Nutrition Exam 2
The liver secretes _____ to emulsify fats in the chyme in the small intestine.
bile
Quick, large changes in weight (leading to weight loss) are most likely the result of all of the following EXCEPT changes in fat stores changes in body fluid content changes in electrolytes and fluid balance
changes in fat stores
Before they can be transported through body fluids, dietary lipids must be packaged as lipoproteins called _______.
chylomicrons
The unsaturated fatty acids can exist in one of two structural forms. When hydrogens on an unsaturated fatty acid lie on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond, a ______ formation exists. The _______ form occurs when hydrogens on both carbons forming the double bond lie on opposite sides of the bond.
cis trans
When a person eats more protein than his body needs, the extra protein is ...
converted to glucose or fat.
A fatty is ______ if it contains no carbon-carbon double bonds, _______ if it has only one carbon-carbon double bond, and ________ if it contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
saturated monounsaturated polyunsaturated
The products of fat digestion (monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol) are absorbed into the cells of the _________.
small intestine
When protein is converted to glucose or fat, nitrogen is eliminated from the body via...
the kidneys.
How can amino acids be used in cells?
Amino acids can be converted to nonessential amino acids.
LDL
Arises from VLDL and carries mostly cholesterol to cells.
HDL
Arises mostly from the liver and intestine and carries cholesterol from cells to other lipoproteins and to the liver for excretion.
Adaptive thermogenesis
At work, Linda shivers because the air conditioner makes her office feel very cold.
Edema appears when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because...
Blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts into extracellular spaces.
Chylomicron
Carries absorbed lipids from the small intestine to body cells.
VLDL
Carries to body cells mostly triglycerides taken up from the bloodstream by the liver as well as any fat made by the liver.
Which combination of foods provide the best source of omega-3 fatty acids? Carrots and snow peas stir-fried in canola oil Asparagus roasted with olive oil Baked potato with butter and sour cream Chocolate cake made with coconut oil
Carrots and snow peas stir-fried in canola oil.
Waist circumference is a measure of Central obesity Gynoid obesity Subcutaneous fat Total body fatness
Central obesity
High-Quality (Complete) Protein
Chicken Egg Milk
Besides her fat-intake, what other dietary modifications could improve Jackie's heart health? Choose whole grains instead of refined grain products. Take vitamin E supplements Use more salt to compensate for the loss in flavor Add one serving of fruit juice per day.
Choose whole grains instead of refined grain products.
What is NOT a component of plaque? Oxidized LDL Platelets Calcium Chylomicron
Chylomicron
What would you choose as the optimal nutrition to support your weight-training regimen? Consume a diet that provides 10% to 35% of calories from a variety of sources of protein Take individual amino acid supplements Take whey protein supplements.
Consume a diet that provides 10% to 35% of calories from a variety of sources of protein.
The nitrogen from amino acid breakdown is Stored in the liver Oxidized to carbohydrate Converted to urea Converted to fat
Converted to urea
Omega-3 fatty acids also ______ inflammation in the body.
Decrease
Omega-3 fatty acids tend to _____ blood clotting.
Decrease
Which scenario is an example of healthy weight loss? -On April 1 Tammy weighed 150 lbs. She joined the Fit and trim weight loss program and by May 1 weighed 130 lbs. -Jeff lost 15 lbs in 4 weeks by decreasing his caloric intake by 700 calories each day and exercising 4 times a week. -Samantha lost 10 pounds in 5 days to fit into her wedding dress, by eliminating soft drinks and all fatty foods from her diet. -Denise lost 25 pounds in 6 months by following a diet that included a variety of foods, even occasionally including her favorite dessert of chocolate cake.
Denise lost 25 pounds in 6 months by following a diet that included a variety of foods, even occasionally including her favorite dessert of chocolate cake.
What does fat add directly to a meal? Enticing flavor and aroma Calcium for stronger bones Fewer calories than carbohydrates The same number of calories as protein
Enticing flavor and aroma
Heart disease affected by excess body weight
Excess weight and enlarged adipose cells cause increases in LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, blood clotting, and inflammatory factors.
Erectile dysfunction in men affected by excess weight
Excess weight causes inflammation and reduced function of blood vessels.
Sleep apnea affected by excess body weight
Excess weight in the upper body places pressure on the lungs and pharynx
Which food is the best source of EPA(eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA(docasahexaenoic acid)? Walnuts Flaxseed Fatty fish Mussels
Fatty fish
Small Intestine(Protein)
Final digestion of amino acid chains to single amino acids occurs in the walls of this organ.
Lower-Quality(Incomplete) Protein
Gelatin Garbanzo Bean Rice
Epigenetics
Heritable changes in gene function that are independent of DNA sequence
Gallstone formation affected by excess weight
High-fat and high-cholesterol diet increases the cholesterol content of bile
Liver damage affected by excess weight
High-fat diet and weight gain lead to excessive fat accumulation in the liver
Coconut oil is _____ in saturated fatty acids than butter and beef fat. Equal Lower Higher
Higher
Which of the following is a potential problem associated with taking individual amino acid supplements? Protein deficiency Impaired absorption of other amino acids Weight loss All of these
Impaired absorption of other amino acids.
Which part of the chemical structure differentiates one amino acid from another? Its side chain Its amino group Its acid group Its double bonds
Its side chain
Basal metabolism
Jillian needs a minimum of 1400 kcal to support body functions, such as the work of her heart, lungs, and brain.
Which of the following is an essential fatty acid? Oleic acid Linoleic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid
Linoleic acid
Which of the following is NOT true of lipids in the body? Lipids store energy. Lipids are part of enzymes Lipids insulate the body. Lipids are part of cell membranes
Lipids are part of enzymes
2nd step of protein synthesis
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the DNA code to the ribosomes, where protein translation occurs.
Olive oil contains mostly _____ fatty acids. Saturated Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated Trans
Monounsaturated
The chemical element found in all amino acids but not found in either carbohydrates or fats is Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Which of the following foods is cholesterol free? Butter Whole milk Turkey (light meat) Peanut Butter
Peanut Butter
4th step of protein synthesis
Polypeptides chain twists and folds into three-dimensional structure of the intended protein.
What happens to protein synthesis when an essential amino acid is in short supply?
Protein synthesis is limited.
Which of the following meals contains complementary proteins? Rice with black beans and tomatoes Almond butter and jam on whole grain toast Peas and carrots Fruit salad with blueberries, strawberries, raspberries, and honeydew melon.
Rice with black beans and tomatoes
Liver(Fat)
Secretes bile to emulsify fats
Pancreas(Fat)
Secretes pancreatic lipase and other enzymes for fat digestion.
Thermic effect of food
Sherry's body uses 100 kcal to digest, absorb, and process the calories from her day's food intake.
Small Intestine(Fat)
Site of most fat digestion and absorption.
Stomach(Fat)
Small amount of fat digestion by gastric lipase.
Mouth/Salivary Glands(Fat)
Small amount of fat digestion by salivary lipase.
Nutrigenomics
Study of how food impacts health through its interactions with genes
Nutrigenetics
Study of the effect of genes on nutritional health
1st step of Protein synthesis
The DNA code is transferred by mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell.
Liver(Protein)
The portal vein delivers absorbed amino acids to this organ, where they then go to enter the bloodstream.
3rd step of protein synthesis
Transfer RNA (tRNA) adds amino acids one at a time according to the mRNA instructs to form a polypeptide chain.
Pancreas(Protein)
Triggered by CCK, this organ releases trypsin for the digestion of proteins.
True or False: An omnivorous (includes animal and plant foods) diet that follows the Dietary Guidelines (MyPlate recommendations) can provide the same health benefits as a well-balanced vegetarian diet.
True
Large Intestine/Rectum(Protein)
Very little protein is present in the feces by the time it reaches this part of the large intestine.
Vegan diets are often low in _____, on account of animal foods being excluded from the diet.
Vitamin B12
Stomach(Protein)
Where pepsin and acid work to digest protein.
Age, body composition, and stage of life cycle may influence basal metabolic rate. What people have a high basal metabolic rate?
-A pregnant woman -A woman who weighs 150 pounds and has 25% body fat -A 35-year-old man -A man who is 6'2" and weighs 180 pounds
Food choices Jackie could use to incorporate fat into her heart-healthy diet.
-After classes, make a snack of sliced apples with almond butter. -Make a sandwich with turkey, tomato, and sliced avocado for lunch. -Pack a snack of walnuts and dried fruit to carry in her backpack. -Use canola oil or olive oil to make salad dressing.
Marasmus
-Appearance is one with "matchstick" arms and no subcutaneous fat -Common in infants who receive inadequate calories and protein from the beginning of life -Form of protein-calorie malnutrition that develops gradually.
Kwashiorkor
-Appearance is one with swollen belly from either fatty liver or edema -Common in young children who are weaned from breast milk to a high-starch, low-protein diet -Form of protein-calorie malnutrition that develops acutely (rapidly)
What are the components of an anti-atherosclerotic lifestyle.
-Dietary pattern high in fruits and vegetables. -Smoking cessation -Dietary pattern low in saturated and trans fat -Engaging in daily physical activity
Functions of protein in the body.
-Forms structure of bones -Synthesis of hormones -Synthesis of enzymes -Supports the immune response
Successful weight loss comes from hard work and commitment what are some successful weight-loss programs?
-Modification of problem behaviors -Decreased calorie intake -Increased physical activity
True statements about protein needs and roles of protein in the body.
-North Americans would benefit from eating more plant sources of protein - Different plant sources of protein can be combined within the same meal to provide all of the essential amino acids. -Different plant sources of protein can be combined within the same day to provide all of the essential amino acids.
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total protein intake is...
10-35% of total kcal
Normal
18.5-24.9
Protein per serving of vegetable
2-3 g/cup
Protein per serving of grain
2-3 g/oz
The Food and Nutrition Board recommend that total fat intake should be ______ of total daily calories (also known as the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range or ADMR for fat).
20-35%
Overweight
25.0-29.9
Joe weighs 200 pounds and is 5'10" tall What is his body mass index(BMI) kg/m^2
28.7
Obese 1
30.0-34.9
Obese 2
35.0-39.9
Who has the LOWEST health risk, based on the information provided? 6'3" male, 184 pounds, waist circumference 41" 6'0" male, 221 pounds, waist circumference 38" 5'3" female, 164 pounds, waist circumference 38" 5'6" female, 142 pounds, waist circumference 30"
5'6" female, 142 pounds, waist circumference 30"
Alicia is a sedentary, 20-year-old woman. She weighs 145 pounds. Based on her body weight, what is her Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein?
53 grams
Which of the following individuals would be at highest risk for cardiovascular disease? 60-year-old; moderately active; LDL 139 mg/dl 39-year-old; limited fruit and vegetable intake; LDL 98 mg/dl 66-year-old; diabetes; LDL 90 mg/dl 35-year-old; hypertension; LDL 115 mg/dl
66-year-old; diabetes; 90 mg/dl
Protein per serving of protein
7 g/oz
Protein per serving of dairy
8-10 g/cup
Protein per serving of fruit
<1 g/cup
Underweight
<18.5
Extreme obesity
> or equal to 40
Basal metabolism is the largest component of total energy expenditure, typically accounting for 60% to 75% of total energy needs. Which of the following factors would decrease your basal metabolic rate? A fever Use of caffeine A low calorie intake Gains in muscle mass
A low calorie intake
Fish oil capsules are associated with a(n) ______ in rheumatoid arthritis symptoms and some behavioral disorders and cases of mild depression.
decrease
Use of omega-3 fatty acids as a dietary supplement may _____ circulating triglyceride levels in the body.
decrease
Triglycerides are the most common lipid found in food and in the body; they consist of a _______ backbone attached to three fatty acids.
glycerol
Fatty acids are classified based on the degree to which the carbon chain is saturated with_________.
hydrogen
Omega-6 fatty acids ____ clotting and _____ inflammation in the body.
increase increase
The salivary glands, stomach, and pancreas secrete _____ enzymes to break down triglycerides into monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol.
lipase
These lipoproteins are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the vessels of the _______ system.
lymphatic
