Nutrition: Human Digestion

Nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation include

1. Consuming more fiber daily 2. Consuming more fluids daily

Risk factors for gallstone formation

1. Consumption of low-fiber diet 2. Rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting 3. Female 4. Excess weight

Gallstones may develop during rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting due to the

1. Liver underproducing bile 2. Liver secreting more cholesterol into the bile

Which nutrients are absorbed directly into the blood and transported by the hepatic portal vein to the liver

1. Monosaccharides 2. Amino acids 3. Vitamin C

Complications of inflammatory bowl disease include

1. Nutritional deficiencies such as anemia and osteoporosis 2. Protein-calorie malnutrition

Common causes of food intolerances include

1. Toxic contaminants such as mold or bacteria 2. Sensitivities to a food component (such as gluten) 3. Deficiencies in digestive enzymes

The most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease in the United States are

1. Ulcerative colitis 2. Crohn's disease

Which nutrients are absorbed via passive diffusion

1. Water 2. Fats

Hydrolysis reactions

1. Yield molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall 2. Are catalyzed by digestive enzymes 3. Water molecules are used to breakdown large molecules

Digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the

1. pH of the environment in which they function 2. Vitamin and mineral cofactors they require to function 3. Type of chemical reaction they catalyze

The parietal cells of the stomach secrete

1.Hydrochloric acid 2. Intrinsic factor

The large intestine absorbs about ______ percent of the water

10-30

The intrinsic factor is needed for the absorption of which B vitamin in the small intestine

B-12

Which nutrient is absorbed via facilitated diffusion

Fructose

This GI regulatory hormone is released by the stomach and duodenum and triggers the stomach to release HCl and pepsinogen

Gastrin

Because of the hormones released during pregnancy, a pregnant woman is at ______ risk for constipation

Increased

The substance necessary for the body to absorb vitamin B-12 is

Intrinsic factor

Beneficial bacteria resides in the _______ intestines

Large

People with ulcers should refrain from the use of NSAIDS because they reduce the ______ secreted by the stomach

Mucous

The chief cells of the stomach secrete

Pepsinogen

The main function of the lower esophageal sphincter is to

Prevent the backflow of GI tract contents

______ can help prevent and treat diarrhea in children

Probiotic bacteria

True or False? Each enzyme is specific to only one type of chemical process

True

The function of the epithelial cells absorb nutrients, secrete important substances, excrete ______, and protect underlying tisssues

Wastes

What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually to the liver before they enter the general circulation

Water-soluble vitamins

Irritable Bowel Syndrome is more common in younger

Woman