attack the beta cells in the pancreas, rendering these pancreatic cells unable to produce insulin

Which type of food should be emphasized when trying to increase dietary fiber intake?

whole grain products

For women with gestational diabetes, _____ during pregnancy is important for the health of the newborn.

Careful blood glucose monitoring

Risk of _____ may be reduced by consuming a high-fiber diet.

Colorectal cancer

What is the primary difference between dietary fiber and starch?

Dietary fiber cannot be digested by humans but starch can

Soluble Fiber

Dietary fiber that dissolves or swells in water Slows glucose absorption and binds cholestero

Insoluble Fiber

Dietary fiber that generally does not dissolve in water Associated with increasing fecal bulk and easing bowel movements?

When calorie intake from energy sources such as fat, protein, alcohol, or _____ exceeds calorie needs, an increase in body fat can occur.

Digestible carbohydrates

In response to hypoglycemia, the body secretes the hormone ______.

Epinephrine

Undigested fiber that is not used by bacteria in the large intestine is excreted from the body via

Feces

Which nutrient cannot be digested but can be used as an energy source for bacteria in the large intestine?

Fiber

In what part of the GI tract is salivary amylase inactivated?

Stomach

Alternative Sweeteners

Substances added to food that provide fewer calories per serving than sucrose or no calories

Sugar alcohols are used in place of sucrose in sugarless gum, breath mints, and candy because

they don't promote tooth decay

There is no way to prevent

type 1 diabetes

Americans with Hispanic, Native American, African, or Pacific Islander ancestry are particularly at high risk for the development of ____________

type 2 diabetes

For people with ________________, treatment may include losing weight and taking certain medications.

type 2 diabetes

Women who develop gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing _____ later in life compared to women who had healthy pregnancies.

type 2 diabetes