Nutrition Exam 4
What is Picha and what causes it?
- Non-food cravings caused by iron deficiencies.
Nutrients for bone development
- Vitamin D (deficiency interferes with calcium metabolism) - Calcium - Vitamin
Chromium function and deficiency?
- enhances insulin activity - high blood glucose
As little as ____ minutes of moderate-intensity activity per day can add years to an individual's life.
15
Food energy needs are ___-___% higher than before pregnancy
15-20
Zinc Toxicity
2-3 times RDA: - Decreased absorption of iron, copper, magnesium. 10 times RDA: alters lipid profile (decreased HDL cholesterol), accelerate arteriosclerosis (plaque in blood vessels), 1-2 grams: vomiting, diarrhea, headache
What percentage of U.S. adults meet physical activity guidelines?
20
For maximum benefits, cardiorespiratory endurance episodes should be sustained for at least ____ minutes
20 minutes
Increased BMR during __ and ___ trimester
2nd and 3rd
Weight gain patterns
3.5 lbs in first trimester (three months) - 1 lb per week thereafter Healthy weight BMI should gain 25-35 lbs for single birth overweight - should gain 15-25lbs
Recommended dose of Folate for women of childbearing age?
400 micrograms 600 microg during pregnancy
Percentage of pregnancies are planned each year?
50%
What minimum amount of body water loss (as a percentage of body weight) is likely to cause a person to collapse?
7 %
At what stage of pregnancy does an embryo show a beating heart and a complete central nervous system?
8 weeks
What is gestational diabetes?
Abnormal blood glucose maintenance during pregnancy
Break milk has increased ____ and ____ for needs of the infant
Break milk has increased fat and carbs for needs of the infant
Vitamin A during early development is important for ____ ______
Cell differentiation
Embryo
Developing infant from 2-8 weeks
Chromium function and deficiency
Enhances activity of insulin - binds and helps cell messages Chromium deficiency Symptom: high blood glucose
During a physical activity, what hormone signals the fat cells to begin releasing their fatty acids?
Epinephrine
The most common cause of iron overload is
Genetic predisposition
In weight training, muscle endurance can best be emphasized by performing
High repetitions with light weight
What is the name of the biochemical pathway describing the conversion of lactate to glucose?
Cori Cycle
What name is given to the time period during which irreversible damage to the fetus may occur from specific events such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins?
Critical period
Which of the following is the richest source of iodine?
Seafood
Which of the following is a function of prolactin?
It acts on mammary glands to promote milk production
What is a benefit of postpartum amenorrhea?
It conserves iron in the mother
What intestinal protein helps to regulate zinc absorption?
Metallothionein
Blood cells of severe iron deficiency
Microcytic, hyperchromic, anemic
____ ____ are needed for brain material
Omega 3 and 6 (linolenic and linoleic) essential long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are needed for growth and development of fetus. important for brain
Iodide function and deficiency
Part of thyroid hormone - regulates body temperature, metabolic rate, blood cells production, nerve and muscle function - Goiter
SIDS
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - brain changes or heart issues in newborns
Contributions of weight gain
Placenta, uterus, blood, breasts, fluid, volume, baby
In obese pregnant women, the risk for neural tube defects in the infant is believed to result from
Poor glycemic control
What is the major cause of iron deficiency?
Poor nutrition
During the 1st trimester, a mother should consume more _____
Protein
Zinc content is highest in foods that also contain a large amount of
Protein
Fetus
developing infant from 8 weeks after gestation until term
The most common forms of folate responsive neural tube defects in humans are spina bifida and
anencephaly
complicaitons associated with smoking
growth restriction preterm birth SIDS - sudden infant death syndrome (AKA crib death between 2nd week and first year of life) congenital malformations miscarriage
Full term
between 38-42 weeks
A measure of the rate at which a nutrient is absorbed and used by the body is termed
bioavailability
A muscle that increases in size in response to use is an example of
hypertrophy
Vitamin C enhances iron absorption by converting iron from ___ to ___, and is also helpful in preventing the premature rupture of ___ ____
Vitamin C enhances iron absorption by converting iron from ferric to ferrous - prevents premature rupture of amniotic membranes
A newly fertilized egg is known as a(n)
Zygote
LBW
a birhtweight of 5.5 lbs or less indicates poor health
Macrosomia
abnormally large body sie. - in the case of infants, birthweight at the 90th percentile or higher for gestational age (~9 lbs) - results from prepregnancy obesity, escessive weight gain during pregnacy or uncontrolled gestational diabetes.
____ Inhibits iron bioavailability
caffeine
Needs for ____ & ___increase during lactation
carbs and fibers
Large infant size is caused by
insulin resistant gestational diabetes and an increase in glucose
4 nutrient needs are higher during pregnancy due to their key roles in the synthesis of DNA and new cells?
iron folate B12 zinc
All vitamins and minerals are needed in excess during ____ except for 2, ___ and ____
lactation iron and magnesium
Underweight infant is more likely to have ___ and ___ abnormalities, suffer illnesses and die
physical and mental
Iron absorption inhibitors
phytates veggie proteins calcium polyphenols
What is the name of the condition characterized by high blood pressure, edema, and protein in the urine of a pregnant woman?
preeclampsia
Calcium and B12 needs and all nutrients are retained better in the ____ and absorbed more in the ____
retained better in the kidney absorbed more in the gut
Fetal programming
the influence of substances during fetal growth on the development of diseases in later life - mother's nutrition may change gene expression in fetus
What is the primary mechanism associated with the role of fluoride in prevention of dental caries?
Fluoride becomes incorporated into the crystalline structure of teeth, making them less susceptible to decay
What should be the composition of the last (pregame) meal before an athletic event?
High-carbohydrate, low-fiber, providing 300 to 800 kcal.
About how much iron is absorbed from a vegetarian diet compared with an omnivorous diet?
One-half as much
Which of the following is a characteristic of the trace minerals?
The amounts in foods are dependent, in part, on soil composition
Which of the following is a property of conditioned muscles?
They can store more glycogen.
Which of the following is a characteristic of iron transport?
Transferrin in the blood carries iron to the bone marrow
Risk factors for neural tube defects?
- family history - maternal diabetes - antiseizure meds - Mutations in folate-related enzymes - Maternal obesity
Zinc function and deficiency
Cofactor for many enzymes, protein synthesis - Needed to activate vitamin A, growth, development of sexual organs, -- Storage and release of insulin, taste acuity, immunity (white blood cells) - Impaired immune response - Growth retardation - damage to CNS
The increased need for ___ in pregnancy cannot be met by diet or existing stores, so supplements are recommended
IRON
Goiter is caused primarily by a deficiency of
Iodine
What causes the "let-down reflex"?
Oxytocin
RDA for ____ in pregnancy is 25 grams higher per day
PROTEIN