Nutrition Final

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation?

Women who smoke 5 or more cigarettes each day during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to underweight babies than women who smoke fewer than 5 cigarettes a day during pregnancy.

The surface area of the small intestine is about the size of

a regulation singles tennis court.

The greatest storage site for potential energy in the average healthy adult is ________.

adipose cell triglycerides

Hispanic, Mediterranean, and Asian Diets, traditionally include small amounts of _______

animal foods

The thiamin-deficiency disease is known as ________.

beriberi

A primary function of the digestive system is the

breakdown of food into nutrients.

Choosing foods based on religious teachings is an example of ________ factors influencing eating habits.

cognitive

The process of digesting food begins in the

mouth.

An essential nutrient _______.

must be supplied by the diet

Which of the following is NOT a common sign of dehydration?

Rapid weight gain

The human body needs vitamin K to ________.

form active blood clotting factors

Geoff wants to lower his risk of cancer. According to scientific studies, consuming ________ may decrease his risk of this chronic disease.

fresh fruits and vegetables

illian drinks a couple of beers and smokes over a pack of cigarettes daily. Even though she's about 40 pounds overweight, she likes to wear tight-fitting clothes. Based on this information, Jillian has a high risk of developing

gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Bob wants to restrict the added sugar intake of his 5-year-old son. He should

give the child low-fat milk with meals and snacks instead of regular soft drinks.

April is starting to train for hotdog eating contests. She is curious about the maximum capacity of the stomach. About what is believed to be the maximum capacity of the stomach?

16 cups

According to Shawn's physician, Shawn has a high risk of ________ because his waist circumference is 42 inches, his blood pressure consistently measures 140 mm Hg/90 mm Hg, and his fasting blood glucose level is 110 mg/dl.

metabolic syndrome

instructions for making proteins are coded in a cell's ________.

DNA

A nutrition scientist wants to develop a nutritionally complete formula diet for adults who are healthy but need to avoid solid food for awhile. Based on this information, s/he is likely to refer to ________ when developing the new formula.

DRIs

Which of the following statements is true?

Daily Values are dietary standards developed for food labeling purposes.

________ is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and, as a result, the molecule loses its usual function

Denaturation

Which of the following statements about Dumping Syndrome is false?

Dumping Syndrome results in chyme staying in the stomach too long, rather than moving into the small intestine.

Vitamin ________ protects Epolyunsaturated fatty acids from being damaged by free radicals.

E

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Energy metabolism is an important function of fat-soluble vitamins.

Which of the following metabolic hormones stimulates lipolysis in the adipose tissue?

Epinephrine

Which of the following does NOT affect nutrient needs?

Ethnicity

The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors including glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, and most amino acids is called ________.

gluconeogenesis

In the human intestinal tract, cooked rice is broken down into ________ molecules that can be absorbed.

glucose

A fasting blood HDL cholesterol level of ________ is considered desirable for healthy men.

greater than 40 mg/dL

Osteoporosis is characterized by ________.

loss of bone mass and structure

Each of the following is characteristic of a ketogenic diet except _______.

low in fat

The ________ sphincter closes after a bolus has been swallowed and enters the stomach. This sphincter is essential to prevent the contents of the stomach reentering the esophagus.

lower esophageal

Routine vitamin C supplementation ________.

may reduce the duration of cold symptoms by a day or so

Insulin

helps glucose enter cells.

Katrina is 20 years of age. She usually consumes about 1800 kcal per day. According to AMDR guidelines, what is her range of protein intake?

180 to 630 kcal/day

________ is the primary anion found in extracellular fluid.

Chloride

Which of the following is a complex carbohydrate?

Soluble fiber

Chyme is the

semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach.

A teaspoon of sugar supplies about 16 kcals, which is the same as ________ calories.

16,000

Petros is a 20-year-old male who weighs 180 lbs (82 kg). Based on the RDA for protein for a healthy young adult, how much protein should Petros consume daily?

66 grams

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of celiac disease?

Heartburn

Which of the following foods is NOT a rich natural source of phytochemicals?

Lean meat

Which of the following statements is true?

Most enzymes have names that end with -ase.

Carmen is an active child who is allergic to peanuts. While attending a classroom party, Carmen was accidentally exposed to trail mix that contained peanuts, and she rapidly developed ________ as a result

anaphylaxisCorrect

A(n) ________ is a substance that protects vulnerable molecules from free radicals.

antioxidant

The ________ is the third segment of the small intestine.

ileum

Duncan's diet contains high amounts of protein and fat, but it is very low in carbohydrates. As a result of following this diet, Duncan's body forms more ________ than normal.

ketone bodies

The ________ helps form feces by absorbing excess water and some minerals from chyme.

large intestine

In the body, certain lipids ________.

provide energy

The host of a radio program makes a "red flag" claim about a nutrition-related product, because the claim is generally an indication that the information about the product is unreliable. The radio program host said,

"All ingredients in this product have been scientifically tested and clinically proven to cure cancer."

Bob wants to increase his intake of vitamin D without taking a dietary supplement. When he shops for food, he reads Nutrition Facts labels. Which of the following information will help him choose foods that are the richest sources of vitamin D?

%DV's

Which of the following standards can help you compare nutritional contents of packaged foods to make more healthful choices?

%DVs

A serving of food contains 15 g carbohydrate, 3 g protein, 5 g fat, 5 mg vitamin C, and 100 mL water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies _______.

117 kcals

According to the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, saturated fat intake should be limited to less than ________% of total daily calories

10

Every morning, Sarah stops at a convenience store to buy a 20-ounce bottle of a regular soft drink to consume before and during her early classes. Around noon, she drinks a sugar-sweetened tea that she purchased from a vending machine on campus. After she read news about the possible negative health effects of added sugars, she became concerned about her consumption of sugar-sweetened foods and beverages. She decides to follow the recommendations of the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans regarding added sugar intakes. Sarah usually consumes about 1800 kcal/day. Based on this information, she should limit her added sugar intake to less than ________ kcal/day.

180

Amanda consumes approximately 2500 kcal/day. According to recommendations of the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, she should limit her saturated fat intake to fewer than ________ kcal/day.

250

Javier wants to eat enough salad greens in one meal to equal 1 cup of vegetables. How much of the greens should he eat?

2 cups

For healthy young adult females, the Adequate Intake (AI) for water is _______ daily.

2.7 L

According to the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, most healthy adults should limit their daily sodium intake to less than ________ mg/day.

2300

The average 140 lb female would achieve a BAC of 0.08 after consuming approximately ________ standard alcoholic drinks per hour on an empty stomach.

3

Per serving, which of the following foods is the most energy-dense?

4-ounce chocolate doughnut

A deficiency of vitamin ________ results in deterioration of epithelial cells.

A

________ is not one of the major signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia.

A weakened immune system

ATP is converted into ________ when the last high-energy bond on the ATP molecule is cleaved.

ADP

Which of the following statements is true?

Most Americans do not consume enough dietary fiber.

Which of the following can be metabolized for energy by human cells?

Alcohol

Cole was told by his healthcare provider that he has metabolic syndrome. Which of the following can occur as a result of metabolic syndrome?

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following describes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

An autoimmune disorder

Which of the following sources of oils would be recommended as part of a healthy diet?

Avocado

Because of the high glycemic index (GI), which of the following foods should be avoided or consumed in moderation by a person with diabetes?

Baked potato

Which of the following compounds is not secreted by the human stomach?

Bile

Which of the following is NOT a major factor impacting a person's food choices? Health beliefs Blood type Mood Media

Blood type

Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of phytochemicals?

Blueberries

Excessive vitamin D intakes can result in ________.

deposition of calcium in soft tissues

Energy is defined as ________

the capacity to perform work

Starting as chyme enters the large intestine, which of the following lists the correct order of the sections of the large intestine?

Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

Which of the following statements is true?

Cells produce water as a by-product of metabolism.

Which of the following statements is true?

In general, registered dietitian nutritionists are reliable sources of nutrition information.

Bryce is a pescavegetarian. Which of the following foods does he refuse to eat?

Chicken salad

Which of the following factors has a major influence over a person's food choices?

Childhood experiences

Which of the following digestive hormones is most important for digestion of fat as it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder into the small intestine?

Cholecystokinin

Which of the following is not a vitamin, but rather a vitamin-like compound?

Choline

Compared to the other lipoproteins, which lipoprotein carries the most triglycerides in the bloodstream?

Chylomicron

Which of the following plant oils contains the highest amount of saturated fat per tablespoon?

Coconut oil

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when investigating whether cigarette smoking influences weight gain?

Cohort

Which of the following practices is associated with an increased risk of cancer?

Consuming a diet high in processed meatsCorrect

Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for hypertension?

Consuming too little sodium

When he prepares food, Edgar wants to use ingredients that are not high in trans fat. Based on this information, which of the following fats should he include in his recipes?

Corn oil

Which of the following provides the most lactose?

Cow's milk, 1 cup

According to scientific evidence, which of the following actions can help reduce a person's risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Exercising daily

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient-dense per serving?

Fat-free milk

Lucia's three-year old daughter has been vomiting frequently over the past two hours and she is worried. Lucia is trying to decide whether or not to contact her daughter's pediatrician. Which of the following would be reasons to contact the pediatrician's office?

Fever, Severe abdominal pain, Vomiting lasting longer than a few hours

Kristan uses %DVs to help plan nutritious menus with various packaged foods. She should try to obtain at least 100% of the Daily Value for which of the following nutrients?

Fiber

Which of the following topics is one of the four overarching guidelines of the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

Focus on meeting food group needs with nutrient-dense foods and beverages, and stay within calorie limits

Which of the following topics is one of the four overarching guidelines of the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

Follow a healthy dietary pattern at every life stage

Which of the following is a simple carbohydrate?

Fructose

Which of the following is an example of an anabolic pathway?

Glycogenesis

During glucose catabolism, pyruvate is produced during which of the following metabolic pathways?

Glycolysis

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true?

Glycolysis is an anaerobic process.

Which of the following cells of the large intestine secrete mucus?

Goblet cells

Ava is trying to add more protein to her diet. Which of the following foods would you recommend to Ava as the richest source of natural protein?

Hamburger (80% lean), 4 oz

Barry is a vegan. His diet does not include foods that contain preformed vitamin A, and he does not take any vitamin A supplements. Nevertheless, his body has adequate vitamin A stores. Which of the following statements provides the best explanation for Barry's adequate vitamin A status?

He eats plenty of foods that contain beta-carotene.

Which of the following statements is true?

Heartburn often results when the lower esophageal sphincter fails to close properly.

_______ is a severe form of undernutrition that occurs when a person experiences extreme weight loss due to lack of nutrients and energy in the diet.

Marasmus

Which of the following sweeteners provides the most kcal per one tablespoon serving?

Honey

Which of the following statements is true? Nutrients are life-sustaining phytochemicals in food. A person's diet is influenced by his or her blood type and birth order. Most people are born with the ability to choose a nutritious diet. In the United States, poor eating habits contribute to some of the ten leading causes of death.

In the United States, poor eating habits contribute to some of the ten leading causes of death.

John's blood test results indicate that his LDL-cholesterol level is too high. Which of the following actions would a registered dietitian nutritionist recommend?

Increase intake of legumes and nuts

You are working with a client who was recently diagnosed with pre-diabetes. Which type of fiber would you recommend to your client due to its role in slowing glucose absorption and helping with blood glucose control?

Insoluble fiber

Which of the following sources of information features peer-reviewed articles?

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor is true?

Kwashiorkor often develops in toddlers when their mother gives birth to another child, Kwashiorkor is most common in developing countries, Kwashiorkor results from consuming adequate energy, but insufficient high-quality protein.

Justin's blood cholesterol levels are too high. He'd like to add foods to his diet that can help reduce his blood cholesterol level. Based on this information, which of the following foods should he add?

Legumes (e.g. black beans)

Sarah has not had anything to eat or drink for 12 hours. Which of the following is/are a source of stored energy that can be used to replenish blood glucose levels?

Liver glycogen

Bernard recently started following an exclusively plant-based diet. What is a possible concern to following such a diet?

Low intake of certain minerals, including zinc, iron, and calcium

As of 2020, which of the following organs is the leading site for cancer deaths among men and women in the United States?

Lung

A scientist is creating a formula diet that supplies all essential nutrients. One of the minerals in her formula has a Recommended Dietary Allowance of 130 mg/day. How should she classify this particular mineral?

Major mineral

Which of the following characteristics or conditions is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

Male sex

A deficiency of which of the following vitamins would impair the ability of cells in the body to convert pyruvate into Acetyl CoA?

Niacin

________ is the study of how nutrients affect the expression of a person's genome.

Nutrigenomics

Which of the following statements describes pancreatic lipase?

Pancreatic lipase is secreted into the duodenum and is necessary for fat digestion.

Which of the following foods is both energy and nutrient-dense?

Peanut butter

Which of the following statements is true?

People can have energy needs that are higher or lower than the Estimated Energy Requirement.

Which of the following statements is true?

People can survive for years by consuming formulas that contain all known vitamins.

________ contribute to the flexibility, structure, and proper functioning of cell membranes.

Phospholipids

Which of the following foods has the most total grams of protein per serving?

Roasted chicken breast, 4 oz

Which of the following menu items has ingredients that represent all MyPlate food groups?

Salad made with hard-cooked eggs, grapes, leaf lettuce, cooked pasta, and cheddar cheese

Which of the following statements is true?

Scientific studies to investigate the same question can have different findings.

Which of the following is NOT a key role of vitamin C?

Serving as a coenzyme in energy metabolism

What is the major difference between soluble and insoluble forms of fiber?

Soluble fiber dissolves or swells in water, whereas insoluble fiber generally does not change in water.

Which of the following statements about epinephrine is false?

Stimulates anabolism

Macey would like to sweeten her tea with a nonnutritive sweetener that provides no calories per teaspoon. Which of the following sweeteners should she use?

Sucralose

Which of the following is NOT considered a major function of proteins in the human body?

Synthesis and storage of muscle glycogen

Which of the following statements is true?

The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution often protects people who spread nutrition misinformation.

Which of the following statements is false?

The Internet is generally a reliable source of nutrition information, because information posted at websites has been peer-reviewed.

Which of the following statements is true?

The traditional Mediterranean diet supplies more olive oil and fish than the traditional American diet.

A scientist is creating a formula diet that supplies all essential nutrients. She knows the RDA/AI for each mineral, one of which has an AI of 30 mg/day. How should she classify this particular mineral?

Trace mineral

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin?

Vitamin B-12

Dorothy is a 65-year-old woman with pernicious anemia. What treatment would her doctor recommend?

Vitamin B-12 injections

What vitamin is necessary as part of the coenzyme that facilitates transamination and deamination reactions?

Vitamin B-6

Which of the following vitamins is not produced by the microflora in the large intestine?

Vitamin C

According to the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which of the following vitamins is a "nutrient of public health concern" in the United States?

Vitamin D

Zack takes 500 mg of vitamin C daily. He advises his friends to take vitamin C supplements because, he claims, the vitamin protects him from cold viruses. His claim about the usefulness of the vitamin is an ________.

anecdote

Derek takes protein supplements before and after his workouts. He told his workout partner that he became 200% stronger within a couple of months after he added the supplements to his diet. His report about the effects of the supplements is an example of a(n) ________.

anecdote

Each of the following occurs as a result of excessive consumption of alcohol except _______.

decreased risk of esophageal cancer

Phyllis recorded her food intake for a week and then used a computerized dietary analysis program to analyze her diet record. According to the results of the analysis, her average daily saturated fat intake was 10% of total calories; her average daily unsaturated fat intake was 35% of total calories; and her average daily cholesterol intake was 250 mg. Based on this information, her total fat intake is ________ the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.

above

A team of chemists have isolated an organic, water-soluble chemical from a rare kind of mushroom. The researchers determine that the chemical donates electrons to other substances in the environment that are missing electrons. Based on this information, the chemists are likely to have discovered a/an ________.

antioxidant

Proteins ________.

are comprised of amino acids

The liver uses cholesterol to make ________.

bile

Generally, epidemiological studies ________.

cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships

The organic cofactors that help enzymes catalyze reactions are called ________.

coenzymes

According to the observations of a nutrition scientist, laboratory mice are healthier when their diet contains physiological levels of vitamin D than when their diet lacks the micronutrient. The scientist hypothesizes that mice will be less likely to develop cancer when they consume a diet that supplies megadoses of vitamin D. Based on this information, the scientist is ready to

conduct a controlled laboratory experiment to test the vitamin D and cancer hypothesis in mice.

A medical researcher is investigating the chemical and physical properties of a substance that she isolated from the surface of charcoal-grilled meat. When the scientist mixes a small amount of the substance with living human cells, the chemical causes the rapid breakdown of the cells' plasma membranes. She is able to prevent this reaction by adding vitamin C to the mixture of the substance chemical and cells. Based on this information, the scientist has ________.

determined that the chemical isolated from charcoal-grilled meat is an oxidant

Which of the following websites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable nutrition information?

dietsnomore4u.com

Scientists conduct a study in which 100 adults with chronic diarrhea are divided into 2 groups with 50 people per group. One group is given a supply of yogurt that contains a certain kind of bacteria, and the other group is given yogurt that is bacteria-free. The study's participants and researchers do not know which group of subjects has the bacteria in the yogurt and which group does not. The scientists instruct the participants to eat the entire 8 ounces of yogurt once a day for a month and record their bowel habits. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.

double-blind

Victor is making cake batter. When he added canola oil, low-fat milk, baking powder, and salt together, the oil and milk separated into two layers. To make a mixture that does not separate into oily and watery components, Victor should add ________ and stir the ingredients together.

egg yolks

The ________ is a flap-like piece of tissue responsible for keeping a swallowed piece of food from entering the trachea.

epiglottis

The Choose Your Foods Tool allows you to _______.

estimate your carbohydrate intake

An adult with undiagnosed kidney disease will likely have _______.

high BUN and low UUN

Having high blood levels of ________ may increase a person's risk of CVD.

homocysteine

A nutrition researcher observes that preschool-aged children who eat fewer vegetables are more likely to be overweight or obese than those children who eat more vegetables. The researcher then develops a/an ________, a possible explanation for the observation, to guide her research project

hypothesis

For several years, Corey has suffered from intermittent abdominal pain along with bouts of diarrhea and constipation. According to Corey, his "bad guts" worsen whenever he is "stressed out" or eats certain foods, especially raw fruit and baked beans. His doctor has determined that his intestinal tract is not inflamed. Based on this information, Corey probably has

irritable bowel syndrome.

Studying nutrition is important to _______.

learn about the nutritional value of foods and effects diet can have on health

After experiencing considerable pain and having blood in his urine, Solomon visited his physician and was diagnosed with kidney stones. Kidney stones occur as a result of ________.

minerals and waste products collecting and forming a hard mass

The vitamin effective in treating pellagra is

niacin.

Every amino acid has ________ in its chemical structure.

nitrogen

High intakes of vitamin A during pregnancy can cause birth defects. This is an example of ________.

nutrigenomics

Hyponatremia ________.

occurs as a result of low blood sodium, can cause drowsiness, confusion, and nausea, can result in death

The ________ is an accessory organ of the digestive system.

pancreas

Vitamin D helps the body absorb ________.

phosphorus and calcium

A scientist has isolated a fatty acid that has 26 carbons. Most of the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain are connected by single bonds, except there is a double bond between the number 3 and 4 carbons as well as the number 9 and 10 carbons. The only other elements in the compound are hydrogen and oxygen. Based on this information, the compound is a ________ fatty acid.

polyunsaturated

Each of the following foods is considered a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids except _______.

pork

A nutrition researcher would like to determine whether women who take fish oil supplements during pregnancy give birth to babies who score higher on basic intelligence tests when they are 5 years of age than the 5-year old children that were born to women who did not take the fish oil supplements during pregnancy. This kind of research is a(n) ________ study.

prospective

Over a 2-year period, a team of scientists records the eating behaviors and physical activity patterns of a group of healthy 8-year-old children to determine whether these factors are associated with weight gain. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study.

prospective

in the United States, consumers eat more ________ than recommended

protein foods

n the body, lipids ________.

provide insulation against cold temperatures

An online magazine article about weight-loss diets includes false information about the process of digestion that uses scientific-sounding terms to make it seem factual. The faulty information is an example of

pseudoscience.

The ________ sphincter is located between the stomach and small intestine.

pyloric

Consuming a diet that supplies large amounts of certain types of fat increase one's risk of developing heart disease. Thus, a diet that supplies an excessive amount of such fats is a ________ for heart disease.

risk factor

Each of the following foods often contains small amounts of plant sterols and/or stanols EXCEPT _______.

salmon

A scientist has isolated a fatty acid that has 26 carbons bonded together. All of the carbon atoms in the chain are connected by single bonds. The only other elements in the compound are hydrogen and oxygen. Based on this information, the compound is a(n) ________ fatty acid.

saturated

During an online interview, Dr. Ima Quack provides the following statement, "Most Americans suffer from nutritional-deficiency diseases and will develop cancer within the next 10 years because they are not taking my megavitamin formula therapy." Dr. Quack's statement is an example of a(n) ________.

scare tactic

Blake is a college student whose diet consists primarily of enriched white bread, chicken, meat, cheese, yogurt, and milk. Furthermore, he doesn't take dietary supplements. Based on this information, Blake has a high risk of developing ________.

scurvy

Glucose, fructose, and galactose all contain _______ carbons.

six

The ________ is the primary site of vitamin absorption.

small intestine

Maintenance of normal extracellular fluid volume depends largely on the extracellular concentration of ________ ions.

sodium and chloride

Salivary glands secrete amylase, an enzyme that enables a small amount of ________ to be digested in the mouth.

starch

Digestion of protein begins in the ________.

stomach

Carlos has a family history of premature heart disease and stroke. To lower his risk of cardiovascular disease, Carlos should ________.

stop smoking cigarettes

Each of the following foods elicits an umami taste except

strawberries.

The enzyme ________ is necessary for digesting the disaccharide that contains one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose.

sucrase

Phil is a participant in a study designed to examine the effects of taking a dietary supplement on muscle tissue development. Phil suspects he is in the experimental group, because he is certain his muscles are bigger and stronger as a result of taking the product supplied by the researchers. When the study is completed, Phil learns that he did not receive the dietary supplement. Phil thinks the researchers made a mistake—he is certain his muscle mass increased while he took the supplement. According to this information, Phil's belief that his physical condition improved while he participated in the study is an example of ________.

the placebo effect

A ________ reaction is one in which the nitrogen-containing group of one amino acid is transferred to another substance (such as a Kreb's Cycle intermediate) to make a nonessential amino acid

transamination

Phosphorus is involved in all of the following body functions EXCEPT ________.

transmission of nerve impulses

The primary function of adipocytes is ________.

triglyceride storage

Rose has a disease that destroyed her salivary glands. As a result of this condition, Rose probably

uses a lot of spices and sauces to season her foods.

Today, Henry only ate three sandwiches made with whole-grain buns, 3 slices of cheese, and 8 ounces of turkey breast. He also drank 3 cups of apple juice. According to MyPlate, he ate nothing from the food group that includes _______.

vegetables