A&P Ch 1
Anatomy
The scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure.
Embryology
A subspeciality of developmental anatomy, considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development.
The heart is an example of a(n) A) cell. B) organ. C) organelle. D) organ segment.
B) organ.
Magnetic resonance imaging makes use of A) X-rays. B) radio waves. C) radioisotopes. D) high-frequency sound waves.
B) radio waves.
What organ system is responsible for the production of blood cells? A) circulatory B) skeletal C) digestive D) nervous
B) skeletal
Organism
Any living thing considered as a whole
Inferior
Below. Towards the feet
Etymology
Derivation of words
12 Organ systems
1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Lymphatic 5. Repiratory 6. Digestive 7. Nervous 8. Endocrine 9. Cardiovascular 10. Urinary 11. Femal Reproductive 12. Male Reproductive
7 Characteristics of life
1. Organization 2. Metabolism 3. Responsiveness 4. Growth 5. Development 6. Differntiation 7. Reproduction
9 Abdominal regions
1. Right hypochondriac region 2. Epigastric region 3. Left hypochondriac region 4. Right lumbar region 5. Umbilical region 6. Left Lumbar region 7. Right iliac region 8. Hypogastric region 9. Left Iliac region
Stimulus
A deviation from the set point
Organ system
A group of organs that have a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.
To understand the structure and function of an organism we also need to understand the structure and properties of A) atoms and molecules. B) the atmosphere. C) tectonic plates. D) Computed Tomography (CT).
A) atoms and molecules.
Tissues are formed by a group of ________ that perform similar functions. A) cells B) tissues C) organs D) atoms
A) cells
Which of the following activities is not necessary to maintain life? A) intellectual capability B) production of energy C) intake of food compounds D) growth
A) intellectual capability
Anatomy deals with the A) structure of the human body. B) functions of body parts. C) psychology of humans. D) chemical compounds within the body.
A) structure of the human body.
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes and adjust
Metabolism
All chemical reactions of the body
Set point
An ideal normal value Ex. Normal body temp
Lateral
Away from the midline
Deep
Away from the surface
The first human anatomical illustrations, published by ___________, allowed for the correction of centuries of mistakes in textbooks. A) Claudius Galen B) Andreas Vesalius C) Theodor Schwann D) William Harvey
B) Andreas Vesalius
Which of the following statements about physiology is true? A) Physiology is a stagnant subject. B) Some human body functions are still not clearly understood. C) Physiology could never be related with anatomy. D) Physiology has no relationship with chemistry.
B) Some human body functions are still not clearly understood.
The location and description of bones in the skeletal system will be covered under A) physiology. B) anatomy. C) ground. D) dust.
B) anatomy.
The smallest structures that are considered to be alive are A) organelles. B) cells. C) tissues. D) body systems.
B) cells.
To maintain life all living organisms depend on A) oxygen. B) food. C) blood. D) hydrogen
B) food.
Physiology deals with the A) structure of the human body. B) functions of the human body. C) human body and its relation with the environment. D) biochemistry of the bacterial population infecting the human body.
B) functions of the human body.
Most of the terms used in anatomy and physiology originated from which of the following languages? A) Greek and French B) French and English C) Greek and Latin D) Latin and Spanish
C) Greek and Latin
Which of the following carries necessary compounds like nutrients and hormones throughout the body? A) water B) public city transport C) blood D) lymph
C) blood
As one of the characteristic of Life, development includes A) fertilization and reproduction. B) differentiation and morphogenesis. C) fertilization and differentiation. D) morphogenesis and metabolism.
C) fertilization and differentiation.
Visual inspection of the liver and stomach during surgery is an example of A) microscopic anatomy (histology). B) comparative anatomy. C) gross anatomy. D) ultrastructure.
C) gross anatomy.
Cells contain structures called _________, which can perform specific activities like energy production, and digestion. A) atoms B) molecules C) organelles D) macromolecules
C) organelles
Which of the following lists is in the order of increasing levels of complexity? A) organelles - tissues - cells - organ systems - organs B) cells - macromolecules - tissues - body - organs C) organelles - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems D) tissues - cells - organs - organelles - organ systems
C) organelles - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems
An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how changes in pH affect the function of enzymes on digestion is most likely to be a(n) A) neurologist. B) anatomist. C) physiologist. D) engineer.
C) physiologist.
Biochemical and molecular explanations provide a better understanding of A) body parts. B) anatomical details of bones. C) physiology of organs. D) ecological niches.
C) physiology of organs.
To avoid extinction of a species, living organisms need to A) think. B) read. C) reproduce. D) overgrow.
C) reproduce.
Effector
Can change the value of the variable
Differentiation
Change from generalized to specialized
Morphogenesis
Change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism.
Growth
Change in size or number
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment
Organ
Composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions.
Systemic physiology
Considers the functions of organ systems
Serous Membranes
Cover the organs of the trunk cavities and line the trunk cavities
Visceral
Covers organ. Inside of serous membrane
Transverse
Cuts at right angles. Seperates Superior and inferior
Oblique
Cuts not made at right angles
Which of the following statements about anatomy and physiology is true? A) Anatomy and physiology are ancient fields of study. B) Anatomy and physiology both are required to understand the body system. C) Research still expands the concepts of physiology. D) All of the above statements are true.
D) All of the above statements are true.
Knowledge of the structure of body parts helps in understanding their function. Which of the following is an accurate example of that principle? A) The heart is responsible for high blood pressure. B) The knees can be a cause of trouble when climbing stairs. C) Foldings in the brain do not reflect the complexity of the brain. D) The hand is adapted for grasping.
D) The hand is adapted for grasping.
Magnetic resonance imaging might be used to A) distinguish between normal and cancerous tissue. B) assess damage sustained by the heart. C) obtain a sectional view of the brain. D) all of the above are uses of magnetic resonance imaging.
D) all of the above are uses of magnetic resonance imaging.
Information about human cells can be obtained by studying A) bacteria. B) rat cells. C) monkey cells. D) all of the above.
D) all of the above.
The study of the microscopic structure of the tissues and organs is called A) cytology. B) astrology. C) gross anatomy. D) histology.
D) histology.
To understand the structure of complex body systems we start from the structure of the atom and progress to the structure of the organ systems. This concept is called A) levels of deterioration. B) structural diversity. C) the hierarchy of species. D) levels of organization.
D) levels of organization.
Which subdivision of anatomy involves the study of organs that function together? A) regional B) developmental C) histology D) systemic
D) systemic
Cardiovascular physiology
Deals with the heart and blood vessels
Frontal
Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Control center
Establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained
Cell Physiology
Examines the processes occurring in cells
Histology
Examines tissues and the materials surrounding them.
Distal
Farther from the point of attachment
Exercise physiology
Focuses on changes in function, but also structure, caused by exercise.
Neurophysiology
Focuses on the nervous system
Tissue
Group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
Dorsal
Synonymous with posterior
Parietal
Lines cavity wall. Outside of serous membrane
Prone
Lying face downward
Supine
Lying face upward
Receptor
Monitors the value of some variable such as blood pressure
Anatomic position
Refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward.
Negative feedback
Resisted deviation from the set point
Response
Returns the variable back toward the set point
Sagital
Seperates the body into left and right
Peritoneum
Serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Pericardium
Serous membrane of the heart
Pleura
Serous membrane of the lung
Normal Range
Slightly above and below set point, but remains in homeostasis
Gross anatomy (Macroscopic)
Structures examined without a microscope
Anatomic Anomalies
Structures that are unusual and different from the normal pattern Ex. Some people have 12 fingers
Regional anatomy
Studied area by area Ex. Head, abdomen, or arm
Systemic Anatomy
Studied system by system. Circulatory to nervous system
Ventral
Synonymous with anterior
Posterior
The back of the body
Cells
The basic units of all living things
Development
The changes an organism undergoes through time. Involves growth, but it also involves differentiation and morphogenesis
Organization
The condition in which the parts of an organism have specific relationships and functions
Homeostasis
The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.
Reproduction
The formation of new cells or new organisms.
Anterior
The front of the body
Pathology
The medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from disease.
Physiology
The scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things
Organelles
The small structures that make up cells
Cytology
The structural features of cells
Surface Anatomy
The study of external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging Ex. Sternum to heart
Developmental Anatomy
The study of the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood
Superficial
Toward or on the surface
Medial
Toward the midline
Superior
Towards the head. Above
Anatomic Imaging
Uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures.
Positive feedback
When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation even greater.