Nutrition Connect #5
Stephen complains to his doctor of frequent urination, excessive thirst, and a 12-pound unintentional weight loss over the past 3 months. The doctor notices Stephen also has a fruity smelling breath. His doctor sends him for tests to see if he has
diabetes
If you are trying to lose weight, it may be helpful to add more high-______ foods to your diet.
fiber
Dairy
food group in which galactose is typically found
Added sugars are found in sugar-sweetened beverages such as
fruit ades
Cells metabolize ____________ to release the energy stored in the molecule.
glucose
Glucose
The monosaccharide commonly called "blood sugar"
To meet their energy needs, a starving person will sacrifice their skeletal muscles and other tissues to produce ___________
glucose
What is the primary energy fuel for muscle & other cells?
glucose
What is lactose made of?
glucose and galactose (two monosaccharides)
When using _____, foods with values of 70 or more are considered high and foods with values of 55 or less are considered low.
glycemic index
Two ways high-intensity sweeteners compare to sugar:
They are much sweeter than the same amount of sugar. They provide fewer calories per serving when compared to sugar
When _____________ storage reaches maximum capacity, the liver will convert excess glucose into fat.
glycogen
High fiber intakes are associated with _____ than low fiber intakes.
healthier body weights
A _____________ helps to ease elimination and thus can help prevent constipation
high fiber diet
Dietary Polysaccharides
include both digestible and indigestible forms.
In a person with lactose intolerance, dietary lactose is _____.
incompletely digested and broken down by bacteria in the large intestin
Maltose
is a disaccharide not often found naturally in foods, but that can be made from the breakdown of some complex carbohydrates.
Glucagon
is a hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that helps raise blood glucose levels.
Insulin
is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas that helps lower blood glucose levels.
Tooth Decay
is a risk associated with consuming carbohydrate foods that contain simple sugars.
Disaccharide
is a simple carbohydrate compromised of two monosaccharides.
Diabetes
is diagnosed when the body is unable to properly regulate blood levels of glucose
Galactose
is not commonly found as a single sugar in foods, it's typically found as a component of lactose
Non-alcholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
is the term for the accumulation of fat in the liver that is not caused by alcohol consumption.
Another name for fructose
levulose
Fructose tastes __________ ______________ than glucose
much sweeter
High-fiber diets may lower risk for which disease?
obesity
Treatment for individuals with type 1 diabetes involves
receiving insulin
The hemoglobin A1c test
shows how well the body has controlled its blood glucose levels over the 90 days
The _____ is where carbohydrate digestion of both disaccharides and starch occurs.
small intestine
Examples of sugar alcohols
sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol
Examples of Disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
Erythritol
sugar alcohol & type of alternative sweetener
In type 2 diabetes the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to
1. elevated blood glucose levels.
A fasting blood glucose level of _____ or higher is used as the threshold for diabetes diagnosis.
126 mg/dl
Sugar alcohols generally supply an average of
2 kcal/g
Glucose supplies
4 kcal/g
What is the recommended percent of daily calorie intake from carbohydrates?
45-65%
Hypoglycemia occurs when the blood glucose level falls below _____.
70 mg/dl
A fasting blood glucose of ______________ is a normal blood sugar.
98 mg/dl
________________ of a high-intensity sweetener is needed to sweeten a food to a similar sweetness as if that food was made with sugar
A very small amount
Examples of High-intensity sweeteners
Aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, monk fruit extract, and stevia leaf extracts
Monosaccharide
Basic unit of a carbohydrate
Because it tastes sweeter than other monosaccharides, manufacturers use which monosaccharide in the preparation of sweetened soft drinks and baked goods?
Fructose
Where is fructose naturally found in?
Fruit & honey
Polysaccharides in plants and animals are comprised of long chains of _____ molecules.
Glucose
What is the only monosaccharide found in maltose?
Glucose
What is the primary source of fuel for the body's cells?
Glucose
Which of the following would be a characteristic of a carbohydrate-rich, low-glycemic index food?
High fiber content
Although most carbohydrate digestion occurs in the small intestine, where does it begin?
In the mouth
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by _____.
Insulin resistance
Lactose intolerance results from an insufficient production of the enzyme _____
Lactase
One way that a lactose-intolerant person can consume dairy without experiencing digestive symptoms is to drink milk that has been pre-treated with the enzyme _____.
Lactase
What is lactose found in?
Milk
Why can some lactose-intolerant individuals consume hard cheeses without experiencing any digestive tract problems?
Most of the lactose is lost when milk is processed to make hard cheeses
Which type of diabetes is an autoimmune disease?
Type I diabetes
Gestational Diabetes
When a woman develops diabetes during pregnancy Begins around the middle of pregnancy and ends with the birth of the baby.
Glycemic Index
a value that reflects the body's blood glucose response after eating a food that supplies 50 g of digestible carbohydrates as compared
In adults, diabetes is a major cause of heart disease and which other conditions?
a. Blindness b. Kidney failure c. Lower limb amputations
Choose the foods that some individuals with lactose intolerance can eat without experiencing gastrointestinal problems.
a. Cheddar cheese b. Swiss cheese c. Yogurt
What are some strategies lactose-intolerant individuals can use to meet their dairy requirement while minimizing intestinal discomfort?
a. Consume smaller servings of milk b. Consume dairy foods that have been pre-treated with lactase c. Substitute soy milk for cow's milk
What are two ways for people with diabetes to monitor their blood glucose levels?
a. Daily blood glucose testing b. Measuring hemoglobin A1c levels
A high-fiber diet can help prevent which of the following conditions?
a. Diverticula b. Hemorrhoids
Choose the treatments that may help individuals control type 2 diabetes.
a. Exercising regularly b. Making dietary changes
Choose the health problems that are common for someone with diabetes to experience.
a. Fatigue and confusion b. Frequent urination c. Excessive thirst
Examples of monosaccharides
a. Fructose b. Galactose c. Glucose
Select risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes.
a. Having a close, genetically-related family member with type 2 diabetes b. Being overweight or obese c. Being sedentary
Although fiber is not an essential nutrient, it is beneficial because diets high in fiber may lower the risk for developing which diseases?
a. Heart disease b. Some intestinal tract disorders c. Stroke
Select the various ways by which individuals with type 1 diabetes can receive insulin.
a. Injections b. Inhaler c. Insulin pump
What are two suggestions that may help those with non-alcoholic fatty acid liver disease stop accumulating fat in the liver and allow the liver to become healthy again?
a. Lose excess body fat b. Follow a healthy diet pattern
What steps can a person take to possibly reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
a. Lose excess weight b. Consume a healthy, balanced diet c. Exercise regularly
Select the body components that can be permanently damaged by untreated or poorly controlled diabetes.
a. Nerves b. Organs c. Blood Vessels
Sarah is a college student who wants to increase her fiber intake. Select all of the following foods you would recommend she consume.
a. Nuts, beans, and seeds b. Brown rice c. Fresh or frozen fruit
Which two amino acids make up the high-intensity sweetener, aspartame?
a. Phenylalanine b. Aspartic acid
Which two scenarios can occur when excess carbohydrate is consumed, beyond what is needed for cells to meet their energy needs?
a. Some glucose is converted to glycogen. b. Some glucose is converted to fat.
Examples of Carbs
a. Starches b. Fiber c. Sugars
Without some carbohydrate, the body will use muscle proteins for energy, resulting in which two outcomes?
a. Weakness b. Muscle wasting
Energy drinks, soft drinks, and sweetened coffees are all types of sugar-sweetened beverages, which are a major source of _____ in Americans' diets.
added sugars
When added to your food, ______________ ______________ can contribute zero calories or fewer calories per serving than sucrose
alternative sweeteners
Carbohydrates
are a class of nutrients that are a major source of energy for the body
Examples of manufactured alternative sweeteners
aspartame, sucralose, saccharin
Tooth decay can occur when _____ in your mouth use the carbohydrates in food for their energy needs.
bacteria
Soluble fiber improves heart health by binding to ________ in the GI tract, allowing for their elimination in bowel movements.
bile components
After consuming a food high in refined carbohydrates, _____.
both blood glucose and insulin levels increase rapidly
Dietary fiber is different than both starch and glycogen in that the bonds that hold the glucose units together in fiber
cannot be digested by human intestinal enzymes
Consuming excess _______________ in the form of starches and sugars can contribute to weight gain
carbohydrate
Type 1 Diabetes
certain immune cells attack the beta cells in the pancreas, rendering these pancreatic cells unable to produce insulin
Which type of food should be emphasized when trying to increase dietary fiber intake?
whole grain products
For women with gestational diabetes, _____ during pregnancy is important for the health of the newborn.
Careful blood glucose monitoring
Risk of _____ may be reduced by consuming a high-fiber diet.
Colorectal cancer
What is the primary difference between dietary fiber and starch?
Dietary fiber cannot be digested by humans but starch can
Soluble Fiber
Dietary fiber that dissolves or swells in water Slows glucose absorption and binds cholestero
Insoluble Fiber
Dietary fiber that generally does not dissolve in water Associated with increasing fecal bulk and easing bowel movements?
When calorie intake from energy sources such as fat, protein, alcohol, or _____ exceeds calorie needs, an increase in body fat can occur.
Digestible carbohydrates
In response to hypoglycemia, the body secretes the hormone ______.
Epinephrine
Undigested fiber that is not used by bacteria in the large intestine is excreted from the body via
Feces
Which nutrient cannot be digested but can be used as an energy source for bacteria in the large intestine?
Fiber
In what part of the GI tract is salivary amylase inactivated?
Stomach
Alternative Sweeteners
Substances added to food that provide fewer calories per serving than sucrose or no calories
Sugar alcohols are used in place of sucrose in sugarless gum, breath mints, and candy because
they don't promote tooth decay
There is no way to prevent
type 1 diabetes
Americans with Hispanic, Native American, African, or Pacific Islander ancestry are particularly at high risk for the development of ____________
type 2 diabetes
For people with ________________, treatment may include losing weight and taking certain medications.
type 2 diabetes
Women who develop gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing _____ later in life compared to women who had healthy pregnancies.
type 2 diabetes