Nutrition Final
Approximately how many kcalories per week should be expended in physical activity in order to maintain a weight loss? 2000 4000 6000 9000
2000
In the average person, the amount of stored glycogen represents how many kcal? 500 1000 2000 4000
2000
What is the recommended range of weight gain, in lbs, during pregnancy for a normal-weight woman? 10-18 19-24 25-35 38-44
25-35
Gestation is generally divided into equal periods of 4 weeks, called quarters. 9 weeks, called quartiles. 4 months, called semesters. 3 months, called trimesters.
3 months, called trimesters.
At what age do adults normally begin to lose bone mass? 30-40 yrs 40-50 yrs 50-60 yrs 60-70 yrs
30-40 yrs
A person's highest bone density is achieved by around age (years) 18. 30. 55. 70.
30.
Approximately what percentage of newly pregnant women develop gestational diabetes? 1 2 3 4
4
What is the recommended increase in daily energy intake, in kcal, for the third trimester of pregnancy? 200 300 450 540
450
Sam has recently been diagnosed with high blood pressure. His doctor recommended adopting the DASH diet plan. Along with including more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, he was also advised to reduce daily sodium intake to no more than 2000 mg. How much salt (g) would be allowed under Sam's restriction? 5 6.5 8 9.5
5
The duration of exercise warm-up and cool-down periods should be 1-2 minutes each. 5-10 minutes each. 15 minutes each. 2 minutes warm-up and 4 minutes cool-down.
5-10 minutes each.
About how many kcal are supplied by 8 oz of the typical sports drink? 5-10 50-100 250-500 500-1,000
50-100
The number of extra kcalories per day needed to produce a normal supply of milk during the first six months of lactation is approximately 100. 250. 500. 1000.
500.
The optimal carbohydrate concentration of sports drinks for the endurance athlete is 1-2%. 5%. 6-8%. 15-20%.
6-8%.
Sports drinks begin to provide an advantage over plain water for athletes when their exercise periods first exceed 15 minutes. 60 minutes. 1 1/2 hours. 3 hours.
60 minutes
To help prevent body fat gain, the DRI suggests daily, moderately intense, physical activities totaling 20 minutes. 60 minutes. 1 1/2 hours. 3 hours.
60 minutes.
In the United States, what is the adult RDA for vitamin C? 10-20 mg 50-60 mg 75-90 mg 100-135 mg
75-90 mg
In training to run in your state marathon this summer, you want to determine how much fluid to drink during training sessions. Your weight at the beginning of every training session is 150 pounds. At the end of every training session you weigh 146 pounds. How many cups of fluid are necessary replenish these losses? 2 4 6 8
8
The recommended amount of dietary carbohydrate (g/kg body weight) for an athlete training for a marathon is approximately 2. 4. 8. 12.
8
At what stage of pregnancy does an embryo show a beating heart and a complete central nervous system? 8 weeks 12 weeks 20 weeks 29 weeks
8 weeks
What is the sodium-potassium pump? A cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium into the cell A cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium out of the cell A mechanism present throughout interstitial fluid for draining sodium from the circulation A mechanism present in the kidneys that exchanges sodium with lactic acid in order to regulate organic acid concentration
A cell membrane protein that uses energy to pump sodium out of the cell
What is WIC? A serious neural tube defect The World Intervention and Conception program of the United Nations An environmental contaminant that may interfere with breast milk production A food and nutrition services program for pregnant women, children, and infants
A food and nutrition services program for pregnant women, children, and infants
What is a free radical? An antioxidant substance that prevents accumulation of cell-damaging oxides A substance in food that interacts with nutrients to decrease their utilization A nutrient in excess of body needs that the body is free to degrade with no consequence A molecule that is unstable and highly reactive because it contains unpaired electrons
A molecule that is unstable and highly reactive because it contains unpaired electrons
What is a glucose tolerance factor? A protein that stimulates glycolysis A mineral cofactor for a specific enzyme A hormone that enhances pancreatic function A small organic compound that promotes the action of insulin
A small organic compound that promotes the action of insulin
What is a goitrogen? One of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland A substance that enhances absorption of dietary iodide A substance that interferes with the functioning of the thyroid gland A compound used to supplement salt as a way to increase iodide intake
A substance that interferes with the functioning of the thyroid gland
Which of the following is a feature of the body's response to engaging in physical activity? After an intense and vigorous workout, metabolism remains elevated for several hours Lower body fat is more readily lost from vigorous exercises that work primarily the hip and leg muscles Blood glucose and fatty acid levels are low immediately after working out, but thereafter recover on their own After an intense workout, most people immediately feel the urge to eat a large carbohydrate meal to replace glycogen stores
After an intense and vigorous workout, metabolism remains elevated for several hours
Which of the following is a general function of vitamin C? Antiviral agent Antifungal agent Anticancer agent Antioxidant agent
Antioxidant agent
Which of the following does not represent a common environmental influence on eating behaviors? Eating while viewing television promotes overconsumption Socializing with strangers during a meal often leads to reduced food intake The mere sight of food can signal a person to commence eating, regardless of hunger Being in a pleasant atmosphere often lengthens the time of the meal but not the amount of food eaten
Being in a pleasant atmosphere often lengthens the time of the meal but not the amount of food eaten
Among the following compounds that serve as coenzymes in metabolism, which is considered a vitamin for human beings? Biotin Inositol Lipoic acid Orotic acid
Biotin
Where is the majority of the body's magnesium found? Bones Teeth Fatty tissue Cells of soft tissue
Bones
Which of the following foods provides ample amounts of vitamin C? Tofu Yogurt Legumes Broccoli
Broccoli
Which of the following does not serve as a major regulator of fluid balance in the body? Sodium Chloride Calcium Potassium
Calcium
In the immediate postexercise period, what type of diet enhances muscle protein synthesis? Protein alone Carbohydrate alone Carbohydrate plus fat Carbohydrate plus protein
Carbohydrate plus protein
Which of the following is a major function of magnesium? Transport of oxygen Prevention of anemia Catalyst in energy metabolism Production of thyroid hormone
Catalyst in energy metabolism
During development of the fetus, what organ(s) is/are the first to develop? Heart and lungs Liver and kidneys Gastrointestinal tract Central nervous system and brain
Central nervous system and brain
Which of the following foods provides iron in the most absorbable form? Rice Spinach Chicken Orange juice
Chicken
What is a chief function of the B vitamins? Antioxidation Anticoagulation Antibody stabilization Coenzyme participation
Coenzyme participation
In what period of pregnancy would most damage from alcohol consumption occur? Before conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester
First trimester
As a means to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in newborn infants, grain products are fortified with what nutrient? Folate Thiamine Vitamin C Vitamin B12
Folate
Which of the following is an essential nutrient for human beings? Folate Inositol Methoxatin Lipoic acid
Folate
Which of the following nutrients taken as a prenatal supplement has been found to be associated with a lower incidence of neural tube defects? Iron Folate Calcium Cobalamin
Folate
Which of the following nutrients are required in higher amounts during pregnancy due to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells? Protein and chromium Folate and vitamin B12 Calcium and vitamin A Vitamin E and vitamin C
Folate and vitamin B12
Of the following, which is not among the recommended strategies for weight gain in an underweight person? --Behavior modification training --Increased physical activity, especially strength training --Forced awakening during the night for supplemental meals and snacks --Consumption of regular meals and snacks that provide high-kcalorie foods in small volumes
Forced awakening during the night for supplemental meals and snacks
Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet? Meat Fortified milk Fruits and vegetables Enriched breads and cereals
Fortified milk
Which of the following is a feature of chromium in physical performance? Chromium from ginseng shows high bioavailability Athletes may obtain sufficient chromium from green leafy vegetables and legumes Supplements of chromium chloride enhance free fatty acid release but inhibit fatty acid oxidation Most recent studies on chromium picolinate supplementation show no favorable effects on strength or lean body mass
Most recent studies on chromium picolinate supplementation show no favorable effects on strength or lean body mass
Which of the following is a symptom of potassium deficiency? Extreme thirst Muscle weakness Profound sweating Lowered blood pressure
Muscle weakness
What population group has the highest risk for vitamin K deficiency? Adults Elderly Newborns Teenagers
Newborns
Which of the following should be a component of a healthy diet for athletes? Salt tablets Protein powders Nutrient-dense foods Vitamin and mineral supplements
Nutrient-dense foods
Which of the following conditions or diseases are known to be caused by a deficiency of the same nutrient? Osteomalacia and rickets Xerophthalmia and breath pentane release Kwashiorkor and fibrocystic breast disease Hemolytic anemia and large-cell type anemia
Osteomalacia and rickets
Which of the following is a feature of zinc in nutrition? Pancreatic enzymes are rich in zinc The body's primary excretory route is urine Good food sources are whole-grain products Toxicity symptoms include constipation and low body temperature
Pancreatic enzymes are rich in zinc
What vitamin deficiency disease appeared in people who had subsisted on a diet high in corn and low in protein? Scurvy Pellagra Wet beriberi Pernicious anemia
Pellagra
Which of the following is a characteristic of iron deficiency? Blood erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels decline as anemia worsens Iron supplements are not as effective at treating anemia as is proper nutrition People with anemia generally become fatigued only when they exert themselves The concave nails of iron-deficiency anemia result from abnormal ferritin levels
People with anemia generally become fatigued only when they exert themselves
Which of the following minerals is least likely to be deficient in anyone's diet? Iron Calcium Chromium Phosphorus
Phosphorus
Which of the following foods provides the greatest amount of iron per serving? Yogurt Skim milk Pinto beans American cheese
Pinto beans
What organ functions to prepare the mother's breasts for lactation? Uterus Ovaries Placenta Amniotic sac
Placenta
Which of the following is a property of thiamin nutrition? Participates in activation of prothrombin Poor sources include seafood and cheeses Significant amounts are found in leafy vegetables Deficiency results in cheilosis and marked dermatitis
Poor sources include seafood and cheeses
Which of the following describes an infant born during the 43rd week of pregnancy? Term Preterm Post term Caesarean
Post term
Moderate intakes of which of the following would provide sufficient amounts of vitamin C? Potatoes Brown rice Low-fat milk Whole-wheat bread
Potatoes
Which of the following describes an infant born during the 36th week of pregnancy? Term Preterm Post term Caesarean
Preterm
What is/are the main function(s) of vitamin D? Promotes secretion of calcitonin Promotes synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol Promotes synthesis of carotenoids and controls absorption of fat-soluble vitamins Promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes calcium mobilization from bone
Promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption and promotes calcium mobilization from bone
What is the major source of dietary sulfur? Fats Protein Mineral salts Carbohydrates
Protein
Which of the following is a feature of protein nutrition in physical activity? Protein is not a major fuel for physical activity Body protein synthesis rates increase about 10% during physical activity Protein contributes 30% more to total fuel used for physical activity than during rest Body protein synthesis rates decline about 30% for several hours after physical activity
Protein is not a major fuel for physical activity
What is the most reliable source of dietary fluoride? Public water Dark green vegetables Milk and milk products Meats and whole-grain cereals
Public water
Which of the following foods is a very good source of vitamin A? Corn Pumpkin pie Baked potato Whole-grain bread
Pumpkin pie
What is the best approach to weight loss? --Avoid foods containing carbohydrates --Eliminate all fats from the diet and decrease water intake --Greatly increase protein intake to prevent body protein loss --Reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure
Reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure
Which of the following is the richest source of iodine? Corn Seafood Orange juice Cruciferous vegetables
Seafood
Which of the following meats would be the best source of copper? Chicken Shellfish Beefsteak Hamburger
Shellfish
Which of the following is the most likely side effect for a person who regularly consumes large quantities of carrots or carrot juice? Bone pain Dermatitis Skin yellowing Vitamin A toxicity
Skin yellowing
To help maximize the long-term success of a person's weight-loss program, which of the following personal attitudes should be encouraged in the individual? Strongly believing that weight can be lost Viewing the body realistically as being fat rather than thin Refraining from expressing overconfidence in ability to lose weight Accepting that little or no exercise is a part of the lifestyle of most overweight people
Strongly believing that weight can be lost
Which of the following has been shown to improve absorption of iron from iron supplements? Taking then with milk Taking them with orange juice Taking them on an empty stomach rather than with meals Taking them in the form of the ferric salt rather than the ferrous salt
Taking them on an empty stomach rather than with meals
Which of the following is a characteristic of calcium nutrition in pregnancy? Calcium intakes usually meet the recommendations The AI for calcium is the same as in nonpregnancy Calcium absorption efficiency is the same as in nonpregnancy Calcification of the fetal skeleton begins during the 14th week of pregnancy
The AI for calcium is the same as in nonpregnancy
You have just been hired by the World Health Organization to promote nutrition education and policies in a small country in Asia, whose population has a high prevalence of goiter. Which of the following policies would be the best to implement with respect to iodine status, cost, and efficiency? Fortify the salt with iodine Promote free iodine supplements for all who want them Educate the population to avoid all goitrogens in their diet Educate the population to spend more time at the beach as seawater, sea mist, and seafood are sources of iodine
Fortify the salt with iodine
When a marathon runner experiences the phenomenon known as "hitting the wall," what nutrient is most likely depleted? Water Protein Glucose Fatty acids
Glucose
What is the classification of a person who is 6 feet 4 inches tall and 202 lbs? Underweight Healthy weight Overweight Obese
Healthy weight
Which of the following is a major function of chloride? Participates in wound healing Helps maintain gastric acidity Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte Protects bone structures against degeneration
Helps maintain gastric acidity
What is the chief factor that determines a person's susceptibility to obesity? Heredity only Environment only Fat content of diet Heredity and environment
Heredity and environment
Barbara has been healthy up to the past couple of weeks, but since then has been complaining of considerable muscle weakness. Her doctor just received the results of blood tests, which showed that she is deficient in potassium. If Barbara continues her current habits of consuming a diet low in potassium, for which of the following disorders is she most likely to be at risk? Rickets Arthritis Low blood pressure High blood pressure
High blood pressure
Which of the following is a feature of sodium and health? Salt sensitivity is generally rare in African-Americans High sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion High sodium intake over many years leads to hypertension in most people Sodium alone and sodium in salt have nearly equivalent effects on blood pressure
High sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion
Which of the following diets promotes superior physical performance in athletes? High-fat diet High-protein diet High-carbohydrate diet Normal mixed diet with vitamin supplements
High-carbohydrate diet
What type of meal and time of its ingestion promote the most rapid repletion of glycogen stores after physical activity? Mixed meal taken within 4 hours Mixed meal taken within 30 minutes High-carbohydrate meal taken within 2 1/2 hours High-carbohydrate meal taken within 15 minutes
High-carbohydrate meal taken within 15 minutes
What should be the composition of the last (pregame) meal before an athletic event? High-protein, providing 30 kcal per kg body weight Vegetable and fruit juices, providing 100 to 200 kcal High-carbohydrate, low-fiber, providing 300 to 800 kcal High-fiber, providing 200 to 300 kcal and liberal amounts of fluid, which is beneficially retained by the fiber in the GI tract
High-carbohydrate, low-fiber, providing 300 to 800 kcal
Which of the following is a feature of weight gain and genetics? Obese people can change their genome but not their epigenome Even mild exercise can minimize the genetic influence on weight gain Genetics is the overwhelming factor that determines a person's risk for weight gain Identical twins are twice as likely to weigh the same compared with fraternal twins
Identical twins are twice as likely to weigh the same compared with fraternal twins
What is the most reliable indicator of an infant's future health status? Infant's birthweight Mother's weight before pregnancy Mother's weight gain during pregnancy Mother's nutrition status prior to pregnancy
Infant's birthweight
Which of the following statements describes an association between nutrient intake and lactation? Milk production is increased by higher fluid intake Ingestion of garlic may lead to an off-flavor of the milk Inadequate protein intake lowers the protein concentration of the milk The energy RDA for milk production calls for an additional 1000 kcalories per day
Ingestion of garlic may lead to an off-flavor of the milk
Which of the following is a common treatment for pernicious anemia caused by inadequate absorption? Injection of cobalamin Topical administration of liver extract Oral supplements of B-vitamin complex A diet high in liver and green, leafy vegetables
Injection of cobalamin
Which of the following is a feature of calcium nutrition in pregnancy? The AI increases by over 100% Intestinal absorption increases substantially Supplements are required for most women due to the increased needs Transfer of calcium from maternal stores to the fetus increases rapidly at the beginning of the second trimester and falls during the last trimester
Intestinal absorption increases substantially
Of the following nutrient needs, which is considered the most difficult to meet during pregnancy, often because of low body stores? Iron Protein Vitamin D Vitamin B6
Iron
What nutrient is important in the transport of oxygen in blood and in muscle tissue and in energy transformation reactions? Iron Calcium Thiamin Vitamin C
Iron
Which of the following is a function of prolactin? It reverses the effects of certain mutagens It reverses the effects of certain teratogens It acts on mammary glands to stimulate milk release It acts on mammary glands to promote milk production
It acts on mammary glands to promote milk production
Which of the following is not a characteristic of preeclampsia? It often diminishes fetal growth It is a disorder of genetic predisposition It almost always progresses slowly to eclampsia It is much more prevalent in black women than white women
It almost always progresses slowly to eclampsia
Which of the following is an effect of alcohol intake in the mother who breastfeeds? It alters the flavor It stimulates lactation It passes into the breast milk and stimulates the infant's acceptance It first appears in the breast milk approximately 12 hours after ingestion
It alters the flavor
Which of the following describes the primary function of vitamin A in bone health? It stimulates uptake of calcium from the intestines It promotes synthesis of specific bone proteins involved in the mineralization process It assists enzymes that degrade certain regions of the bone thereby allowing remodeling to occur It inhibits oxidation of bone mucopolysaccharides thereby preserving bone crystal integrity and promoting growth
It assists enzymes that degrade certain regions of the bone thereby allowing remodeling to occur
What is the function of intrinsic factor in vitamin B12 absorption? It catalyzes release of the vitamin from its protein-bound form It attaches to the vitamin, thereby allowing absorption from the intestines It acts as a storage protein for the vitamin within the intestinal epithelial cells It acts as a cofactor for mucosal enzymes involved in absorption of the vitamin
It attaches to the vitamin, thereby allowing absorption from the intestines
Which of the following is a characteristic of sports anemia? It requires prolonged treatment It is a temporary condition requiring no treatment It responds to treatment only with high doses of iron It is due primarily to increased iron loss via perspiration
It is a temporary condition requiring no treatment
Why shouldn't a 7-month pregnant woman be prescribed Accutane? It may aggravate existing edema It may lead to prolongation of labor It is a teratogen and can be harmful to the baby It contains high concentrations of vitamin D that can cause birth defects
It is a teratogen and can be harmful to the baby
Which of the following is a feature of copper nutrition? Absorption efficiency is similar to that of iron It is involved in collagen synthesis and wound healing Soft water may provide significant amounts in the diet Deficiency is common in children of Middle East countries
It is involved in collagen synthesis and wound healing
Which of the following is a feature of Accutane? It is effective in treating rickets It is less toxic than pure vitamin A It is known to be effective in treating mild but not severe acne It is known to cause birth defects when used by pregnant women
It is known to cause birth defects when used by pregnant women
Which of the following is a characteristic of vegetarian diets during pregnancy or lactation? Vegan diets require supplements of selenium, zinc, and manganese Breast milk from vegetarian women is lower in protein but higher in fiber It is possible that a vegetarian diet can support a healthy pregnancy and normal lactation The increase in appetite during pregnancy allows a vegan pregnant woman to easily meet or exceed her energy requirements
It is possible that a vegetarian diet can support a healthy pregnancy and normal lactation
Which of the following is a characteristic of gestational diabetes? It predicts risk of diabetes for the infant It occurs in over one-half of normal weight women It leads to adult-onset diabetes in about a third of the women It occurs more often in women with a history of having premature births
It leads to adult-onset diabetes in about a third of the women
Which of the following is a feature of the WIC program? The number of children in the program is capped at 2 million It is strictly remedial and available chiefly to women living in the inner city It offers assistance to all at-risk pregnant women regardless of economic means It saves an estimated $3 in medical costs in the first two months after birth for every dollar spent
It saves an estimated $3 in medical costs in the first two months after birth for every dollar spent
Which of the following is not a characteristic of caffeine use in physical activity? It slows depletion of muscle glycogen It often induces stomach upset and diarrhea It acts as a physiological and psychological stimulant It is permitted in moderation by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
It slows depletion of muscle glycogen
Which of the following describes an effect of caffeine use in the athlete? It stimulates fatty acid release It enhances performance for almost all athletes It raises blood pH to counteract the buildup of lactate It promotes absorption of electrolytes from the intestinal tract
It stimulates fatty acid release
Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria? A E K D
K
Pat has gained about 20 pounds in the past 5 years and has come to you for help with a diet and exercise regimen. In order to promote optimal fat loss through exercise, in which of the following activities should Pat participate? Wearing an electrical impulse belt throughout the day Low- to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise like hiking High-intensity aerobic activity like cycling, swimming, or running Very high-intensity anaerobic activity like 1/4 mile run at maximal speed
Low- to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise like hiking
Which of the following is associated with a deficiency of folate? Hemolysis Hypoxemia Hemolytic anemia Macrocytic anemia
Macrocytic anemia
Which of the following is a feature of heavy metal intake and pregnancy? Mercury, but not lead, can easily cross the placenta The adverse effects of lead can be reduced by liberal intakes of calcium Pregnant women are advised to limit consumption of shark and swordfish to no more than once per week Pregnant women are advised to avoid shellfish around the critical period of brain development but may resume normal intake thereafter
The adverse effects of lead can be reduced by liberal intakes of calcium
Mary is 15 years old and has just joined her high school swim team. After the first three months of training and competing, her coach sends the team for mandatory physical examinations and routine blood tests. When Mary got home, she told her mom that she has sports anemia. Why shouldn't Mary begin taking iron supplements as a way to treat this condition? The anemia is not correctible by extra iron intake The anemia is most likely the result of folate deficiency The iron will interfere with creatine phosphate synthesis The iron will not be absorbed well because of the intense work-outs
The anemia is not correctible by extra iron intake
What is the chief adverse effect from drinking a carbonated beverage before engaging in athletic activity? The carbonic acid inhibits fluid absorption The bubbles induce chronic burping and so inhibit performance The bubbles induce feelings of fullness quickly and so limit fluid intake The carbonic acid promotes gastroesophageal reflux leading to upper GI discomfort
The bubbles induce feelings of fullness quickly and so limit fluid intake
Why should fiber-rich foods be avoided in an athlete's pregame meal? The fiber delays absorption of fat The fiber interferes with glycolysis The meal crowds out more energy-dense foods The fiber retains water in the GI tract that would otherwise be absorbed
The fiber retains water in the GI tract that would otherwise be absorbed
Which of the following is a characteristic of maternal smoking and breast milk production? The milk produced by mothers who smoke contains nicotine Cigarette smoking reduces the quality but not the quantity of breast milk Infants of breastfeeding mothers who smoke gain excessive weight consisting mainly of abdominal adipose tissue The smell and flavors of breast milk from mothers who smoke do not alter volume consumed until the infant reaches 3 months of age
The milk produced by mothers who smoke contains nicotine
Which of the following is a feature of vitamins? Many serve in the role of enzyme inhibitors Structurally, many are found linked together Several may be oxidized to yield 4 kcalories per gram The quantities present in foods are measured in micrograms or milligrams
The quantities present in foods are measured in micrograms or milligrams
Which of the following is the best evidence that environment must play a role in obesity? The rate of obesity has been rising while the gene pool has remained relatively constant The recognition that identical twins reared apart have body weights similar to their biological parents The development of precise body composition methodologies that define adipose storage sites based on gender The discovery of uncoupling proteins that explain the variations in energy metabolism among lean and overweight people
The rate of obesity has been rising while the gene pool has remained relatively constant
Which of the following is a characteristic associated with adolescent pregnancy? The recommended weight gain is approximately 35 lbs The incidence of stillbirths and preterm births is 5-10% lower compared with adult women The incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension is 5-10% lower compared with older women The time in labor is usually shorter than for older women because there are fewer overweight teenagers
The recommended weight gain is approximately 35 lbs
Which of the following is a feature of physical activity recommendations? The minimum daily amount of exercise for health's sake is 10 minutes The same level of effectiveness can be achieved by dividing the activity in shorter sessions throughout the day To maintain a healthy body weight, a minimum of 75 minutes per day of vigorous (intensive) exercise is necessary Walking each day as the only physical activity is not enough to meet the guidelines for quantity and quality of physical activity
The same level of effectiveness can be achieved by dividing the activity in shorter sessions throughout the day
Which of the following describes the findings from studies of lactating women who exercised intensely compared with sedentary lactating women? They had similar energy intakes Their milk was more nutrient-dense They had a slightly greater amount of body fat Their milk contained more lactate, which altered the milk's taste
Their milk contained more lactate, which altered the milk's taste
What serves as the body's chief storage site for lipids? Yellow fat Brown adipose tissue White adipose tissue High-density lipoproteins
White adipose tissue
Which of the following is most likely to occur from a prolonged dietary deficiency of vitamin A? Osteomalacia Osteoporosis Xerophthalmia Prolonged blood-clotting time
Xerophthalmia
Which of the following best exemplifies an activity that promotes flexibility? Yoga Pilates Weight lifting Jumping rope
Yoga
Deficiency of which of the following minerals is associated with retarded growth and sexual development in children? Iron Zinc Iodine Chromium
Zinc
All of the following are characteristics of copper in nutrition except deficiency is rare. legumes are a rich source. absorption from foods is poor. absorption is reduced by ingestion of zinc supplements.
absorption from foods is poor.
The risk for vitamin D deficiency increases with advancing age for all of the following reasons except reduced exposure to sunlight. milk intake of older people. absorption of dietary vitamin D. activation of vitamin D by the kidneys.
absorption of dietary vitamin D.
The strongest predictor for loss of bone density is a person's sex. age. calcium intake. blood estrogen level.
age.
It is still acceptable for a mother to breastfeed even if she has abused alcohol. a drug addiction. an ordinary cold. a communicable disease.
an ordinary cold.
The main function of vitamin E in the body is to act as a(n) peroxide. coenzyme. antioxidant. free radical.
antioxidant.
For optimal performance, the athlete's precompetition meal may include all of the following except pasta. beans. breads. potatoes.
beans.
A measure of the amount at which a nutrient is absorbed and used by the body is termed net utilization. bioavailability. biological value. utilization efficiency.
bioavailability.
All of the following are normal body responses to pregnancy except breast size increases. blood volume increases. body water level decreases. joint flexibility increases.
body water level decreases.
The components of fitness include all of the following except strength. flexibility. bone fragility. cardiovascular endurance
bone fragility.
The effect of regular exercise on heart and lung function is known as muscle fitness. muscle endurance. cardiopulmonary adaptation. cardiorespiratory conditioning.
cardiorespiratory conditioning.
The chief symptoms of early vitamin B6 deficiency include confusion and depression. muscle cramps and stiffness. profound fatigue and anemia. hyperactivity and shortness of breath.
confusion and depression.
A woman with a severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy may give birth to a child with anemia. rickets. cretinism. allergies.
cretinism.
Keratinization is the result of toxicity of vitamin A. toxicity of vitamin D. deficiency of vitamin A. deficiency of vitamin D.
deficiency of vitamin A.
Jane is visiting with her doctor during her 2nd trimester of pregnancy and has just revealed her strange cravings. The doctor declared that Jane is experiencing pica, which is causing her intense craving for dirt. garlic. pickles. pepperoni.
dirt
To help alleviate pregnancy-related nausea, all of the following actions are recommended except eat dry toast or dry crackers. avoid milk when feeling nauseated. avoid orange juice when feeling nauseated. eat large, infrequent meals so as to limit contact time with food.
eat large, infrequent meals so as to limit contact time with food.
All of the following are sensible guidelines for diet plans except --consume low-fat foods regularly. --eat rapidly to avoid prolonged contact with food. --adjust energy intake downward as weight loss progresses. --include vegetables, fruits, and grains as the mainstay of the diet.
eat rapidly to avoid prolonged contact with food.
In pregnancy, a large weight gain over a short time is usually an indication of excessive fat deposition. excessive fluid retention. abnormal fetal development. normal pregnancy only if it occurs during the second trimester.
excessive fluid retention.
A popular eating plan that promises quick weight loss is known as a(n) --fad diet. --discretionary diet. --spot reduction program. --aggressive bariatric program.
fad diet.
The first sign of dehydration is typically fatigue. dizziness. intense thirst. intense sweating.
fatigue.
Protective factors for osteoporosis include all of the following except obesity. female gender. moderate alcohol intake. having African American heritage.
female gender.
In the endurance athlete, the first priority of nutrient repletion should be fluids. protein. glycogen. electrolytes.
fluids.
Research has shown that the risk for neural tube defects is lowered by taking supplements of niacin. folate. vitamin C. vitamin B12.
folate.
All of the following are features of vitamin K in nutrition except infants frequently require a supplement at birth. good food sources are plants of the cabbage family. risk of deficiency is increased in people taking antibiotics for prolonged periods. gut microflora synthesis supplies sufficient amounts to meet the needs of most healthy adults.
gut microflora synthesis supplies sufficient amounts to meet the needs of most healthy adults.
A person engaged in physically active work in hot, humid weather and who wears a rubber suit to promote weight loss is at high risk of experiencing ketosis. heat stroke. hypothermia. overhydration.
heat stroke
Tom was overweight when he was 13. During puberty he continued to gain weight steadily until at age 23, when he decided to lose weight. Tom successfully lost 50 pounds. Which of the following most likely happened to Tom's fat cells? They shrank in size but did not decrease in number They melted away when he burned all the excess fat They decreased in number but did not decrease in size They changed very little since fat cells shrink only with a weight loss greater than 100 pounds
hey shrank in size but did not decrease in number
The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent dehydration. constipation. osteoporosis. hypertension.
hypertension.
Obesity resulting from an increase in the size of fat cells is termed --hyperplastic obesity. --hypertrophic obesity. --idiopenthic leptinemia. --anaplastic hypometabolism.
hypertrophic obesity.
Abnormally low blood sodium concentration is known specifically as hypertension. hyponatremia. hyperkalemia. water intoxication.
hyponatremia.
The most common cause of iodine deficiency is insufficient intake of iodine from foods. overconsumption of other trace elements. overconsumption of anti-thyroid substances. pituitary deficiencies of thyroid-stimulating hormone.
insufficient intake of iodine from foods.
All of the following are categorized as fitness strength activities except pilates. pull-ups. push-ups. kickboxing.
kickboxing.
Conditions associated with zinc deficiency include all of the following except altered taste. kidney failure. abnormal night vision. poor healing of wounds.
kidney failure.
Calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of fiber. lactose. phytic acid. oxalic acid.
lactose.
The common problems of pregnancy include all of the following except nausea. heartburn. constipation. low blood pressure.
low blood pressure.
In weight training, muscle strength can best be emphasized by combining a low number of repetitions with heavy weight. low number of repetitions with lighter weight. high number of repetitions with heavy weight. high number of repetitions with lighter weight.
low number of repetitions with heavy weight.
Tobacco use in pregnancy increases the risk for all of the following except SIDS. fetal death. macrosomia. vaginal bleeding.
macrosomia.
A friend shows you a newspaper article titled "Magnesium's Role in ATP Synthesis." You explain that magnesium does not play a role in ATP synthesis. it is not magnesium but manganese that plays the role in ATP synthesis. magnesium serves as a catalyst in the reaction that adds the last phosphate to ATP. there are three magnesium groups within the ATP structure that help it do its work.
magnesium serves as a catalyst in the reaction that adds the last phosphate to ATP.
Absorption of iron from supplements is improved by taking them with tea. meat. milk. whole-grain bread.
meat.
Studies report that folate supplements for women may lower the incidence of neural tube defects of infants when the vitamin is taken during the last trimester of pregnancy. second trimester of pregnancy. second and third trimesters of pregnancy. month before conception through the first trimester of pregnancy.
month before conception through the first trimester of pregnancy.
Clinically severe obesity is also known as --morbid obesity. --metabolic syndrome. --leptin-resistant obesity. --psychological-resistant syndrome.
morbid obesity.
Certain green leafy vegetables have a very low calcium bioavailability due to the presence of low calcium content. low vitamin D content. naturally occurring binders. high magnesium content, which lowers calcium absorption.
naturally occurring binders.
The first detectable sign of vitamin A deficiency is usually xerosis. xerophthalmia. night blindness. corneal keratinization.
night blindness.
The known dangers of taking vitamin supplements include all of the following except vitamin toxicity. the taker may ignore warning signs of a disease. the taker may feel a false sense of security and consume a poor diet. pathogenic bacterial overgrowth of the large intestines leading to increased risk of infection.
pathogenic bacterial overgrowth of the large intestines leading to increased risk of infection.
While researching your southern family history, you find that your grandmother had a sister who died fairly young. The symptoms leading up to her death included diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia. Because the family led a poor, corn-farming existence, you suspect this relative died of scurvy. cancer. pellagra. beriberi.
pellagra
All of the following are features of the effect of food accessibility on food intake except --keeping food out of sight is an effective way to eat less. --people underestimate the amount of a snack eaten when it is a short distance away. --people eat more of a snack when it is on their desk than when situated only 6 feet away. --people at home would rather travel to the store to obtain new food than eat the leftovers.
people at home would rather travel to the store to obtain new food than eat the leftovers.
Compared with non-obese people, obese people have a lower --basal metabolic rate. --thermic effect of food. --physical activity level. --metabolic response to exercise.
physical activity level.
A craving for non-food substances is known as pica. bulimia. toxemia. hyperemesis.
pica.
The major function of vitamin E is to inhibit the destruction of lysosomes. free radicals. mucopolysaccharides. polyunsaturated fatty acids.
polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Magnesium is known to be involved in all of the following except blood clotting. muscle contraction. prevention of dental caries. production of red blood cells.
production of red blood cells.
Athletes can safely add muscle tissue by tripling protein intake. taking hormones duplicating those of puberty. putting a demand on muscles repeatedly by making them work harder. relying on protein for muscle fuel and decreasing intake of carbohydrates.
putting a demand on muscles repeatedly by making them work harder.
A person engaging in exercise at a moderate level should walk at a speed of one mile per quarter hour. half hour. hour. hour and a half.
quarter hour.
All of the following are characteristic of thiamin nutrition except severe deficiency may lead to edema. severe deficiency may occur without edema. recommended intakes are stated in "equivalents." recommended intakes are based primarily on participation in enzyme activity.
recommended intakes are stated in "equivalents."
A child diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia would most likely benefit from increasing the consumption of milk. red meat. fresh fruits. yellow vegetables.
red meat.
All of the following are characteristics of food portion sizes except --they are both high in fat and large in size at restaurants. --they have increased in general and this change parallels the increasing prevalence of obesity. --reducing portion size has a bigger impact than reducing energy density as a means of lowering total energy intake. --they have increased most notably at fast-food restaurants compared with conventional eating establishments.
reducing portion size has a bigger impact than reducing energy density as a means of lowering total energy intake.
To maintain physical fitness during pregnancy, all of the following activities are considered acceptable except saunas. swimming. playing singles tennis. 50-minute aerobic exercise sessions 3 times/week.
saunas.
Keshan disease results from a deficiency of copper. selenium. manganese. molybdenum
selenium.
All of the following are known to have a high sulfur content except skin. hair. teeth. nails.
teeth.
All of the following are acceptable definitions of the term fitness except the ability of the body to resist stress. the ability of the body to perform physical activity without undue stress. the ability to maintain a normal body composition and remain free of injury while performing strenuous physical tasks. the ability to meet normal physical and emotional demands while maintaining an energy reserve sufficient to overcome an immediate challenge.
the ability to maintain a normal body composition and remain free of injury while performing strenuous physical tasks.
All of the following are characteristics of chloride in nutrition except deficiencies are extremely rare. intake is related, in large part, to sodium intake. it is necessary for maintaining electrolyte balance of body fluids. the recommended intake has recently been set at 10 mg/kg body weight.
the recommended intake has recently been set at 10 mg/kg body weight.
For most physically active people, all of the following are valid reasons for consuming sports drinks except they may provide a psychological advantage. they are better than water at preventing sodium depletion. they contain a source of fuel, which may enhance performance in endurance events. they have a good taste, which encourages their consumption and ensures adequate hydration.
they are better than water at preventing sodium depletion.
All of the following are features of nonfood cravings during pregnancy except they are especially common in African-Americans. they are often associated with iron-deficiency anemia. they commonly include consumption of freezer frost and clay. they are known to lead to premature delivery and to low-birth-weight infants.
they are known to lead to premature delivery and to low-birth-weight infants.
One of the thyroid gland hormones is called thyroxine. goitrogen. thiostimulating hormone. tissue stimulating hormone.
thyroxine.
Riboflavin is most easily destroyed when exposed to heat. acid. alkali. ultraviolet light.
ultraviolet light.
Among the following water-soluble vitamins, a secondary deficiency would most likely be seen for biotin. thiamin. vitamin C. vitamin B12.
vitamin B12.
A person who shuns dairy and spends most of her time indoors would likely benefit from a supplement of vitamin A. vitamin B6. vitamin C. vitamin D.
vitamin D.
Approximately how many kcalories are expended per kilogram body weight when walking a mile at a moderate pace? 0.1 1 2.5 5
1
For optimal performance of endurance athletes, sports nutritionists recommend approximately how much dietary fat energy? 5-10% 10-15% 20-35% 35-45%
20-35%
According to many experts, what minimum level of alcohol intake increases the risk of giving birth to an infant with fetal alcohol syndrome? 1 drink/day 2 drinks/day 4 drinks/day 7 drinks/week
1 drink/day
For the normal-weight woman who becomes pregnant, what is the ideal weekly weight gain from the start of the second trimester and onward? 1 lb 2 lbs 3 lbs 4 lbs
1 lb
What is the risk of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome for a woman who is 40 years old compared with a 20 year old? One-half as much About the same 25 times higher 100 times higher
100 times higher
What is the minimum recommended weight gain for the obese pregnant woman? 11 lbs 18 lbs 25 lbs 35 lbs
11 lbs
The classification of underweight is defined when the BMI first drops below 14. 18.5. 20. 22.5.
18.5.
If a person's maximum heart rate is 220 beats/min, what is the safe maximum heart rate during vigorous exercise? 110 142 165 198
198
Substantial health benefits may be achieved by engaging in a moderately intense level of exercise at a frequency of at least 10 minutes/day. 20 minutes/day. 2.5 hours/week. 5 hours/week.
2.5 hours/week.
What percentage of U.S. adults lives a completely sedentary lifestyle? 5 20 45 60
20
A newborn infant at full gestational age has an average length of 6 inches. 12 inches. 20 inches. 3 feet.
20 inches.
Which of the following is a feature of caffeine use in physical activity? Caffeine is widely abused by endurance athletes because it cannot be detected by blood or urine tests Caffeine enhances performance by stimulating glycogen breakdown and increasing the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells College and national competitions prohibit the use of caffeine in amounts greater than that present in 5 cups of coffee when consumed within a few hours before testing The usual side effects of caffeine use such as irritability, headaches, and diarrhea are delayed or diminished in endurance athletes because of their high metabolic rates during competition
College and national competitions prohibit the use of caffeine in amounts greater than that present in 5 cups of coffee when consumed within a few hours before testing
What is the primary function of the thyroid hormones? Precursors for hemoglobin synthesis Counteract a deficiency of goitrogens Control the rate of oxygen use by cells Regulate acetylcholine concentrations in the central nervous system
Control the rate of oxygen use by cells
Chris has been competing all day in a track competition and is now ready for the 100-meter dash. Although he feels tired, which of the following high-energy muscle compounds can he rely on for quick energy in this event? Fat Lactate Creatine phosphate Adenosine diphosphate
Creatine phosphate
Which of the following is not a fat-soluble vitamin? Retinol Tocopherol Phylloquinone Cyanocobalamin
Cyanocobalamin
Which of the following is a feature of magnesium nutrition? The average body contains about 100 g Blood is a major reservoir of the mineral Deficiency is associated with hypertension Dietary intake data are the sum of the amounts from food and water
Deficiency is associated with hypertension
Which of the following is associated with the condition known as xerosis? Toxicity of vitamin A Toxicity of beta-carotene Deficiency of vitamin A Deficiency of vitamin D
Deficiency of vitamin A
Which of the following is a property of the fat-soluble vitamins? Most of them are synthesized by intestinal bacteria Intestinal transport occurs by way of the portal circulation Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet Toxicity risk is higher for vitamins E and K than for other fat-soluble vitamins
Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet
You have just been elected mayor of Smalltownville, where the major source of drinking water is from wells. What major health problem would be expected among the children of Smalltownville? Goiter Dental caries GI infections Hemochromatosis
Dental caries
Which of the following is not among the common signs of pellagra? Diarrhea Dementia Dermatitis Desiccation
Desiccation
Which of the following is a role for diet in physical activity? Diets high in fat lead to a fall in amino acid utilization for fuel Diets lacking in carbohydrates lead to increased amino acid utilization for fuel Deficiencies of vitamins have no effect on performance provided that all other nutrients are adequate Deficiencies of minerals have no effect on performance provided that all other nutrients are adequate
Diets lacking in carbohydrates lead to increased amino acid utilization for fuel
Which of the following would be the best choice for physically active people who need to rehydrate? "Sweat" replacers Salt tablets and tap water Diluted juice or cool water Water warmed to body temperature
Diluted juice or cool water
During a physical activity, what hormone signals the fat cells to begin releasing their fatty acids? Leptin Glucagon Epinephrine Neuropeptide-Y
Epinephrine
Which of the following are features of physical activity and exercise? Neither involves mandatory body movement Neither involves enhanced energy expenditure Physical activity, but not exercise, involves muscle contractions Exercise, but not physical activity, is thought to be vigorous, structured, and planned
Exercise, but not physical activity, is thought to be vigorous, structured, and planned
What is the predominant fuel used by muscle cells during low- or moderate-intensity activity? Fat Protein Glycogen Blood glucose
Fat
What is the rationale for the fat cell theory of obesity? Fat cell number increases dramatically after puberty Fat cell number in an adult can decrease only by fasting Fat cell number increases most readily in late childhood and early puberty Weight gain from overeating in adults takes place primarily by increasing the number of fat cells
Fat cell number increases most readily in late childhood and early puberty
What is the term given to the developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth? Fetus Ovum Zygote Embryo
Fetus
Penny is a new mom and, on the advice of her doctor, has been eating an extra whole-wheat bagel with strawberry jelly every night in addition to her nutrient-dense diet. Why did Penny receive this advice? Bagels are a way of getting more kcalories in the diet Bagels provide the extra protein lactating mothers need for lactose production Babies prefer the strawberry jelly in the mother's diet as it alters the taste of the breast milk These bagels provide the extra carbohydrates and fiber lactating mothers need for lactose production
These bagels provide the extra carbohydrates and fiber lactating mothers need for lactose production
n which of the following individuals would vitamin A toxicity be most likely to occur? Adolescent women Overweight adults Those taking vitamin A supplements Those consuming more than 100 g of carrots daily
Those taking vitamin A supplements
Which of the following would most likely result from an excessive intake of iodine? Diarrhea Skin rashes Dehydration Thyroid gland enlargement
Thyroid gland enlargement
During physical performance, what is the role of creatine phosphate? Removal of lactic acid Transfer of energy to make ATP Removal of nitrogen waste products Transfer of phosphate to muscle fiber
Transfer of energy to make ATP
Which of the following is not among the features of the fat-soluble vitamins? Require bile for absorption Found in the fat and oily parts of foods Transported permanently to the liver and adipose tissue Pose a greater risk for developing a toxicity than water-soluble vitamins
Transported permanently to the liver and adipose tissue
Which of the following is not known to be a vitamin for human beings? Cobalamin Ubiquinone Pyridoxine Pantothenic acid
Ubiquinone
On a per kcalorie basis, which of the following are the best sources of calcium? Meats Fruits Breads Vegetables
Vegetables
Which of the following food groups ordinarily contains the highest amount of riboflavin when expressed per kcalorie? Dairy Meats Fruits Vegetables
Vegetables
Which of the following vitamins would be removed in the production of skim milk? Thiamin Vitamin A Riboflavin Vitamin B12
Vitamin A
Your old friend from high school has just moved to Northern Canada to do full-time research on bats in caves. She typically works in the caves during the day when the bats are there and leaves at sundown when the bats are active. Since your friend only purchases organic and all natural foods, which of the following would you most likely advise she buy regularly at the grocery store? Whole-grain bread Vitamin D-fortified milk Vitamin A-fortified carrot juice Omega-3 fatty acid-fortified milk
Vitamin D-fortified milk
Which vitamin is routinely given as a single dose to newborns? Vitamin A Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B12
Vitamin K
Which of the following describes a connection between physical activity and energy expenditure? Walking a mile uses about the same energy as running a mile Walking a mile uses about half as much energy as running a mile Exercising the leg muscles is effective at burning away fat primarily around the thighs and hips Exercising the abdominal muscles is effective at burning away fat primarily around the abdomen
Walking a mile uses about the same energy as running a mile
What nutrient becomes depleted most rapidly during physical exercise? Iron Water Glucose Glycogen
Water
You work with a primary care physician to help newly pregnant women plan their diets. What vital information is needed to formulate a plan of weight gain? Weight and height Physical activity level Number of previous pregnancies Weight gain preference of the mother
Weight and height