A&P Ch 1

Anatomy

The scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure.

Embryology

A subspeciality of developmental anatomy, considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development.

The heart is an example of a(n) A) cell. B) organ. C) organelle. D) organ segment.

B) organ.

Magnetic resonance imaging makes use of A) X-rays. B) radio waves. C) radioisotopes. D) high-frequency sound waves.

B) radio waves.

What organ system is responsible for the production of blood cells? A) circulatory B) skeletal C) digestive D) nervous

B) skeletal

Organism

Any living thing considered as a whole

Inferior

Below. Towards the feet

Etymology

Derivation of words

12 Organ systems

1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Lymphatic 5. Repiratory 6. Digestive 7. Nervous 8. Endocrine 9. Cardiovascular 10. Urinary 11. Femal Reproductive 12. Male Reproductive

7 Characteristics of life

1. Organization 2. Metabolism 3. Responsiveness 4. Growth 5. Development 6. Differntiation 7. Reproduction

9 Abdominal regions

1. Right hypochondriac region 2. Epigastric region 3. Left hypochondriac region 4. Right lumbar region 5. Umbilical region 6. Left Lumbar region 7. Right iliac region 8. Hypogastric region 9. Left Iliac region

Stimulus

A deviation from the set point

Organ system

A group of organs that have a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.

To understand the structure and function of an organism we also need to understand the structure and properties of A) atoms and molecules. B) the atmosphere. C) tectonic plates. D) Computed Tomography (CT).

A) atoms and molecules.

Tissues are formed by a group of ________ that perform similar functions. A) cells B) tissues C) organs D) atoms

A) cells

Which of the following activities is not necessary to maintain life? A) intellectual capability B) production of energy C) intake of food compounds D) growth

A) intellectual capability

Anatomy deals with the A) structure of the human body. B) functions of body parts. C) psychology of humans. D) chemical compounds within the body.

A) structure of the human body.

Responsiveness

Ability to sense changes and adjust

Metabolism

All chemical reactions of the body

Set point

An ideal normal value Ex. Normal body temp

Lateral

Away from the midline

Deep

Away from the surface

The first human anatomical illustrations, published by ___________, allowed for the correction of centuries of mistakes in textbooks. A) Claudius Galen B) Andreas Vesalius C) Theodor Schwann D) William Harvey

B) Andreas Vesalius

Which of the following statements about physiology is true? A) Physiology is a stagnant subject. B) Some human body functions are still not clearly understood. C) Physiology could never be related with anatomy. D) Physiology has no relationship with chemistry.

B) Some human body functions are still not clearly understood.

The location and description of bones in the skeletal system will be covered under A) physiology. B) anatomy. C) ground. D) dust.

B) anatomy.

The smallest structures that are considered to be alive are A) organelles. B) cells. C) tissues. D) body systems.

B) cells.

To maintain life all living organisms depend on A) oxygen. B) food. C) blood. D) hydrogen

B) food.

Physiology deals with the A) structure of the human body. B) functions of the human body. C) human body and its relation with the environment. D) biochemistry of the bacterial population infecting the human body.

B) functions of the human body.

Most of the terms used in anatomy and physiology originated from which of the following languages? A) Greek and French B) French and English C) Greek and Latin D) Latin and Spanish

C) Greek and Latin

Which of the following carries necessary compounds like nutrients and hormones throughout the body? A) water B) public city transport C) blood D) lymph

C) blood

As one of the characteristic of Life, development includes A) fertilization and reproduction. B) differentiation and morphogenesis. C) fertilization and differentiation. D) morphogenesis and metabolism.

C) fertilization and differentiation.

Visual inspection of the liver and stomach during surgery is an example of A) microscopic anatomy (histology). B) comparative anatomy. C) gross anatomy. D) ultrastructure.

C) gross anatomy.

Cells contain structures called _________, which can perform specific activities like energy production, and digestion. A) atoms B) molecules C) organelles D) macromolecules

C) organelles

Which of the following lists is in the order of increasing levels of complexity? A) organelles - tissues - cells - organ systems - organs B) cells - macromolecules - tissues - body - organs C) organelles - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems D) tissues - cells - organs - organelles - organ systems

C) organelles - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems

An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how changes in pH affect the function of enzymes on digestion is most likely to be a(n) A) neurologist. B) anatomist. C) physiologist. D) engineer.

C) physiologist.

Biochemical and molecular explanations provide a better understanding of A) body parts. B) anatomical details of bones. C) physiology of organs. D) ecological niches.

C) physiology of organs.

To avoid extinction of a species, living organisms need to A) think. B) read. C) reproduce. D) overgrow.

C) reproduce.

Effector

Can change the value of the variable

Differentiation

Change from generalized to specialized

Morphogenesis

Change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism.

Growth

Change in size or number

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Organ

Composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions.

Systemic physiology

Considers the functions of organ systems

Serous Membranes

Cover the organs of the trunk cavities and line the trunk cavities

Visceral

Covers organ. Inside of serous membrane

Transverse

Cuts at right angles. Seperates Superior and inferior

Oblique

Cuts not made at right angles

Which of the following statements about anatomy and physiology is true? A) Anatomy and physiology are ancient fields of study. B) Anatomy and physiology both are required to understand the body system. C) Research still expands the concepts of physiology. D) All of the above statements are true.

D) All of the above statements are true.

Knowledge of the structure of body parts helps in understanding their function. Which of the following is an accurate example of that principle? A) The heart is responsible for high blood pressure. B) The knees can be a cause of trouble when climbing stairs. C) Foldings in the brain do not reflect the complexity of the brain. D) The hand is adapted for grasping.

D) The hand is adapted for grasping.

Magnetic resonance imaging might be used to A) distinguish between normal and cancerous tissue. B) assess damage sustained by the heart. C) obtain a sectional view of the brain. D) all of the above are uses of magnetic resonance imaging.

D) all of the above are uses of magnetic resonance imaging.

Information about human cells can be obtained by studying A) bacteria. B) rat cells. C) monkey cells. D) all of the above.

D) all of the above.

The study of the microscopic structure of the tissues and organs is called A) cytology. B) astrology. C) gross anatomy. D) histology.

D) histology.

To understand the structure of complex body systems we start from the structure of the atom and progress to the structure of the organ systems. This concept is called A) levels of deterioration. B) structural diversity. C) the hierarchy of species. D) levels of organization.

D) levels of organization.

Which subdivision of anatomy involves the study of organs that function together? A) regional B) developmental C) histology D) systemic

D) systemic

Cardiovascular physiology

Deals with the heart and blood vessels

Frontal

Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Control center

Establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained

Cell Physiology

Examines the processes occurring in cells

Histology

Examines tissues and the materials surrounding them.

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment

Exercise physiology

Focuses on changes in function, but also structure, caused by exercise.

Neurophysiology

Focuses on the nervous system

Tissue

Group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

Dorsal

Synonymous with posterior

Parietal

Lines cavity wall. Outside of serous membrane

Prone

Lying face downward

Supine

Lying face upward

Receptor

Monitors the value of some variable such as blood pressure

Anatomic position

Refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward.

Negative feedback

Resisted deviation from the set point

Response

Returns the variable back toward the set point

Sagital

Seperates the body into left and right

Peritoneum

Serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity.

Pericardium

Serous membrane of the heart

Pleura

Serous membrane of the lung

Normal Range

Slightly above and below set point, but remains in homeostasis

Gross anatomy (Macroscopic)

Structures examined without a microscope

Anatomic Anomalies

Structures that are unusual and different from the normal pattern Ex. Some people have 12 fingers

Regional anatomy

Studied area by area Ex. Head, abdomen, or arm

Systemic Anatomy

Studied system by system. Circulatory to nervous system

Ventral

Synonymous with anterior

Posterior

The back of the body

Cells

The basic units of all living things

Development

The changes an organism undergoes through time. Involves growth, but it also involves differentiation and morphogenesis

Organization

The condition in which the parts of an organism have specific relationships and functions

Homeostasis

The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.

Reproduction

The formation of new cells or new organisms.

Anterior

The front of the body

Pathology

The medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from disease.

Physiology

The scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

Organelles

The small structures that make up cells

Cytology

The structural features of cells

Surface Anatomy

The study of external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging Ex. Sternum to heart

Developmental Anatomy

The study of the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood

Superficial

Toward or on the surface

Medial

Toward the midline

Superior

Towards the head. Above

Anatomic Imaging

Uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures.

Positive feedback

When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation even greater.