Nutrition lipids and proteins, Nutrition Lipids, Nutrition, Nutrition Practice Final

not a characteristic of the essential fatty acids

they are saturated fatty acids

Trigylcerides

three fatty acids and glycerol

Due to the risk of ______, it is best to get protein from food sources rather than supplements.

toxicities from a single amino acid imbalances in amino acids

To protect cardiovascular health, the Food and Nutrition Board recommends limiting intake of saturated and...fatty acids.

trans

The AHA recommends that Americans should limit daily...intake to no more than 1% of total calories.

trans fat

The purpose of the messenger RNA (mRNA) is to _____.

transfer the DNA code for a specific protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

True or false: During transcription, an mRNA copy of the DNA code moves out from the cell's nucleus into the cytoplasm, and to the ribosomes.

true

True or false: Final digestion of amino acid chains takes place in the small intestine.

true

True or false: If adequate amounts of essential amino acids are not consumed, a person's health will deteriorate.

true

True or false: Proteins serve in the regulation and maintenance of the human body by aiding in blood clotting, fluid balance, and visual processes.

true

good source of omega 3 fatty acids include

tuna, salmon, & shark

What are some food sources of EPA and DHA?

tuna, salmon, and sardines

Which os the following is the gold standard method for measuring body composition?

underwater weighting

An omega-3 fatty acid is....

unsaturated

which nutrients reflect the mothers intake

vA, vC, folcain, B vit, FA

cruciferous vegetables

vegetables of the cabbage family, including cabbage, broccoli, brussels sprouts, kale, and cauliflower; the flower petals of these plants form the shape of a cross, hence the name

Choose the substances that contain protein.

visual pigments mucus immune antibodies enzymes

methods of losing weight

weight loss diet, fasting, low CHO diets, very low calorie diets, exercise in weight control and gastric bypass surgery

A child with growth retardation, sexual immaturity and poor appetite is most likely ___________ deficient.

zinc

functions of phytochemicals

Act as antioxidants Decrease blood pressure and cholesterol Prevent cataracts Slowing or reversing certain cancers Decrease osteoporosis

Anemia, nerve damage, and mental dysfunction are all associated with a vitamin ______ deficiency.

B12

Lactose intolerance is common among all groups except

Caucasians

How may one detect whether or not hidden facts are in a food product?

Check the list of ingredients

phytochemicals

Chemicals in plant-based foods that are not nutrients but that have effects on the body.

Causes the carbon chain to bend

Cis fatty acid

Depression and stress likely contribute to the development of

IBS.

Which of the following are serious risks of untreated peptic ulcers?

Internal bleeding Infections

Which of the following is the term used to describe the dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more of the essential amino acids?

Lower-quality proteins

What class of lipids may serve as precursors for hormone synthesis?

Sterols

hunger

The physical need for food

Why are triglycerides ideal for fat storage?

They are energy dense. They are chemically stable.

Edema refers to

a buildup of fluid in extracellular spaces.

vitamin B12 is found only in

flesh foods

three nutrients underconsumed by many american women are

folic acid, calcium and iron

Which hazard is of highest importance in food safety, according to the FDA?

food poisoning

functional foods

foods that have a potentially beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied diet on a regular basis at effective levels: added as supplements

satiety

fullness or satisfaction

individuals who eat high fat diets have the greatest increased risk for

heart disease

Hypertension

high blood pressure

hypergylcemia

high blood sugar

hypercholestrol

high cholesterol

A vegetarian diet is usually

higher in dietary fiber than an omnivorous diet.

As a proportion of total protein intake, essential amino acid requirements of an infant are ______ those of an adult.

higher than

disease risks of positive energy balance

hypertension, diabetes, vascular diseases, breast/uterine cancer, kidney disease, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis

The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs is the

limiting amino acid.

many americans do not consume enough

linoleic acid

e ______ system is a regulatory system that centrally controls most body functions. Multiple choice question.

nervous

What is the main function of antioxidants?

neutralize free radicals

which of the following is not implicated in homocysteinemia

niacin

vitamin C blocks

nitrosamines

A(n) ______ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts. Multiple choice question.

nonessential

Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics are two branches of

nutritional genomics.

Which foods could a lactovegetarian choose for breakfast?

oatmeal with butter and brown sugar calcium-fortified orange juice yogurt with granola and blueberries

Which of the following are the two least important safety risks in foods?

pesticides and additives

A...is a type of lipid that contain a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphorous group.

phospholipid

forms lipid bilayer of cell membrane

phospholipid

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions

Current cholesterol-lowering medications act to

reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver. bind to cholesterol in the GI tract.

Contains 25% less cholesterol than the reference food and no more than 2 g saturated fat per serving

reduced cholesterol

anarobic respiration

respiration without oxygen

cholesterol adds

rigidity and stability to the cell membrane

High dietary consumption of...increases risk of cardiovascular disease.

saturated and trans fat

The theory that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of its own internal controls is referred to as the _____ theory.

set point

Chemical digestion of proteins takes place in the

small intestine. stomach.

other causes of cancer

smoking, radiation exposure, viral infections

Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest ______

starch

Where does the digestion of protein begin?

stomach

gastric bypass surgery

surgically makes the stomach smaller and causes food to bypass the first part of the small intestine only for obese with pending medical problems

What is the function of an emulsifier?

suspends fats in water

the focus of attention in nutrition has shifted recently from minimum needs to excess intake of all of the following except: a. omega 3 fatty acids b. some vitamins c. some minerals d. calories

d. calories

someone asks if reducing dietary cholestrol will reduce her chance of vascular disease. the best response is that

dietary cholestrol matters less than saturated fat

Very low calorie diets

diets with a daily caloric value of 400-700 calories. they must be medically supervised and can cause significant health risks like ketoacidosis or ketogenesis. if fasting continues, the body will turn to protein for energy, breaking down muscle and organ tissue

True or false: Protein synthesis is the process of altering the three-dimensional structure of a protein.

false

True or false: Proteins do not supply the body with energy.

false

True or false: The body links amino acids with peptide bonds to form lipids.

false

True or false: tRNA is responsible for transferring DNA from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm.

false

True or false: tRNA is responsible for transferring DNA from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm.

false, Reason: tRNA is responsible for bringing specific amino acids to the ribosomes as needed during protein synthesis.

A molecule with a long chain of carbons bonded together and flanked by hydrogens with an acid group on one end and a methyl group on the other end is called a

fatty acid.

What are the products of fat digestion in the small intestine?

fatty acids and monoglycerides

Which of the following are functions of protein? fluid balance production of enzymes and hormones primary source of fuel blood clotting

fluid balance production of enzymes and hormones blood clotting

Absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use

free fatty acid

High levels of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in the blood are linked to ______ risk for heart attack and stroke.

increased

the dietary goals for the united states recommend

increased consumption of foods with complex carbohydrates

orthorexia nervosa

is a proposed distinct eating disorder characterized by extreme or excessive preoccupation with eating food believed to be healthy. restrictive diet ritualized eating avoid fat, additives ect

An incomplete or lower-quality protein means that the food

is lacking one more essential amino acids.

To meet the RDA for protein, Americans need only to consume about 10% of their total calories from protein. However, the Food and Nutrition Board recommendations allow for 10% - 35% of total calories from protein because

it is easier to plan diets with palatable foods that people are used to eating.

...is a common example of a phospholipid.

lecithin

women usually have less capacity with alc because

less stomach alc deh'ase usually a smaller liver

categories of food poisoning

1) food borne infection Salmonella 2) food borne intoxication Botulism keep food hot/cold/clean

Fat digestion is rapid and thorough in the small intestine under what "right" circumstances?

1. Bile from the gallbladder is present 2. Lipase breaks triglycerides down to monoglycerides

What are the main functions of cholesterol?

1. Building block for bile acids 2. Helps form hormones 3. Provide structure to cells

Rank-ordered risks in foods (FDA)

1. Food poisoning 2. nutrient content 3. environmental contaminants 4. natural toxicants 5. pesticide residues 6. food additives

Put the steps of protein digestion in the correct order, from start (top) to finish (bottom).

1. Partially digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine 2. partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK 3. CCK causes the pancreas to release protein-splitting enzymes 4. peptides are broken into single amino acids

What statements are true about sterols?

1. They contain a multi-ring structure 2. Cholesterol is a common example 3. They can be produced by the body

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

1. To insulate and protect the body 2. To provide energy 3. To aid in transport of fat soluble vitamins

Compared to margarine, butter is...

1. higher in saturated fat 2. higher in cholesterol

How many amino acids are considered essential?

9

Of the 20 different amino acids that the body uses to function_____ are considered essential.

9

Fat

9 kcal/g

proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

A vegan can get zinc from which of the following foods?

Nuts Whole grains Legumes

Decrease blood clotting and inflammation

Omega-3

Essential fatty acids; alpha-linolenic acid

Omega-3

Increase blood clotting and inflammation

Omega-6

Nonessential fatty acid

Omega-9

antioxidants

Organic molecules that help protect the body from harmful chemicals called free radicals -vC, vE -BHA, BHT -sulfites

For several months, Clayton has been experiencing gnawing pain in his abdomen about 2 hours after eating. This morning, he felt ill and vomited what looked like coffee grounds. Which of the following is a likely explanation for his condition? Multiple choice question.

Peptic ulcer

....is a cholesterol-rich substance deposited in the blood vessels.

Plaque

A(n) ______ amino acid is the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs and limits the amount of protein a body can synthesize.

limiting

Methods of measuring body fat and their problems:

Underwater(need a pool and compliant subject), Skinfolds(fat on arm may not represent total fat)

carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells

VLDL

Which of the following lipoproteins arise from the liver?

VLDL, LDL, and HDL

Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?

linoleic acid alpha-linolenic acid

the essential fatty acids include

linoleic acid and linolenic acid

The enzyme...plays an important role in fat digestion.

lipase

The gastric...enzyme released in the stomach acts primarily on trigylcerides that have fatty acids with short-chain lengths.

lipase

cholesterol is a type of

lipid

Due to their high energy density (9 kcal per gram) ______ are the ideal form of energy storage for the body.

lipids

Some margarine spreads that contain plant sterols may...

lower blood cholesterol

how should you work to prevent cancer

lower fat intake maintain body weight increase fruits and veggies increase whole grains limit EtOh intake limit smoked foods (nitrosamines)

Significant undernourishment that leads to wasting away in children and infants is termed ______.

marasmus

the best source of high quality protein would be

meats and dairy products

The majority of GI problems can be controlled with ______.

medical treatment proper nutrition lowering risk factors

common features of cell

membrane cytoplasm organelles

If you are overweight you have a high risks for ______

metabolic syndrome

The starch-digesting enzyme, amylase, is produced by the ______ and ______.

pancreas salivary glands

The acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in

partially digesting protein. making dietary minerals soluble. activating some digestive enzymes.

Carotene-rich vegetables

Vegetable that contain high amounts of carotene, a form of vitamin A. examples include, yellow-, orange- and red- coloured vegetables, as well as some green leafy vegetables.

Lower-quality (incomplete) proteins are dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more essential

amino acids.

The different amino acids do not vary in their..

amino group acid group

the different amino acids do not vary in their

amino groups and acid groups

The chemical breakdown of starch that occurs in the mouth is due to the enzyme action of

amylase.

lactose intolerance is common among all groups except

caucasians

very high fiber diets may

cause mineral deficiencies

except for red blood cells all _____ contain mitochondria

cells

which of the following would you recommend for a person with lactose intolerance

cheese and yogurt

anitmicrobial agents

chemicals that destroy or suppress the growth of infectious organisms -common: sugar, salt nitrates

Which fat is used to make bile acids?

cholesterol

No more than 2mg of cholesterol per serving

cholesterol free

Carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cell

chylomicron

removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids

chylomicron remnant

in general, the b vitamins act as

coenzymes

what are the advantages to a breast fed child

colostrum has immunoglobulins, optimal food through 6 months, cant over feed, bonding

A weight loss diet should

provide CHO, provide protein, mobilize triglyceride stores, incorporate exercise

weight loss regimens should:

provide enough protein to prevent muscle wasting

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

pump ions into and out of cells serve as buffers that resist changes in pH

Sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium and potassium all function in....

regulation of blood pressure

Once in the cytoplasm, the mRNA travels to the ______ where the mRNA code is read and translated to produce a specific protein.

ribosomes

Compared to plant oils, animal sources of fat are typically higher in

saturated fat and cholesterol

Travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver

short and medium-chain fatty acids

What is the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in protein digestion?

signals the pancreas to release digestive enzymes.

Proteins help regulate the acid-base balance by pumping chemical ions in and out of the cells to keep the blood ______.

slightly alkaline

Chylomicrons are produced in the

small intestine

Nutritional genomics explores

the effects of the gene code on nutritional health. the effects of nutritional health on genetic expression.

Surgical removal of fat is an ineffective weight loss method because:

the fat tissue often grows back

The "3n9, 12, 15" in linolenic acid's chemical designation of C18:3n9, 12, 15 indicates:

the number of double bonds and the position of the double bonds

The "3n9,12,15" in linolenic acid's chemical designation of C18:3n9,12,15 indicates

the number of double bonds and the position of the double bonds

appetite

the psychological desire for food

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting

positive energy balance

the state in which energy intake is greater than energy expended, generally resulting in weight gain

negative energy balance

the state in which energy intake is less than energy expended, resulting in weight loss

liposuction (suction-assisted lipectomy)

the surgical removal of fat beneath the skin with the aid of suction, does not work.

Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on...

the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration

the eight foods that account for 90% of food-related allergies.

tree nuts shellfish wheat milk fish peanuts soy eggs

major form of lipid in food and in the body

triglyceride

Due to their high energy density...are the ideal form of energy storage for the body.

triglycerides

Megadoses of nicotinic acid, a form of a B vitamin, can lower

triglycerides.

True or false: Adults need only about 11% of their total protein requirement to be supplied by essential amino acids.

true

Treatment for mild constipation includes

consuming additional fluid. engaging in physical activity.

which statement about artificial sweeteners is true

cyclamates are banned in the US

Which statement about protein synthesis is false? . Amino acids linked together during protein synthesis come from the diet as well as from degradation of body proteins. b. mRNA controls the order in which amino acids are added to new protein. c. During transcription, mRNA is synthesized from DNA. d. Non-essential amino acids are not required for protein synthesis.

d

Obesity in the U.S. is increasing rapidly in the last decade because we have: a. decreased fruit consumption b. increased food consumption c. decreased exercise d. B and C

d. B and C

plant foods have ______-

natural pesticides that repel insects

Which nutrient plays a vital role in keeping the body healthy by forming important structures in the body, making up a key part of the blood, helping regulate many body functions, and fueling body cells?

proteins

LBM

(lean body mass)

prolonged exercise

- ACTH, cortisol, and GH released - increased protein breakdown in muscle - increased breakdown of fat

Gynoid (pear shape)

- More fat around hips and thighs - Usually in women - Decrease health risk but hard to lose weight at arthritis risk

android (apple shape)

- More fat in the middle - Mostly men - Increased health risk

the dietary guideline recommend choosing a diet high in vegetables, fruits and grains because those food items are

- high in antioxidant nutrients - low in saturated fat - high in phytochemicals

an essential nutrient

- is necessary for proper functioning of the body - cannot be made in the body from other nutrients

if vegetable are full of potentially carcinogenic compounds, why do they promote good health

-because the nitrites in vegetables are health promoting -because vegetables also contain potent anti-carcinogenic nutrients

the direct vs indirect antioxidant nutrients are similar in that they

-function to minimize ROS formation or to maximize ROS conversion to non-toxic forms -are micronutrients -function to minimize risk of vascular disease and some cancers

low CHO diets

-limit CHO to 50-100 g/day -encourage protein consumption for satiety -not effective long term -calorie intake more important of macronutrient intake -lean protein intake important -cause weight loss and improve lipids/BP -outperformed low fat

the essential fatty acids include

-linoleic acid -linolenic acid

In the early stages of exercise

1st five min: muscle needs 3 things to work: 1. oxygen to oxidize fuel molecules 2. glucose most from muscle 3. fatty acids most from AT some from muscle hormone release: epinephrine and norepinephrine 1. release of glucose and fatty acids from liver and AT use of glucose vs fatty acids initially mostly glucose but after five minutes it switches to fatty acids which conserves glucose stores and in trained athletes who muscles have increased levels of enzymes

The New American Plate is an educational tool developed by the American Institute for Cancer Research. The New American Plate model recommends that ______ of your plate be filled with plant-based foods like fruits, vegetables, or grains, and that ______ of your plate be filled with meat, fish, poultry, or low-fat dairy.

2/3 (or more); 1/3 (or less)

1 lb of fat = ______ kcals

3,500 kcal

metabolic syndrome

A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or more of a group of factors (as high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, and high fasting levels of blood sugar) that are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes.

What two chemical groups are found at the end of either side of the fatty-acid carbon chain?

An acid group (COOH) and a methyl group (CH3)

What are some health problems associated with a vitamin B-12 deficiency?

Anemia Mental dysfunction Nerve damage

______ involves a buildup of excess fluid in tissues.

Edema

causes of obesity

Behavioral causes are primary and metabolic causes are secondary

At one end of a fatty acid (the alpha end) is an group______, and the other end (omega end) has a _______group.

Blank 1: acid Blank 2: methyl

Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acid similar?

Both contain a straight molecular structure

Bone is made up of

Calcium, phosphorus, and collagen fibers

It is the role of_____ located in a cell's nucleus, to store the instructions for protein synthesis.

DNA, chromosomes, or deoxyribonucleic acid

physical inactivity

Disregulates food intake decreases EE

Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?

Do not readily dissolve in water

Which of the following cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and must be included in the diet?

Essential amino acid

Enzyme Theory of Obesity

Excess fat storage stems from an increased concentration of lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that enables fat cells to store triglycerides.

True or false: Amino acid absorption is unrelated to protein denaturation.

False

True or false: The presence of proteins in the blood causes edema.

False

true or false: The storage capacity for nutrients is similar for all nutrients.

False

Which of the following are true statements about diverticular disease?

It occurs when the inner layer of the large intestine protrude outward forming small pouches called diverticula. It is a common GI problem that affects about half of adults over age 60 years. The presence of diverticula is called diverticulosis.

What are the best ways to prevent gastrointestinal problems?

Maintain a healthy weight. Meet the recommendations for fiber and fluid intake. Do not overuse NSAID medications. Avoid tobacco.

National Weight Control Registry (NWCR)

Monitors people who have lost 30 lb and have maintained that weight loss for at least a year.

Which of the following are signs and symptoms that could indicate a peptic ulcer? Nausea and vomiting Unexpected weight loss Bright red streaks in the feces Stomach pain about 2 hours after eating

Nausea and vomiting Unexpected weight loss Stomach pain about 2 hours after eating

What happens to protein synthesis when one essential amino acid is in short supply?

Protein synthesis halts when the supply of the limiting amino acid has been depleted.

aerobic respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen

manganese, zinc and copper are cofactors for

SOD

Contains no carbon-carbon double bonds

Saturated fatty acids

Compared to regular margarine, reduced-fat margarine contributes less fat and total calories to the diet because..

Some of the fat has been replaced by water

Which of the following are true about complete protein sources? Multiple select question. They supply all nine essential amino acids. Most foods of plant origin are sources of complete protein. Complete proteins are sometimes called "low-quality" proteins. Most foods of animal origin are sources of complete protein.

They supply all nine essential amino acids. Most foods of animal origin are sources of complete protein.

...fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely reassemble the structure of...fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during the process.

Trans Saturated

Allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

Trans fatty acid

What happens to a food product when it becomes hydrogenated?

Trans fatty acid content is increased. The molecular shape of the fats in the food resembles saturated fats.

Intact proteins are ______ absorbed from the digestive tract.

rarely

which of the following is one of the most powerful research tools in nutrition research: a. double-blind placebo-controlled studies b. epidemiological studies c. anecdotal studies d. correlation studies

a. double-blind placebo-controlled studies

which statement about fluoride is true: a. it hardens the structure of teeth and bones b. it is a cofactor for enzyme of energy metabolism c. deficiency may aggravate scurvy d. it has been proven to be essential in humans

a. it hardens the structure of teeth and bones

which statement is true? calorie restriction without nutrient deficiency: a. may extend lifespan b. increase ROS in tissue' c. may increase risk for conditions like cancer and heart disease d. is desirable for all americans

a. may extend lifespan

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise electrolyte problems mottled teeth from stomach acid easier to treat than anorexia

the cell membrane is not

an organelle

why does food go bad

bacteria, fungi, or other micro-organisms reproduce within the food, fats oxidise causing rancidity, visual deterioration can be caused by enzymatic browning -microbes -benignly from oxidation

What helps to maintain body fluid balance?

blood proteins

Measurement of body density is part of assessment of

body composition

which of the following is most related to Type 2 diabetes

body fatness

Rapid changes in weight during dieting are most likely the result of changes in:

body fluid content

which statement about vitamin/mineral supplements is false: a. oral contraceptive users may need extra folic acid b. house bound individuals may need supplemental vit D c. vegans may need supplements of B6 and copper d. new-born babies often need a supplement of vitamin K

c. vegans may need supplements of B6 and copper

Children following a vegan or vegetarian diet may be at risk for deficiencies of

calcium. vitamin D. iron. vitamin B-12.

The best eating plan for weight loss is one that:

can be practiced throughout life

excess fat in the diet can cause

cancer

Cholesterol

cannot be made in the body

The leading cause of death among North American adults is

cardiovascular disease

Eating two or more incomplete proteins together forms a protein—a protein that then contains all the essential amino acids.

complementary or complete

Phytochemicals are

compounds in fruits and vegetables that may have beneficial health effects

Protein synthesis takes place in the

cytoplasm

Which statement about basal metabolic rate BMR is correct? a. the more adipose tissue, the higher the BMI b. fever lowers BMR c. pregnancy lowers BMR d. the more thyroxine (or thyroid hormone) the higher the BMR

d. the more thyroxine (or thyroid hormone) the higher the BMR

Excess body fatness is associated with an increased risk of the following except: a. heart disease b. diabetes c. hypertension d. ulcers

d. ulcers

which of the following is true? Aerobic exercise helps in a weight-loss regimen because it... a. helps regulate hunger b. burns more calories than dieting. c. burns stored carbohydrates rather than fat e. A and D

e. A and D

Iron functions: a. as a cofactor in ATP production during oxidation of macronutrients b. in transport of oxygen to tissues c. as a prooxidant at high concentrations in tissues d. as an indirect antioxidant e. all of the above

e. all of the above

what prevents cancer

eating fruits and veggies with phytochemicals

hen body parts fill with fluid, this causes

edema

which statement about sugar and disease is false -sugar causes dental caries -sugar has not been shown to cause hyperactivity in children -excess sugar intake causes diabetes by straining the pancreas -sugar itself does not cause heart attack -sugar is not toxic

excess sugar intake causes diabetes by straining the pancreas

calorie restriction can

extend life (30%)

John has been overweight for many years. He tends to eat when he is not really hungry and eats more food when angry or depressed. Which of the following theories could explain his problem of overweight?

external cue theory

True or false: Amino acid absorption is unrelated to protein denaturation.

false

True or false: Amino acids are formed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen.

false

True or false: DNA does not play a vital role in protein synthesis.

false

True or false: Essential amino acids are also known as dispensable amino acids.

false

True or false: Most enzymes are lipids.

false

Health risks associated with deficient body fat include all of the following except: increased risk a. during hospitalization b. of developing hypertension c. for individuals fighting a wasting disease d. of death during famine

increased risk of developing hypertension

overweight and obesity is _____

increasing rapidly in American and the whole world. Half of adults are overweight and one third are obese. 20% of children are obese and Colorado is catching up

Another term to describe essential amino acids is ______.

indispensable

It is uncommon for intact proteins to be absorbed from the digestive tract except in _____.

infants

brown BAT vs white fat WAT

infants: BAT between shoulders for heat, Adults: lower body fat in BAT but may block weight gain by burning off kcal

It is difficult to pinpoint the exact cause of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but some possible causes include

inflammatory responses. alteration of hormones that regulate the movement of food through the GI tract. depression and stress.

anarobic exercise

intense short bursts of activity in which the muscles work so hard that they produce energy without using oxygen

Vitamin C helps with the absorption of

iron

The pain related to GERD is due to

irritation of the esophagus by stomach acid.

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?

lipoprotein lipase

Foods high in monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats are typically...at room temperature.

liquid

effects of drinking

liver-cirrhosis, fat accumulation brain- poor reasoning, muscle (skeletal than breathing/heart) heavy drinking kills brain cells depressed ADH gut-impairs vitamin absorbtion and ulcers, cancers of mouth throat and rectum blocks abosrbtion of B1,FA,B12,Zn blocks metabolism of B6, vA, vD pregnancy: fetal alc sydndrome

reformed into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system

long-chain fatty acid

The majority of fatty acids consumed in the diet are...

long-chain fatty acids

No more than 20mg of cholesterol and no more than 2 g of saturated fat per serving

low cholesterol

Oils from vegetables and fish tend to be rich sources of

polyunsaturated fats

Two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

polyunsaturated fatty acid

Mitoschondria

powe plants, responsible for converting the chemical energy into carbohydrates, protein, and alc from foods to energy

the main emphasis of nutrition in relation to disease is to

prevent degenerative diseases later in life

the effects of fiber include all but

promotes weight gain

enrichment of grain products

improves the nutritional quality of white flour

What is the RDA for protein?

0.8 grams/kg

colorings/flavorings

-generally benign -some people are sensitive

when there is a surplus of amino acids and energy-yielding nutrients, the body

-removes and excretes the amino group -converts them to fat for storage

protein-rich foods can contribute to obesity when

-there is a surplus of amino acids -there is a surplus of energy-yielding nutrients

how would you respond to someone who states that white bread is just as nutritious as whole wheat bread

-whole wheat bread is preferable because it contains nutrients not added to white bread -whole wheat bread is higher in fiber content than white bread

Of the 20 different amino acids the body uses to function, are considered nonessential?

11

average body fat % for men _______ for women_____.

15% for men 25% for women

BMI: cutoffs are ____ for underweight, ____ for normal weight, and _____ for overweight

18.5, 25.0, 30.0

absorbtion of alcohol

20% directly across stomach wall, food in stomach slows egress, liver, gut, stomach

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution range set by the Food and Nutrition Board for lipids is ..% to ...% of kilocalories.

20-35

If I am interested in losing weight, my protein intake should be ______ of the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.

25%-35%

what is moderate drinking

3/d for men, 2/d for women may be beneficial just 7 kcal per g

fat intake should be less than ____ of total calories

30%

Proteins supply the body with about _____kilocalories per gram.

4

Proteins, while not typically used for supplying daily calorie needs, can supply the body with ______ kcal per gram.

4

CHO

4 kcal/g

The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that at least ...% of total calories come from essential fatty acids.

5

The typical diet provides about ______ percent of protein as essential amino acids, when only 11 percent is required.

50

Gabriel weighs 70 kilograms. Calculate his recommended daily intake for protein.

56 grams

Henry is a healthy 21-year-old college student who weighs 180 pounds. Calculate his protein needs based on the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein.

66 grams

Leptin

A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite.

cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

How do you convert a liquid oil to a solid fat at room temperature?

Add hydrogens to the liquid fat (hydrogenation).

How do you convert a liquid oil to a solid fat at room temperature?

Add hydrogens to the the liquid fat (hydrogenation)

Which of the following individuals requires positive protein balance? Multiple select question. Young adult with sedentary lifestyle Adolescent boy during growth spurt Older adult recovering from an illness Middle-aged adult recovering from an injury

Adolescent boy during growth spurt Older adult recovering from an illness Middle-aged adult recovering from an injury

What do vitamins B6, B12, Copper, Folic Acid and Iron have in common?

All cause anemias if deficient in the diet

Waxy lipid found in all body cells

Cholesterol

How does lactation occur?

During lactation, milk is secreted by alveolar cells, which are under the influence of the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin. Milk ejection from the ductile system occurs in response to the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary. The suckling of the infant provides the stimulus for milk ejection. Suckling produces feedback to the hypothalamus, stimulating the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells lining the alveoli and ejection of milk into the ductal system.

exercise induced thermogenesis

EPA Energy of Physical Activity

Which of the following occurs with inadequate consumption of protein?

Edema can develop. Immune function is impaired. Blood protein concentration decreases.

radiation

Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles. types used: x ray, gamma ray, beta rays -kills all microbes -none safety wise, kills some flavors like milk URP

behavior causes of obesity

Environmental vs metabolic cues obese/overweight respond to inappropriate environmental cure, not to appropriate metabolic cues

antioxidant nutrients

Free radicals=ROS damage Lipids. proteins, DNA, CHO Direct:vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene Indirect: Se, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn

Which of the following are examples of legumes?

Garden peas Peanuts Lentils

contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and excretion from the body

HDL

In terms of HDL and LDL levels, risk for development of cardiovascular disease increases when...levels are low and...levels are high in the bloodstream.

HDL LDL

which of the following are serious risks of untreated peptic ulcers? Hemorrhoids Infections Gallstones Internal bleeding

Infections Internal bleeding

What does it mean when a fatty acid is considered essential?

It must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health

Which of the following are true statements about diverticular disease?

It occurs when the inner layer of the large intestine protrude outward forming small pouches called diverticula. The presence of diverticula is called diverticulosis. It is a common GI problem that affects about half of adults over age 60 years.

______ is known as "the disease the first child gets when the new child comes."

Kwashiorkor

Which lipoprotein can be taken up by scavenger cells, leading to a buildup of cholesterol in the blood vessels?

LDL

carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells

LDL

Which of the following are examples of branched-chain amino acids? Leucine Isoleucine Histidine Valine

Leucine Isoleucine Valine

fat digestion

Lipase enzymes cleave free fatty acids off of trigylcerides

Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

Lipids

which of the following nutrients can be broken down to yield energy? Lipids Minerals Proteins Carbohydrates Vitamins

Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates

______-density lipoprotein is considered the "bad" cholesterol.

Low

Exercise in weight control

Lower ghrelin during aerobic and resistance exercise Elevated peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) after aerobic exercise Reported reduced feelings of hunger after aerobic and resistance exercise increase BMR Help regulate appetite control stress promote sleep promote self esteem and well being

T or F food additives are not carciogenic in humans

T

set point theory of weight

The concept that each individual has an ideal biological weight that cannot be greatly modified.

Gluconeogenesis

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids.

How would you respond to someone who states that white bread is just as nutritious as whole wheat bread?

Whole wheat bread is preferable because it contains nutrients not added to white bread, whole wheat bread is higher in fiber content than white bread

A long-chain fatty acid is defined as...

a fatty acid that contains 12 or more carbons in length

what is the cell membrane

a lipid bilayer

which statement is false? fats in food... a. are low in calories compared to carbohydrates b. provide essential fatty acids c. carry fat soluble vitamins d contribute positively to taste and smell

a. are low in calories compared to carbohydrates

Which statement is true? a. breast size has little to do with lactation capacity b. drinking milk is necessary for optimal lactation c. pregnancy and lactation increase the requirements for most nutrients by 2-3 times d. lactating women have to pay careful attention to calorie intake to adjust their milk output to the demands of a nursing baby

a. breast size has little to do with lactation capacity

Which is false? Uncoupling proteins... a. cause skeletal muscle dysfunction during exercise. b. disconnect food oxidation from ATP formation. c. are present in hibernating rodents as well as humans. d. may prevent individuals from gaining weight.

a. cause skeletal muscle dysfunction during exercise.

Absorption of iron from plant foods is improved by the presence in the meal of a. orange juice b. tea c. bread d. milk

a. orange juice

which of the following is not a direct antioxidant: a. selenium b. ascorbic acid c. vitamin E d. beta-carotene

a. selenium

which statement is false: a. the AI for calcium is 2500mg/day b. the RDA for folic acid is 400 ug/day c. these nutrients are commonly underconsumed d. underconsumption of these nutrients is more common in women than men

a. the AI for calcium is 2500mg/day

which statement about 'other trace minerals' is true? a. they have many cofactor roles in enzyme function. b. they have all been shown to be essential in humans. c. the RDAs are established d. they are non toxic

a. they have many cofactor roles in enzyme function.

The _____ in gastric juice destroys the biological activity of proteins, converts inactive digestive enzymes to their active form, partially digests food protein, and makes dietary minerals soluble so that they can be absorbed.

acid

benefits of moderate drinking

alcohol beverages offer pharmacological benefits, especially to people at elevated risk of heart disease, it increases the good (HDL) cholesterol

Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?

alpha-linolenic acid and linolenic acid

physiology of mammary glands

alveoli, sinus, lumen, epithelial cells, suckling response

Fill in the blank question. Proteins are made up of one or more long chains of

amino acids

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves compulsive behavior deranged self image self denial increased failure rate for recovery without. pysc help PEM LBM protein used for gluconeogensis

beta-carotene

an orange vegetable pigment that the body can change into the active form of vitamin a, one of the antioxidant nutrients

If left untreated, ______ can erode through the lining of the small intestine, causing a severe infection and internal bleeding.

an ulcer

Most ______ sources of protein provide all nine essential amino acids in amounts that support protein synthesis in the human body.

animal

The main sources of saturated fat in American diets are...

animal fats

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a byproduct formed by gut bacteria when they break down

animal proteins, such as red meat and organ meats.

types of food additives

antimicrobial agents antioxidants coloring/flavorings nutrients: enrichments and fortification radiation

which statement is false? Fats in food...

are low in calories compared to CHOs

Eating patterns that include a high intake of animal sources of protein ______ recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans or the American Heart Association.

are not

The microbial metabolism of fiber is used ______.

as energy for the cells that line the intestine

The microbial metabolism of fiber is used ______. Multiple choice question.

as energy for the cells that line the intestine

Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream...

as part of lipoproteins

which statement is false: a. ROS stands for reactive oxygen species b. ROS can be eliminated by good diet c. an older term for ROS is "free radicals" d. ROS probably contribute to aging and disease

b. ROS can be eliminated by good diet

which statement about direct and indirect antioxidant nutrients is false: a. indirect antioxidant nutrients can be prooxidants at high concentrations in the body b. all direct antioxidant nutrients are toxic at high concentrations in the diet c. indirect antioxidant nutrients activate antioxidant enzymes d. direct antioxidant nutrients quench free radicals without association with an enzyme

b. all direct antioxidant nutrients are toxic at high concentrations in the diet

which of the following does not raise blood cholesterol levels: a. high total body fat intake b. monounsaturated fats c. high dietary cholesterol d. high saturated fat intake

b. monounsaturated fats

The function of a protein is determined by the

proteins shape

which statement is true: a. nutrient density is a foods nutrient content relative to its carbohydrate content b. nutrient density is more important for low-calorie diets than for high-calorie diet c. foods that are nutrient-dense weigh less than those that are not d. high-calorie diets usually have higher nutrient density than low-calorie diets

b. nutrient density is more important for low-calorie diets than for high-calorie diet

Which statement is true? a. food poisoning is rare in America b. pesticides and additives in foods cause very few deaths each year c. low nutrient density of some foods is an advantage from the perspective of food safety d. Environmental contaminants like lead or mercury in food are of no concern in food safety

b. pesticides and additives in foods cause very few deaths each year

nutritional supplements could improve the health of a junk food enthusiast in all of the following ways except that such supplements could not: a. protect against osteoperosis b. reduce saturated fat content c. provide fiber d. provide omega-3 fat

b. reduce saturated fat content

Which of the following is not a function of copper? a. energy metabolism b. thyroid hormone action c. collagen synthesis d. antioxidant activity

b. thyroid hormone action

fat is used in the body for all of the following except: a. to cushion internal organs from physical shock b. to synthesize linoleic and linolenic acid c. to provide energy for exercising muscle d. to act as a storage depot for excess calories

b. to synthesize linoleic and linolenic acid

Which part of a wheat kernel is rich in nutrients and fiber?

bran

which part of a wheat kernel is rich in nutrients and fiber

bran

Leucine, isoleucine, and valine are examples of

branched-chain amino acids. essential amino acids.

dietary fat cause what kinds of cancers

breast, colon, prostate

The purpose of transfer RNA (tRNA) is to ______.

bring specific amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

Which statement about antioxidant nutrients is false? a. iron activates catalase b. selenium activates glutathione peroxidase GPx c. Magnesium activates superoxide dismutase SOD d. Vitamins A, C, and E are the direct antioxidant nutrients

c. Magnesium activates superoxide dismutase SOD

which statement about the DRIs is false? a. UL is aimed supplement toxicity b. EAR is the estimated average requirement c. RDA covers ~50% of individuals d. AI is for nutrients lacking an RDA

c. RDA covers ~50% of individuals

which of the following is not a specific criterion for evaluating claims about health? the claim should... a. predict results if changes are made b. be dose responsive c. be explainable by alternate theories d. be supported consistently by different scientific studies e. be coherent with existing knowledge

c. be explainable by alternate theories

which is false? if you skimp on fruits and vegetables, you're at risk for low intake of: a. fiber b. phytochemicals c. calories d. some vitamins & minerals

c. calories

which statement is false? vitamins and minerals... a. are reused by enzymes many times before being replaced b. are necessary for activity of many enzymes c. can be oxidized for energy during starvation d. are present at low concentration in body tissues

c. can be oxidized for energy during starvation

Which statement about energy expenditure EE is false? a. diet-induced thermogenesis represents a much smaller percentage of EE than basal metabolic rate BMR b. BMR represents basic housekeeping activities of cells and tissues c. exercise-induced thermogenesis is the least variable category of EE d. an example of adaptive thermogenesis is increased heat production in response to cold temperatures

c. exercise-induced thermogenesis is the least variable category of EE

Beneficial effects of moderate alcohol intake include all the following except: a. increased HDL cholesterol b. decreased risk of heart attack c. increased reproductive function d. enhanced social interaction and relaxation

c. increased reproductive function

Which statement is true? a. "Cofactor" refers to a vitamin that activates an enzyme b. "Coenzyme" refers to a mineral that activates an enzyme. c. some enzymes require more than one vitamin or mineral for activity d. all mineral and vitamin functions involve apo- to holo enzyme activation

c. some enzymes require more than one vitamin or mineral for activity

which statement about the USDA food pyramid is false? a. it is intended as a visual companion to the dietary guidelines b. the width of the pyramid at different heights indicates the number of servings per day c. the position of fats & oils at the pyramids top emphasizes that those are are the most beneficial food choices in your diet d. it is designed to emphasize proportion, moderation and variety

c. the position of fats & oils at the pyramids top emphasizes that those are are the most beneficial food choices in your diet

which statement is false? Cholesterol... a. is part of bile b. is the starting material for synthesis of sex hormones c. is part of the structure of all cell membranes d. cannot be made in the body

d. cannot be made in the body

which statement is false: a. humans can synthesize limited amounts of EPA & DHA b. enzymes that make eicosanoids can use either omega 3 or omega 6 precursors c. consuming EPA supplements can disrupt the proper balance of eicosanoids in the body d. different eicosanoids made from omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids have the same effects on blood vessel dilation

d. different eicosanoids made from omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids have the same effects on blood vessel dilation

Which statement about CHO is false? a. there is no RDA for CHO b. the storage form of CHO is glycogen. c. if necessary, you can go for weeks without CHO in your diet. d. fat can be converted into carbohydrate e. during a long fast, the brain is able to decrease its requirement for CHO by oxidizing ketone bodies

d. fat can be converted into carbohydrate

All obese individuals: a. have excessively efficient metabolism. b. consume excess dietary fat. c. are inactive. d. have been in positive energy balance. e. were over-weight as infants.

d. have been in positive energy balance

the dietary guidelines advocate all of the following except: a. eat adequate starch and fiber b. avoid excess sugar and sodium c. eat a variety of foods d. lose weight e. avoid excess fat intake

d. lose weight

Which of the following accounts for low intake of iron which is common in the US? a. blood loss from parasitic infections of the gut b. vegetarian diets c. malnutrition accompanied by inadequate iron intake d. low nutrient density for iron

d. low nutrient density for iron

Which statement about moderate alcohol intake is true? a. It has good effects on nutritional status b. it corresponds to 6-7 drinks per day c. it is bad for health d. many cultures of the world involve moderate alc intake

d. many cultures of the world involve moderate alc intake

The fat cell theory of obesity holds which of the following statements to be true? a. the number of fat cells decreases throughout adulthood b. fasting decreases the number of fat in an adult c. weight gain in adults occurs only by increasing the number of fat cells d. overfeeding early in life increases the total number of fat cells

d. overfeeding early in life increases the total number of fat cells

protein is used in the body for all of the following except: a. growth and development b. maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance c. maintenance of acid/base balance d. provision of calcium during a fast

d. provision of calcium during a fast

what is the connection between free radicals and ill-health? free radicals...

damage protein and lipids, leading to degenerative diseases

The AHA recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation to...

decrease saturated fat intake

advantages to breast feeding for mother

decreased stress levels, higher immune system, lose weight faster, decreased risk for ovarian and breast cancer

Following a plant-based diet ______ the production of TMAO by gut microbes.

decreases

Phytic acid, a constituent of plant fiber, ______ the absorption of zinc from foods.

decreases

calorie restriction without nutrient deficiencies probably evokes positive health effects by

decreasing total body ROS

People who have impaired fat absorption may be at risk for...

deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins

In order for amino acids to be available for absorption, proteins must be ______ during digestion.

denatured

Pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats

diastolic blood pressure

Which body system is responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food and the removal of waste?

digestive

Formed from the breakdown of triglycerides, a...consists of two fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone.

diglyceride

When small bulges or sacs form in the large intestine, the sacs are called

diverticula.

Irradiation of food differs from the other additives in that it....

does not involve addition of material to food

an experiment in which neither the subjects nor the investigators know which subjects belong to which group until after the experiment is over is called

double blind

Which of the following are plant sources of the mineral iron?

dried fruits and nuts legumes whole grains

A major source of fluoride in the American diet is

drinking water

Amino acids can be metabolized to provide energy, but this only occurs

during calorie restriction. during prolonged endurance exercise.

Which statement is false? Phytochemicals... a. have beneficial health effects in the body b. are non essential compounds in plant foods c. often function as antioxidants d. are toxic in low quantities to humans e. include carotenoids, flavonoids and phytosterols

e. include carotenoids, flavonoids and phytosterols

Examples of food sources that contain cholesterol

eggs, ice cream, and chicken

A major function of phospholipids in foods is to act as an...

emulsifier

the key to weight loss is

energy balance

Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

energy expended doing everyday activities not related to exercise

most human cancers are ______

environmental and 1/3 of those are linked to diet

studies of large populations that suggest correlations between diet and disease are ____ studies

epidemiological

Plant proteins do not match our need for ______ as precisely as animal proteins.

essential amino acids

Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are both

essential fatty acids.

someone makes the statement that eating fruit is the same as eating a candy bar. Your response would be that

fruits differ from candy bars in nutrient density and the sugars off fruits are diluted in large amount of water

The unique three-dimensional form of a protein dictates the of each protein.

function

40 kcal as ______ circulating in blood

glucose

Chromium plays a role in the metabolism of

glucose

Starch is a storage form of:

glucose

Selenium is a cofactor for

glutathione peroxidase

circulates back to the liver

glycerol

600 kcal is stored as _______

glycogen

to reduce your risks of developing cancer you would

have high intake of vegetables, fruits and grains

What is essential for immune system development and maintenance?

healthy gut microbiota

high levels of ____ are associated with low risk for heart attack

high density lipoprotein

which statement about dietary fat and cancer is false

high fat diets may promote cancers because they tend to be high in antioxidant nutrients

the dietary guidelines recommend choosing a diet low in fat because

high fat intake causes weight gain and cardiovascular disease

Amino acids are important in the synthesis of many ______ such as insulin and glucagon.

hormones

Nutrigenetics encompasses the study of

how genetic variations affect nutritional health.

milk output

human 750 mL a day cow 50,000 lb milk a year

fasting is the fasted route to weight loss :

humans are hormonally equipped to tolerate fasting, development of ketosis

....is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature.

hydrogenation

The phosphate heads of the phospholipids are..., whereas the fatty acid portions of the phospholipids are...

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Formed from the breakdown of triglycerides, a...consists of one fatty acid bound to a glycerol backbone.

monoglyceride

which of the following does not raise blood cholestrol levels

monosaturated fats

One carbon-carbon double bond

monounsaturated fatty acid

Stick margarine has...trans fatty acids than tub margarine

more

without sufficient carbohydrate, the brain relies on ____ for energy

muscle protein

If carbohydrate is inadequate, and a person is not getting enough calories, it is not unusual for amino acids from ______ to be converted to energy.

muscle tissue

Inadequate intake of essential amino acids may lead to

muscle wasting. impaired growth. slow production of body proteins.

which statement about protein synthesis is false

non-essential amino acids are not required for protein synthesis

An amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts is considered ______.

nonessential

Eleven of the twenty different amino acids that the body uses are considered ______.

nonessential

If we do not get an amino acid from the food we eat but our body is able to make it, it is considered a(n) ______amino acid.

nonessential

Metabolic efficiency relates to obesity in that

obese individuals may store more of the food they eat as fat than do lean individuals

many americans do not consume enough

omega 3 fatty acids

Reduced triglycerides, reduced blood clotting, and reduced pain from rheumatoid arthritis are benefits associated with intake of...

omega-3 fatty acids

Essential fatty acids; linolenic acid

omega-6

A body mass index of 28.7 is classified as...

overweight

In a chemical reaction, when a compound loses an electron, that compound has been...

oxidized

oils should be stored in tightly covered containers to

prevent rancidity, miinimize oxidative damage

The effects of fiber include all of the following

prevents constipation, reduces the risks of heart and artery disease, prevents hemorrhoids and diverticulosis

25,000 kcal is stored as_______

protein

For a person at a healthy weight, which macronutrient provides the least amount of energy during a day?

protein

Hormones and most enzymes are made o

protein

Slightly exceeding your needs for ______ may be beneficial when cutting calories to lose weight.

protein

What macronutrient provides the highest feeling of satiety?

protein

PEM

protein energy malnutrition

Which of the following occurs when the amount of protein consumed equals the amount of protein lost?

protein equilibrium

Almost all enzymes are ______.

proteins

All of the following are components that make up an amino acid except

sodium

All of the following are components that make up an amino acid except oxygen. carbon. sodium. hydrogen.

sodium

Most foods containing saturated fatty acids are...at room temperature

solid

What are some good food sources of phospholipids?

soy beans, peanuts, and organ meats

Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest ______.

starch

A compounds containing a multi-ring structure and a hydroxyl group is a...

sterol

aerobic exercise

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

Vitamin B12, folate and zinc all function in...

synthesis of DNA and RNA

Choose the outcomes of microbial metabolism.

synthesizes vitamin K and several B vitamins fuels the cells that line the intestine

the outcomes of microbial metabolism.

synthesizes vitamin K and several B vitamins fuels the cells that line the intestine

Pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with pumping of the blood from the heart

systolic blood pressure

which statement about non-essential amino acids is true

the body can synthesize them as needed

Which statement about non-essential amino acids is true?

the body can synthesize them as needed.

thermic effect of food

the body's speeded-up metabolism in response to having eaten a meal-10% of EE

To reduce pesticide residues in foods you should

wash fresh produce with water

Salt work as an antimicrobial agent by withdrawing __ from foods.

water

phospholipids have a

water soluble head and fat soluble tail

The most effective non-drug treatment for hypertension in most Americans is

weight loss

most nutrition experts believe that nutrients should be obtained from whole foods, not supplement, because

whole foods may contain health-promoting compounds not found in supplements