Nutrition Exam 4

What is Picha and what causes it?

- Non-food cravings caused by iron deficiencies.

Nutrients for bone development

- Vitamin D (deficiency interferes with calcium metabolism) - Calcium - Vitamin

Chromium function and deficiency?

- enhances insulin activity - high blood glucose

As little as ____ minutes of moderate-intensity activity per day can add years to an individual's life.​

15

Food energy needs are ___-___% higher than before pregnancy

15-20

Zinc Toxicity

2-3 times RDA: - Decreased absorption of iron, copper, magnesium. 10 times RDA: alters lipid profile (decreased HDL cholesterol), accelerate arteriosclerosis (plaque in blood vessels), 1-2 grams: vomiting, diarrhea, headache

​What percentage of U.S. adults meet physical activity guidelines?

20

For maximum benefits, cardiorespiratory endurance episodes should be sustained for at least​ ____ minutes

20 minutes

Increased BMR during __ and ___ trimester

2nd and 3rd

Weight gain patterns

3.5 lbs in first trimester (three months) - 1 lb per week thereafter Healthy weight BMI should gain 25-35 lbs for single birth overweight - should gain 15-25lbs

Recommended dose of Folate for women of childbearing age?

400 micrograms 600 microg during pregnancy

Percentage of pregnancies are planned each year?

50%

What minimum amount of body water loss (as a percentage of body weight) is likely to cause a person to collapse?​

7 %

At what stage of pregnancy does an embryo show a beating heart and a complete central nervous system?

8 weeks

What is gestational diabetes?

Abnormal blood glucose maintenance during pregnancy

Break milk has increased ____ and ____ for needs of the infant

Break milk has increased fat and carbs for needs of the infant

Vitamin A during early development is important for ____ ______

Cell differentiation

Embryo

Developing infant from 2-8 weeks

Chromium function and deficiency

Enhances activity of insulin - binds and helps cell messages Chromium deficiency Symptom: high blood glucose

​During a physical activity, what hormone signals the fat cells to begin releasing their fatty acids?

Epinephrine

The most common cause of iron overload is​

Genetic predisposition

In weight training, muscle endurance can best be emphasized by performing

High repetitions with light weight

What is the name of the biochemical pathway describing the conversion of lactate to glucose?​

Cori Cycle

What name is given to the time period during which irreversible damage to the fetus may occur from specific events such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins?

Critical period

Which of the following is the richest source of iodine?​

Seafood

Which of the following is a function of prolactin?

It acts on mammary glands to promote milk production

What is a benefit of postpartum amenorrhea?

It conserves iron in the mother

What intestinal protein helps to regulate zinc absorption?

Metallothionein

Blood cells of severe iron deficiency

Microcytic, hyperchromic, anemic

____ ____ are needed for brain material

Omega 3 and 6 (linolenic and linoleic) essential long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are needed for growth and development of fetus. important for brain

Iodide function and deficiency

Part of thyroid hormone - regulates body temperature, metabolic rate, blood cells production, nerve and muscle function - Goiter

SIDS

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - brain changes or heart issues in newborns

Contributions of weight gain

Placenta, uterus, blood, breasts, fluid, volume, baby

In obese pregnant women, the risk for neural tube defects in the infant is believed to result from

Poor glycemic control

What is the major cause of iron deficiency?​

Poor nutrition

During the 1st trimester, a mother should consume more _____

Protein

Zinc content is highest in foods that also contain a large amount of​

Protein

Fetus

developing infant from 8 weeks after gestation until term

The most common forms of folate responsive neural tube defects in humans are spina bifida and

anencephaly

complicaitons associated with smoking

growth restriction preterm birth SIDS - sudden infant death syndrome (AKA crib death between 2nd week and first year of life) congenital malformations miscarriage

Full term

between 38-42 weeks

A measure of the rate at which a nutrient is absorbed and used by the body is termed​ ​

bioavailability

A muscle that increases in size in response to use is an example of​

hypertrophy

Vitamin C enhances iron absorption by converting iron from ___ to ___, and is also helpful in preventing the premature rupture of ___ ____

Vitamin C enhances iron absorption by converting iron from ferric to ferrous - prevents premature rupture of amniotic membranes

A newly fertilized egg is known as a(n)

Zygote

LBW

a birhtweight of 5.5 lbs or less indicates poor health

Macrosomia

abnormally large body sie. - in the case of infants, birthweight at the 90th percentile or higher for gestational age (~9 lbs) - results from prepregnancy obesity, escessive weight gain during pregnacy or uncontrolled gestational diabetes.

____ Inhibits iron bioavailability

caffeine

Needs for ____ & ___increase during lactation

carbs and fibers

Large infant size is caused by

insulin resistant gestational diabetes and an increase in glucose

4 nutrient needs are higher during pregnancy due to their key roles in the synthesis of DNA and new cells?

iron folate B12 zinc

All vitamins and minerals are needed in excess during ____ except for 2, ___ and ____

lactation iron and magnesium

Underweight infant is more likely to have ___ and ___ abnormalities, suffer illnesses and die

physical and mental

Iron absorption inhibitors

phytates veggie proteins calcium polyphenols

What is the name of the condition characterized by high blood pressure, edema, and protein in the urine of a pregnant woman?

preeclampsia

Calcium and B12 needs and all nutrients are retained better in the ____ and absorbed more in the ____

retained better in the kidney absorbed more in the gut

Fetal programming

the influence of substances during fetal growth on the development of diseases in later life - mother's nutrition may change gene expression in fetus

What is the primary mechanism associated with the role of fluoride in prevention of dental caries?​

​Fluoride becomes incorporated into the crystalline structure of teeth, making them less susceptible to decay

What should be the composition of the last (pregame) meal before an athletic event?​

​High-carbohydrate, low-fiber, providing 300 to 800 kcal.

About how much iron is absorbed from a vegetarian diet compared with an omnivorous diet?​

​One-half as much

Which of the following is a characteristic of the trace minerals?​

​The amounts in foods are dependent, in part, on soil composition

Which of the following is a property of conditioned muscles?​

​They can store more glycogen.

Which of the following is a characteristic of iron transport?​

​Transferrin in the blood carries iron to the bone marrow

Risk factors for neural tube defects?

- family history - maternal diabetes - antiseizure meds - Mutations in folate-related enzymes - Maternal obesity

Zinc function and deficiency

Cofactor for many enzymes, protein synthesis - Needed to activate vitamin A, growth, development of sexual organs, -- Storage and release of insulin, taste acuity, immunity (white blood cells) - Impaired immune response - Growth retardation - damage to CNS

The increased need for ___ in pregnancy cannot be met by diet or existing stores, so supplements are recommended

IRON

Goiter is caused primarily by a deficiency of​

Iodine

What causes the "let-down reflex"?

Oxytocin

RDA for ____ in pregnancy is 25 grams higher per day

PROTEIN