Nutrition Exam 2
How much vitamin C is in one packet of Emergen-C?
1,000 mg
How many bananas would you have to consume each day in order to meet the DRI for potassium? 1 4 8 12
12
How much sodium do you think the average American consumes each day?
3400 mg/day
Do lobby groups exist in Washington, D.C., for dietary supplements?
4 Lobby Groups
What is the recommended amount of potassium in a day
4700mg a day
What is the normal range for blood glucose? 10-100mg/dl 70-100mg/dl 120-200mg/dl >20mg/dl
70-100mg/dl
About how many dietary supplements are available in the US?
85,000
Which of the following individuals would absorb more calcium than a healthy adult? 30sec A 14-year-old girl A 40-year-old male with adequate Ca intake A 25-year-old endurance athlete A 75-year-old female
A 14-year-old girl
Which of the following would not be considered to be a dietary supplement? A powder consisting of whey protein A pill containing calcium + vitamin D A diuretic pill prescribed by a physician for a patient with hypertension A pill containing echinacea, which is an herb purported to support immune function
A diuretic pill prescribed by a physician for a patient with hypertension
Which of the following is true regarding dietary supplements? About half of Americans take a dietary supplement on a daily basis. The FDA has inspected the facilities of all of the dietary supplement manufacturers in the U.S. Dietary supplement manufacturers must register each of their products with the FDA. The dietary supplement market is not very large and, as a result, no lobbying groups exist to represent dietary supplement manufacture
About half of Americans take a dietary supplement on a daily basis.
When would an individual be prescribed an anticoagulant medication? At age 65 After a heart attack or stroke After the diagnosis of arthritis For being obese
After a heart attack or stroke
Where in the body is collagen found? Bone Teeth Skin Tendons All of the above
All of the above
Which nutrients are you aware of that are involved in bone health? Calcium Vitamin D Phosphorous Fluoride Vitamin C All of the above
All of the above
Sally has been feeling thirstier since she moved from Missouri to Colorado. Which of the following is a condition that is stimulating (more than one)? An increase in the concentration of solutes in Roger's blood A reduction in Roger's blood volume Roger's dry mouth Consumption of more animal-based protein
An increase in the concentration of solutes in Roger's blood A reduction in Roger's blood volume Roger's dry mouth
Which of these does not affect vitamin D synthesis in the body as a result of UV ray exposure? An individual's iron status (hemoglobin level) Latitude (angular distance north or south from the equator) The time of day Race/ethnicity
An individual's iron status (hemoglobin level)
Christine started supplementing her diet with iron, selenium, and copper. For what body function are all three required? 30sec Red blood cell formation Cholesterol excretion from the body Nerve impulse transmission Antioxidant enzyme system activation
Antioxidant enzyme system activation
In addition to proper growth and development, bone remodeling is critical in maintaining
Blood calcium levels
Which of the following information can be provided by a DEXA Scan? Bone density Percent lean mass Percent body fat Hematocrit level (%)
Bone density Percent lean mass Percent body fat
A single serving of which of the following foods would easily help meet the needs to increase selenium? 30sec Yogurt Spinach Red meat Brazil nuts
Brazil Nuts
Which of the following is a way in which an antioxidant enzyme system keep sure radicals under control (more than one)? Increased white blood cell production Break down oxidized fatty acids Convert free radicals to neutral molecules Make more antioxidants available
Break down oxidized fatty acids Convert free radicals to neutral molecules Make more antioxidants available
Hypercalcemia can lead to ______ and can be caused by ______. Migraine headaches ; osteoporosis Calcification of organs ; cancer Rickets ; overconsumption of Vit. D Osteoporosis ; decreased absorption of Ca
Calcification of organs ; cancer
Which of these nutrients are part of the structure of bone? Calcium and phosphorus Potassium and calcium Calcium, phosphorus, and potassium Calcium, magnesium, and potassium.
Calcium and phosphorus
Which of these are part of the structure of bone? Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus Potassium and calcium Calcium, magnesium, and potassium Calcium only
Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus
Which of the following is not a characteristic of cancer cells? 30sec Cancer cells have mutated DNA which is not easily repaired by the body Cancer cells can avoid apoptosis Cancer cells multiply at a higher rate that most non-cancerous cells Cancer cells always originate in the liver and travel to other organs
Cancer cells always originate in the liver and travel to other organs
The B vitamins act as Anticoagulants in the body Coenzymes in converting macronutrients to ATP Antibodies to fight off infection Antioxidants in cell membranes
Coenzymes in converting macronutrients to ATP
What is the function of Vitamin C?
Collagen production, immune system enhancement, vitamin E reactivation
Which of the following accurately lists functions of vitamin C? 30sec Collagen production, immune system enhancement, vitamin E reactivation Collagen production, vitamin A absorption, immune system enhancement Prevention of cavities, vitamin E reactivation, enhanced iron absorption Prevention of heart attacks, preventing fatigue, vitamin K reactivation
Collagen production, immune system enhancement, vitamin E reactivation
Roger has been feeling thirstier since he moved from Missouri to Colorado. Which of the following is not a condition that is stimulating Roger's thirst mechanism in the hypothalamus? An increase in the concentration of solutes in Roger's blood A reduction in Roger's blood volume Roger's dry mouth Consumption of more animal-based protein
Consumption of more animal-based protein
Daphne moved from Colorado to the University of Texas to run on the cross country team; after several weeks, she has noticed that she feels more comfortable exercising the heat and humidity. Which of these adaptations would not occur when someone is acclimating to the heat? Decreased blood pressure during activity Sweating over a larger area of the body during activity Increased blood volume during activity Sweating earlier during activity
Decreased blood pressure during activity
Which of the following is a stimulus for the thirst mechanism in the brain? Decreased blood volume Dry mouth Increase concentration of solutes in the blood Increased blood pressure
Decreased blood volume Dry mouth Increase concentration of solutes in the blood
Who discovered Vitamin B3(Niacin)?
Dr. Joesph Goldberger
Trayvon is undergoing cancer treatment and has lost his appetite. How would you recommend he consumes adequate calories each day? Eat small meals and snacks throughout the day. Eat only when feeling hungry. Consume at least 16 ounces (2 cups) of water with each meal. at three set meals but increase the size of each.
Eat small meals and snacks throughout the day.
Other than water, what else does this marathoner need to replace?
Electrolytes
In the body, which of the following can damage DNA? High levels of protien A high deficiency of vitamin A Excess of free radicals
Excess of free radicals
T/F Dietary supplement manufacturers must register each of their products with the FDA.
False
T/F The dietary supplement market is not very large and, as a result, no lobbying groups exist to represent dietary supplement manufacture
False
T/F: Heme iron is found in only farm animals
False
True or False: Cancer cells always originate in the liver and travel to other organs
False
True or false The FDA has inspected the facilities of all of the dietary supplement manufacturers in the U.S.
False
true, false: Powder whey protein is not considered a dietary supplement
False
True or false Calcium and potassium are part of the structure of the bone
False Calcium and phosphorus are
T/F: Heme is found in plants and animals
False, it is only found in animals
What happens when a person consumes too much fluoride?
Fluorosis (looks like holes in the teeth)
An excess of which of the following is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease? 30sec Glycerol Free radicals Antiphospholipids Phytochemicals
Free Radicals
Carter has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Which type of molecule is associated with an increased risk of this disease? Free radicals Phytochemicals Antiphospholipids Cholecalciferol
Free Radicals
Which of the following individuals would be most likely to benefit from a dietary supplement? Harrison, who is recovering from major surgery as a result of burns on 60% of his body. Teddy, a cross country runner who consumes a variety of fruits and vegetables each day. Linval, a sedentary male who works a desk job 8 hours/day. Marcus, a 30-year old male who does moderate cardiovascular exercise for 1 hour/day.
Harrison, who is recovering from major surgery as a result of burns on 60% of his body.
A football coach sees that one of his players has collapsed during an outdoor practice. After pulling him into the shade, the coach touches the player's forehead and notices that his skin is hot and dry. What heat illness is the player most likely suffering from?
Heat Stroke
The percentage of whole blood that is comprised of red blood cells is termed as:
Hematocrit
What information cannot be provided by a DEXA scan? 30sec Bone density Percent lean mass Percent body fat Hematocrit level (%)
Hematocrit level (%)
Where is heme iron found and why is it found in certain type(s) of food?
Heme iron is found only in animal products because it is a part of hemoglobin present in animals.
Which of the following changes in mineral intake would you recommend for someone with high blood pressure?
Higher potassium and lower sodium
A deficiency or a toxicity of iodine may result in _______, which is _________. Hypotension ; damage to arteries in the heart A goiter ; an enlargement of the thyroid gland Hypertension ; having too much water in body A goiter ; an accumulation of fluid beneath the skin
Hypotension ; damage to arteries in the heart
Where in the U.S. food supply to most individuals get most of their iodine? Idolized Salt Protein Citrus Fruits
Idolized Salt
The suffix "-emia" means what?
In the blood
Which of the following would not be a stimulus for the thirst mechanism in the brain? Decreased blood volume Dry mouth Increase concentration of solutes in the blood Increased blood pressure
Increased blood pressure
Which of the following is not a way in which an antioxidant enzyme system keeps free radicals under control? Increased neutrophil production Convert free radicals to neutral molecules Make more antioxidants available Break down oxidized molecules
Increased neutrophil production
Which of the following is not a way in which an antioxidant enzyme system keeps free radicals under control? 30sec Increased white blood cell production Break down oxidized fatty acids Convert free radicals to neutral molecules Make more antioxidants available
Increased white blood cell production
The function of myoglobin, which contains ______, is _______. Zinc ; transporting fats to the liver Iron ; transporting oxygen in the blood Zinc ; helping carbs. be turned into energy Iron ; transporting oxygen within the muscle
Iron ; transporting oxygen within the muscle
John has been getting symptoms of unusual tiredness, difficulty concentrating, and having constant headaches. John is showing symptoms of anemia John is showing symptoms of pellagra John is showing symptoms of hypothyroidism John is showing symptoms of scurvy
John is showing symptoms of anemia
Edward Elric is trying to increase his calcium intake but does not like to drink milk. Which of these might be a better food group to focus on? Many grains contain vitamin D and calcium if they are unprocessed. Many meats contain high levels of calcium and sometimes also contain vitamin D to help increase bioavailability. Calcium supplements offer no risk of toxic overconsumption and are the next best source to dairy. Leafy greens often provide a surprisingly high amount of calcium. However some, like spinach, can have issues with bioavailability.
Leafy greens often provide a surprisingly high amount of calcium. However some, like spinach, can have issues with bioavailability.
What has the US government done to prevent neural tube defects?
Mandated that grain products be fortified with folate
Where do most Americans get fluoride in their diet? Many cities put trace amounts of fluoride in tap water. The government mandates that table salt has fluoride added to it. Most whole grain products have significant amounts of fluoride in them. Fluoride is found in soil, so mushrooms are a good source of fluoride.
Many cities put trace amounts of fluoride in tap water.
Vitamin E protects cell membranes by:
Neutralizing free radicals present in the cell membranes through electron donation.
Why do you think that newborns often times receive a vitamin K shot after birth?
Newborns do not have bacteria populated in their intestine yet, so in order to assure blood clotting in the event of an injury, a vitamin K shot is given
Is there a system in place to detect the harm that supplements might cause?
No
Is the manpower of the dietary supplement division of the FDA big enough to monitor all dietary supplement manufacturers in existence?
No, 25 employees
Can someone have too much B vitamin?
No, the additional B vitamins will help turn macronutrients into energy
Harvey consumes 1500 mg of potassium each day. Does this meet the recommendation for daily potassium intake?
No, the recommendation for potassium is 4700mg a day
What is meant by not exceeding the satiety level when taking a dietary supplement? Not taking more of a given nutrient in supplement form than you could eat in a reasonable serving of a food that is a significant source of that nutrient. If you are taking a nutrient in supplement form you should also consume at least three servings of that nutrient from food since supplements are poorly absorbed. You should not consume a specific nutrient from food if you are also consuming that nutrient in supplement form. Never taking more than four times the recommended daily dose of a supplement.
Not taking more of a given nutrient in supplement form than you could eat in a reasonable serving of a food that is a significant source of that nutrient.
When you break your arm, the ______ in your body will need to build new bone tissue to repair the break. 30sec Phospholipids Osteoblasts Monosaccharides Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
What is the first sign of early or mild osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis does not exhibit outward symptoms
Beta-carotene is a(n)__________ which means__________. Antioxidant and fat soluble vitamin; it donates electrons to free radicals and is absorbed with fats. Phytochemical and antioxidant; it is found exclusively in red meats. Mineral and antioxidant; it donates electrons to free radicals. Phytochemical and provitamin; it is found in plants and is converted into a vitamin in the body.
Phytochemical and provitamin; it is found in plants and is converted into a vitamin in the body.
LDLs can become part of __________in the arteries.
Plaque
How could poorly controlled diabetes be related to dehydration?
Poorly controlled diabetes can result in a excessive urination
Which of the following statements about sodium and potassium is false?
Processed foods are a major source of sodium and potassium
Collagen, a(n) _____, helps support which tissues?
Protein; bone and skin
Collagen, a(n) _______, helps support which tissues?
Protein; bone and skin
Which type of exercise would be best to help reduce osteoporosis risk? Road Biking Endurance swimming Running Olympic rowing
Running
What do you think the major source of chloride is in the American diet? Whole Wheat Bread Water Bananas Salt
Salt
Bone loss can be slowed by doing which of the following: Starting a resistance (strength) training program Getting vitamin K injections Eating less trans fat Consuming more potassium in the diet
Starting a resistance (strength) training program
What would be the best method of cooking food to minimize loss of nutrients? Soaking green beans in water before pan frying Steaming broccoli and carrots Boiling potatoes before roasting All cooking methods will results in the same degree of nutrient loss
Steaming broccoli and carrots
Which of the following is not a function of bone? 30sec Production of blood cells Storage reservoir for sodium Providing structural support Protection for vital organs
Storage reservoir for sodium
If a water soluble vitamin is consumed in excess, what can the body do with it?
The body will excrete it through urine
If the seal pictured of USP dietary supplement is found on a dietary supplement package, what does that mean?
The dietary supplement has been tested and verified to contain the ingredients in the amounts listed on the supplement label.
The calcium supplement in the picture, which has 1000 mg of calcium per dose, is not the best supplement choice because:
The dose of 1,000 mg is higher than what can be absorbed at one time.
How might rapid and excessive water consumption be fatal?
The excessive water intake causes water to accumulate outside of cells. In an effort to balance the electrolyte concentrations inside and outside of the cells, water will move into the cells. When this happens in the brain, severe cell damage can happen, eventually causing death.
What is the positive aspect of the Calcium Magnesium Zinc supplement?
The presence of vitamin D will enhance the calcium absorption
Your friend tells you that she is going to buy a supplement that contains 2,500% of the recommended amount of each of the B vitamins, as it is going to give her energy to make it through finals week. Given what you have learned in class, what should you tell your friend?
The supplement could make someone who takes it feel more energetic only if they are deficient in the B vitamins, as the additional B vitamins will help turn macronutrients into energy.
Why would infants, children, and adolescents absorb a greater percentage of calcium than healthy adults?
These groups need calcium for bone growth and modeling
What are free radicals
Toxic compounds created in the body that may contribute to certain chronic diseases
T/F: Calcium has poor bioavailability(rate of absorption)
True
True of False Breaking down oxidized molecules is a way in which an antioxidant enzyme system keeps free radicals under control
True
True or False Covering free radicals to natural molecules is a way in which an antioxidant enzyme system keeps free radicals under control
True
True or False Rathe and Ethnicity affect the Vitamin D synthesis in the body
True
True or False: Is a function of the bone to produce blood cells?
True
True or False: Cancer cells can avoid apoptosis
True
True or False: Making more antioxidants available is a way in which an antioxidant enzyme system keeps free radicals under control
True
True or False: Vitamin D activates osteoclasts, causing calcium to be released from bone and moved into the blood.
True
True or false: Cancer cells multiply at a higher rate that most non-cancerous cells
True
True or false? The time of day affects the Vitamin D synthesis in the body
True
Who is most at risk for dehydration? 30sec Victoria, age 32, high level of muscle mass, family history of high BP Abigail, age 64, overweight, diet high in sodium Tyrell, age 85, healthy weight, poorly controlled type 1 diabetes Garth, age 25, healthy weight, family history of sodium sensitivity
Tyrell, age 85, healthy weight, poorly controlled type 1 diabetes
The reduction of intrinsic factor with age compromises the status of what vitamin? Vitamin B12 Vitamin B3 (niacin) Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Folate
Vitamin B12
In order to prove that pellagra was not an infectious disease, Dr. Joseph Goldberger exposed himself to blood and secretions from pellagra patients. Which of the following vitamins was discovered as a result of Dr. Goldberger's work? Thiamin (vitamin B1) Vitamin E Vitamin C Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Which vitamin deficiency is responsible for pellagra? Thiamin (Vit. B1) Vitamin C Vitamin E Vitamin B3 (niacin)
Vitamin B3 (niacin)
What is scurvy?
Vitamin C deficiency
What other supplement should be paired with a calcium supplement?
Vitamin D
Which vitamin can be synthesized in the body with exposure to UV rays from the sun?
Vitamin D
In response to low blood calcium levels, vitamin D helps to increase blood calcium levels by performing which of the following? Vitamin D acts at the level of the skin, increasing the absorption of UV rays to stimulate more calcium production in the body. Vitamin D activates osteoclasts, causing calcium to be released from bone and moved into the blood. Vitamin D acts to decrease absorption of calcium from the intestine. Vitamin D acts at the kidney, stimulating it to excrete more calcium in the urine.
Vitamin D activates osteoclasts, causing calcium to be released from bone and moved into the blood.
Why is vitamin D toxicity most likely to be caused by dietary supplements?
Vitamin D is not widely available in the diet, and production as a result of UV exposure is regulated.
Which vitamin is matched correctly with function? Vitamin D ; antioxidant in cell membranes Vitamin K ; produces clotting factors in blood Vitamin A ; helps maintain bone health Vitamin E ; bone metabolism
Vitamin K ; produces clotting factors in blood
What harmless substance could peroxide be converted to in the body? Water Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Urea
Water
How does water move throughout the body?
Water moves by the principle of osmosis, meaning that it follows the movement of electrolytes in the body.
As a result of the radio station contestant drinking such a large volume of water, what will happen to the cells of the body?
Water will move out of the cells
Which of the following individuals has increased vitamin C needs? 30sec Vash, 57 yr old man who competes in triathlons Ms.Miku, 87 yr old woman with chronic dehydration Wolfwood, 30 yr old man who smokes a pack of cigarettes a day Jenny, a 4 month old infant
Wolfwood, 30 yr old man who smokes a pack of cigarettes a day
Why is there a marked decrease in bone density for women around the age of 45-55?
Women typically enter menopause around this time, which limits the effects of estrogen on bone density.
Is phosphorous and fluoride involved in bone health?
Yes, they both are
When trying to consume adequate iron in the diet it is helpful to: consider taking synthetic iron supplements because they are better absorbed than iron in foods. consider taking synthetic iron supplements because they are better absorbed than iron in foods. combine vitamin C-containing foods with non-heme iron to increase its absorption. eat iron-containing foods last during a meal so all of the other nutrients get absorbed into the body first and then iron can be absorbed more efficiently. eat non-heme iron, which is found only in plants, because it is absorbed most efficiently.v
combine vitamin C-containing foods with non-heme iron to increase its absorption.
What part of the body do cataracts affect? lungs brain feet eyes
eyes
Osteoblasts:
produce the organic collagen components of bone.
The majority of dietary chloride is consumed from: salt, either in processed foods or used at the table celery animal-based protein sources vitamin supplements
salt, either in processed foods or used at the table
What is the deficiency disease associated with vitamin C?
scurvy
The individual pictured below is suffering from ______, due to _________. 30sec pellagra; a deficiency of vitamin C scurvy; a deficiency of vitamin C osteoporosis; a toxicity of vitamin D a goiter; a deficiency of iodine
scurvy; a deficiency of vitamin C
Iodine plays a role in the production of _____________ and is often added to ____________ in the US. bone tissue; grain products pancreatic hormones; salt the mucous lining of the intestinal wall; grain products thyroid hormone; salt
thyroid hormone; salt
In humans, water is obtained via beverages, food, and metabolic water. What is metabolic water?
water that is created from metabolic reactions in the body
