Nutrition Exam 3 Homework 2

What is the fate of glycerol during the process of converting triglycerides to energy? 1. Glycerol (a three-carbon molecule) is converted to pyruvate 2. Glycerol directly enters the TCA cycle 3. Glycerol is converted directly to acetyl CoA

1. Glycerol (a three-carbon molecule) is converted to pyruvate

Which of the following foods is a significant source of riboflavin? 1. Milk 2. Banana 3. Broccoli 4. Almonds

1. Milk

Andrew snacks on high-carbohydrate and high-fat foods during his afternoons on Mondays through Thursdays. In fact, when he totaled his daily caloric intake, he was surprised to find that he had eaten an average of 2,400 kilocalories per day! If his total daily energy requirement is 2,200 kilocalories, what is the metabolic fate of the extra carbohydrate and fat kilocalories he has consumed? 1. Some will be stored as glycogen and most will be stored as fat 2. Excess kilocalories will be stored as glycogen via the glycogenesis pathway 3. The extra calories will be excreted 4. Excess kilocalories will be stored as fat via the lipogenesis pathway

1. Some will be stored as glycogen and most will be stored as fat

What is the first step in utilizing stored fatty acids for ATP? 1. The first step is the hydrolysis of fatty acids from glycerol in the stored triglyceride 2. The first step is to transfer high-energy electrons to NAD+.NAD+ 3. The first step is to convert glycerol into acetyl CoA in the mitochondria 4. The first step is to convert fatty acids to acetyl CoA in the mitochondria

1. The first step is the hydrolysis of fatty acids from glycerol in the stored triglyceride.

Formation of free radicals can increase your risk of cancer and heart disease. 1. True 2. False

1. True

Glycolysis can occur in either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. 1. True 2. False

1. True

NADH and FADH2 are formed as each acetyl CoA molecule is formed. 1. True 2. False

1. True

The chemical structure of vitamin B12 contains cobalt. 1. True 2. False

1. True

The phosphate from the compound phosphocreatine can be used to synthesize more ATP from ADP. 1. True 2. False

1. True

The process of converting fatty acids into ATP is called fatty acid oxidation. 1. True 2. False

1. True

Vitamin B12 is attached to a protein called transcobalamin II and travels in the blood bound to this protein. 1. True 2. False

1. True

Vitamin E is considered an antioxidant. 1. True 2. False

1. True

Which of the following vitamins is linked with bone health? 1. Vitamin K 2. Vitamin E 3. Vitamin B6 4. Riboflavin

1. Vitamin K

Which of the following foods are not significant sources of vitamin A? 1. Whole grains and enriched grain products 2. Dark-green vegetables 3. Whole milk 4. Orange-colored vegetables

1. Whole grains and enriched grain products

Does Ashley's intake of 200 milligrams per day of vitamin B6 exceed the tolerable upper limit for the vitamin? 1. Yes, Ashley did exceed the UL of 100 milligrams per day of B6 2. No, Ashley did not exceed her RDA of 1.3 milligrams per day of B6 3. No, Ashley did not exceed her UL of 100 milligrams per day of B6 4. Yes, Ashley did exceed her RDA of 1.3 milligrams per day of B6

1. Yes, Ashley did exceed the UL of 100 milligrams per day of B6

Which of the following CANNOT be converted to glucose? 1. fatty acids 2. glucogenic amino acids 3. glycogen 4. glycerol

1. fatty acids

If Andy decides to change his 8 oz pork chop to 6 oz fillet of salmon, what would be his vitamin D dietary intake in IU? 6 oz of baked salmon contains 23 μ of vitamin D. During calculations, round numbers to the second decimal place. Round your final answer to the nearest whole number. List vitamin D intake in International Units (IU).

1084 IU

What foods should Ashley eat to increase vitamin C intake without taking a supplement? 1. Ashley can get her vitamin C from whole grains such as wheat, oats, and brown rice 2. Ashley can get her vitamin C from a variety of fruits and vegetables, including citrus fruits, broccoli, tomatoes, cantaloupe, and many other foods 3. Ashley can get her vitamin C from animal products, including meat, fish, and poultry 4. Ashley can get her vitamin C from fortified milk or other dairy products

2. Ashley can get her vitamin C from a variety of fruits and vegetables, including citrus fruits, broccoli, tomatoes, cantaloupe, and many other foods

Which food(s) should Ashley eat to increase her intake of B vitamins? 1. Vitamin B supplements provide all the B vitamins in one (big) pill. There is no need for Ashley to be worried about consuming specific foods, as long as she takes her vitamin B supplement each day 2. Ashley should eat a varied diet of lean meats, poultry, fish, fortified cereals and grains, fruits, and vegetables 3. Most B vitamins are found in heart-healthy fats and olive oil, as these vitamins have been proven to be helpful in fighting heart disease 4. Only animal products contain significant amounts of B vitamins

2. Ashley should eat a varied diet of lean meats, poultry, fish, fortified cereals and grains, fruits, and vegetables

All of the B vitamins function as __________ in addition to each having other unique functions. 1. Phytochemicals 2. Coenzymes 3. Antioxidants 4. Hormones

2. Coenzymes

Energy used by the body to perform muscular contractions is called adenosine diphosphate, or ADP. 1. True 2. False

2. False

What cooking method best retains water-soluble vitamins? 1. Boiling 2. Microwaving 3. Any kind of cooking destroys most vitamins. Let foods come to room temperature by letting them sit out on the kitchen counter for several days and then eat them raw 4. Stewing for several hours

2. Microwaving

Which of the following is a characteristic of minerals but not vitamins? 1. Minerals tend to have very high rates of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, while vitamins are absorbed poorly 2. Minerals are inorganic molecules, while vitamins are organic 3. Minerals are needed in very small amounts each day, while vitamins are needed in relatively large amounts 4. Minerals frequently function as coenzymes to energy metabolism enzymes, while vitamins are needed for fluid balance

2. Minerals are inorganic molecules, while vitamins are organic

Has Andy met his vitamin D RDA? Does he need a supplement? 1. Yes, he met his RDA and does not need a supplement 2. No, his vitamin D intake was below RDA, and he needs a supplement

2. No, his vitamin D intake was below RDA, and he needs a supplement

Which of the following vitamins is linked with energy metabolism? 1. Vitamin E 2. Vitamin B12 3. Vitamin C 4. Vitamin D

2. Vitamin B12

Which of the B vitamins are necessary for healthy nerves? 1. Vitamin B6 2. Vitamin B12 and folate 3. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) 4. Thiamin (vitamin B1)

2. Vitamin B12 and folate

Acetyl CoA is the "gateway molecule" for energy metabolism because __________. 1. it is produced only from the body's preferred carbohydrate energy source 2. carbohydrates, protein, and fats can all be catabolized into acetyl CoA before entering the TCA cycle 3. it can be produced with or without oxygen 4. It facilitates the transport of glucose into cells

2. carbohydrates, protein, and fats can all be catabolized into acetyl CoA before entering the TCA cycle

How many acetyl CoA molecules are produced from one 16-carbon-chain fatty acid? 1. four acetyl CoA molecules 2. eight acetyl CoA molecules 3. sixteen acetyl CoA molecules 4. thirty-two acetyl CoA molecules

2. eight acetyl CoA molecules

Andy, 52, was very surprised when his doctor told him that his blood levels of vitamin D were below normal. After all, he plays tennis or rides a bike on most days. However, he forgot that the time for vitamin D synthesis from sun exposure is only from 10:00 AM to 1:00 PM for most locations in the United States, and he does most of his activities after work. Because his sun exposure is not adequate, he has to rely more on diet and supplements for his vitamin D needs. Andy's doctor asked him to consume 600 IU of vitamin D daily. He is supposed to track his vitamin D intake from foods and take a supplement if he does not meet his daily goal. It sounded easy, but he was up for a surprise. Some foods had the amounts of vitamin D listed in micrograms, others in IU. Most supplements have the amounts of vitamin D listed in IU. Below is Andy's vitamin D intake from the food he consumed yesterday. Low-fat Yoplait yogurt -- 2 μg Cheerios cereal -- 1 μg Coffee with milk -- 0.7 μg Turkey sandwich on whole-wheat bread with large garden salad -- 0.4 μg Grilled pork chop, 8 oz, with mashed potato and a side of grilled mixed vegetables -- 1.6 μg How many IU of vitamin D did Andy consume yesterday? During calculations, round numbers to the second decimal place. Round your final answer to the nearest whole number. List vitamin D intake in International Units (IU).

228 IU

Why does Andrew experience irritability and fatigue at the end of the day on Tuesdays and Thursdays after not having eaten all day because of his back-to-back laboratory classes? 1. He most likely didn't get enough sleep the night before 2. Not eating has resulted in an iron deficiency, which is responsible for his symptoms 3. Andrew's blood sugar level has dropped too low, causing his symptoms 4. The stress associated with the lab causes Andrew's symptoms

3. Andrew's blood sugar level has dropped too low, causing his symptoms

Ashley's multivitamin pill contains 1,000 percent of the RDA for vitamin C. After her experience with vitamin B6, she is concerned that there might be negative side effects associated with ingesting too much vitamin C. Should she be worried? How much vitamin C is considered safe? 1. No, she does not need to worry: Ashley doesn't like citrus fruit, and eating citrus fruit is the only way one can ingest a toxic amount of vitamin C, so she is safe 2. No, she should not be worried: vitamins cannot be bad for you, no matter what the daily dosage. They are just insurance when you can't eat the right foods 3. Ashley has not reached the UL (Upper Limit) of vitamin C, which is 2,000 milligrams per day; she does not need to be worried at this point. The higher the level of vitamin C intake, the higher the excretion from the kidney and her urine. However, if she drastically increases her vitamin C supplement intake, she could experience some of the toxicity symptoms, which include nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, and insomnia. The recommended vitamin C intake for Ashley is 75 milligrams per day, which she could obtain by eating an orange. There is no need for her to waste her money on supplements. By the way, 1 raw bell pepper contains 225 milligrams of vitamin C 4. Ashley is young and her body can handle anything

3. Ashley has not reached the UL (Upper Limit) of vitamin C, which is 2,000 milligrams per day; she does not need to be worried at this point. The higher the level of vitamin C intake, the higher the excretion from the kidney and her urine. However, if she drastically increases her vitamin C supplement intake, she could experience some of the toxicity symptoms, which include nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, and insomnia. The recommended vitamin C intake for Ashley is 75 milligrams per day, which she could obtain by eating an orange. There is no need for her to waste her money on supplements. By the way, 1 raw bell pepper contains 225 milligrams of vitamin C

What foods should Ashley eat to consume sufficient amounts of vitamin B6? 1. Vitamin B6 is found only in animal protein foods such as meat, chicken, and fish 2. Ashley should consume lots of peanut butter and cereal as they are the only foods that contain a significant amount of B6 3. Ashley, unless she is a vegetarian, could consume animal protein such as meat, fish, and poultry; chicken breast, in particular, provides a significant amount of vitamin B6. Fruits and vegetables are also good sources, with prunes and bananas leading the way. Nuts and peanut butter could also be included in her diet. Check out the food label on your next box of cereal and you will find that it is probably fortified with B6. Remember that "fortification" means adding vitamins and minerals to a food in which they do not occur naturally 4. Ashley should eat lots of dairy foods, such as milk and cheese

3. Ashley, unless she is a vegetarian, could consume animal protein such as meat, fish, and poultry; chicken breast, in particular, provides a significant amount of vitamin B6. Fruits and vegetables are also good sources, with prunes and bananas leading the way. Nuts and peanut butter could also be included in her diet. Check out the food label on your next box of cereal and you will find that it is probably fortified with B6. Remember that "fortification" means adding vitamins and minerals to a food in which they do not occur naturally

Which of the following water-soluble vitamins depend on each other for activation? 1. Thiamin and B12 2. Pantothenic acid and B6 3. B12 and folate 4. Riboflavin and B12

3. B12 and folate

Patrick wants to increase his intake of niacin. Which of the following foods would provide Patrick with a significant amount of niacin? 1. Tomatoes 2. Oranges 3. Beef 4. Collard greens

3. Beef

Which of the following vitamins is responsible for red blood cell production? 1. Thiamin 2. Vitamin A 3. Folate 4. Vitamin C

3. Folate

Which of the following would be the best source of vitamin D? 1. Nuts 2. Dark-green, leafy vegetables 3. Fortified milk 4. Cheese

3. Fortified milk

Which statement regarding free radicals is FALSE? 1. Free radicals steal electrons from phospholipids found in cell membranes 2. Free radicals contain an unpaired electron 3. Free radicals donate electrons to unstable compounds 4. Free radicals can be neutralized by antioxidants

3. Free radicals donate electrons to unstable compounds

Which of the following foods is considered a poor source of fat-soluble vitamins? 1. Nuts 2. Milk 3. Grains 4. Vegetables

3. Grains

Which of the following would be the best source of vitamin B12? 1. Citrus fruits 2. Whole-wheat bread 3. Roast beef 4. Peanut butter

3. Roast beef

Which of the following statements regarding ATP is incorrect? 1. ATP is hydrolyzed and converted from ATP to ADP anaerobically 2. Only small amounts of ATP are stored in the body's cells 3. The enzyme ATPase hydrolyzes the first phosphate group from the ATP molecule when energy is needed 4. About seven kilocalories are released every time a phosphate bond is broken

3. The enzyme ATPase hydrolyzes the first phosphate group from the ATP molecule when energy is needed

Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamins but not minerals? 1. Vitamins can be toxic to the body but minerals cannot 2. Vitamins tend to have low rates of absorption, while minerals absorb easily 3. They can be either water or fat soluble 4. Vitamins provide kilocalories for the body, while minerals do not

3. They can be either water or fat soluble

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all vitamins and minerals? 1. They are all water soluble 2. They are made up of organic molecules 3. They provide no kilocalories for the body 4. They are destroyed with the cooking of food

3. They provide no kilocalories for the body

Which of the following vitamins is linked with the immune system? 1. Folate 2. Pyridoxine (B6) 3. Vitamin A 4. Vitamin K

3. Vitamin A

Susan had a salad made of dark, leafy greens, oil and vinegar dressing, and cheese. Which of the following vitamins would not be found in adequate quantities from this lunch? 1. Vitamin E 2. Vitamin K 3. Vitamin D 4. Vitamin A

3. Vitamin D

Which statement regarding glycolysis is true? 1. Glycolysis yields four ATP molecules from one six-carbon glucose molecule 2. Glycolysis yields three pyruvic acid molecules from one six- carbon glucose molecule 3. When oxygen is limited in the cell, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid 4. Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria in the cell

3. When oxygen is limited in the cell, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid

Alcohol is metabolized by all of the following EXCEPT _____. 1. ADH 2. ALDH 3. glycolysis 4. MEOS

3. glycolysis

What is the primary metabolic pathway that converts excess kilocalories consumed in food into stored energy in the body? 1. glycogenesis 2. glycogenolysis 3. lipogenesis 4. lipolysis

3. lipogenesis

What percentage of the vitamin D RDA did Andy eat from food? During calculations, round numbers to the second decimal place. Round your final answer to the nearest whole number.

38%

What type of diet or food choices can help reduce the risk of cancer initiation, promotion, and growth? 1. A diet high in B12 2. A very low carbohydrate diet 3. A high-protein diet 4. A diet rich in plant-based foods

4. A diet rich in plant-based foods

The energy molecule cells use to perform their functions is _____. 1. AMD 2. ATP 3. CoA 4. ADP

4. ATP

When Andrew doesn't eat sufficient glucose, which metabolic pathway will allow him to produce enough oxaloacetate for the TCA cycle to run efficiently? 1. lipolysis 2. gluconeogenesis 3. glycogenolysis 4. All of the listed pathways can produce oxaloacetate

4. All of the listed pathways can produce oxaloacetate

Which of the following activities requires ATP to function? 1. Secretions of the endocrine system 2. Muscular work 3, Nerve conduction 4. All of the listed responses are correct

4. All of the listed responses are correct

The functions of vitamin B12 include __________. 1. DNA synthesis 2. The maintenance of healthy nervous tissue 3. Synthesis of healthy red blood cells 4. All of these answers are correct

4. All of these answers are correct

Susan had a sandwich made with white bread, chicken, dark leafy greens, and tomatoes. Which vitamins did she consume in significant amounts? 1. Vitamin C 2. Thiamin 3. Folate 4. All of these are correct

4. All of these are correct

Patrick wants to increase his intake of vitamin E. Which of the following foods would provide him with a significant amount of vitamin E? 1. Milk 2. Carrots 3. Tuna 4. Almonds

4. Almonds

Why do water-soluble vitamins need to be consumed more often than fat-soluble vitamins? 1. Because they spoil and rot faster than fat-soluble vitamins 2. Because fat-soluble vitamins are easier to obtain in our food sources 3. Because water-soluble supplements are less expensive than fat-soluble vitamin supplements 4. Because water-soluble vitamins are not stored in our bodies

4. Because water-soluble vitamins are not stored in our bodies

Where in the cell is the majority of ATP produced? 1. Nucleus 2. Ribosomes 3. Cytosol 4. Mitochondria

4. Mitochondria

Andrew weighs approximately 70 kg. On a typical weekday, Andrew skips breakfast; by the time 5:00 p.m. rolls around, his total daily kilocalorie intake is 200 kilocalories from an afternoon snack. He doesn't eat again until late that night. Are the kilocalories from his afternoon snack likely to be stored in Andrew's body? 1. Yes, because the human body stores approximately 50 percent of any calories consumed for future energy needs 2. Yes; lipogenesis has priority over basal energy needs 3. Yes, because the human body stores approximately 10 percent of any calories consumed for future energy needs 4. No; these calories don't even meet his basal needs

4. No; these calories don't even meet his basal needs

Which statement regarding the absorption of vitamin B12 is (are) FALSE? 1. Vitamin B12 binds with intrinsic factor synthesized in the stomach 2. Hydrochloric acid and pepsin are necessary to release vitamin B12 from food 3. Pancreatic enzymes release vitamin B12 from the R-protein 4. R-protein produced in the stomach carries vitamin B12 to the ileum for absorption

4. R-protein produced in the stomach carries vitamin B12 to the ileum for absorption

Which of the following vitamins is linked with antioxidant function? 1. Niacin 2. Vitamin B12 3. Vitamin D 4. Vitamin E

4. Vitamin E

Which of the following would not be a significant source of vitamin C? 1. Spinach 2. Tomatoes 3. Citrus fruits 4. Whole-wheat bread

4. Whole-wheat bread

The bonding of two amino acids to form a dipeptide is _____. 1. ketogenesis 2. phosphorylation 3. catabolism 4. anabolism

4. anabolism

What metabolic pathway allows Andrew to maintain normal blood glucose levels when his carbohydrate intake is too low? 1. glycogenesis 2. glycolysis 3. lipogenesis 4. glycogenolysis

4. glycogenolysis