Nutrition lipids and proteins, Nutrition Lipids, Nutrition, Nutrition Practice Final
not a characteristic of the essential fatty acids
they are saturated fatty acids
Trigylcerides
three fatty acids and glycerol
Due to the risk of ______, it is best to get protein from food sources rather than supplements.
toxicities from a single amino acid imbalances in amino acids
To protect cardiovascular health, the Food and Nutrition Board recommends limiting intake of saturated and...fatty acids.
trans
The AHA recommends that Americans should limit daily...intake to no more than 1% of total calories.
trans fat
The purpose of the messenger RNA (mRNA) is to _____.
transfer the DNA code for a specific protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
True or false: During transcription, an mRNA copy of the DNA code moves out from the cell's nucleus into the cytoplasm, and to the ribosomes.
true
True or false: Final digestion of amino acid chains takes place in the small intestine.
true
True or false: If adequate amounts of essential amino acids are not consumed, a person's health will deteriorate.
true
True or false: Proteins serve in the regulation and maintenance of the human body by aiding in blood clotting, fluid balance, and visual processes.
true
good source of omega 3 fatty acids include
tuna, salmon, & shark
What are some food sources of EPA and DHA?
tuna, salmon, and sardines
Which os the following is the gold standard method for measuring body composition?
underwater weighting
An omega-3 fatty acid is....
unsaturated
which nutrients reflect the mothers intake
vA, vC, folcain, B vit, FA
cruciferous vegetables
vegetables of the cabbage family, including cabbage, broccoli, brussels sprouts, kale, and cauliflower; the flower petals of these plants form the shape of a cross, hence the name
Choose the substances that contain protein.
visual pigments mucus immune antibodies enzymes
methods of losing weight
weight loss diet, fasting, low CHO diets, very low calorie diets, exercise in weight control and gastric bypass surgery
A child with growth retardation, sexual immaturity and poor appetite is most likely ___________ deficient.
zinc
functions of phytochemicals
Act as antioxidants Decrease blood pressure and cholesterol Prevent cataracts Slowing or reversing certain cancers Decrease osteoporosis
Anemia, nerve damage, and mental dysfunction are all associated with a vitamin ______ deficiency.
B12
Lactose intolerance is common among all groups except
Caucasians
How may one detect whether or not hidden facts are in a food product?
Check the list of ingredients
phytochemicals
Chemicals in plant-based foods that are not nutrients but that have effects on the body.
Causes the carbon chain to bend
Cis fatty acid
Depression and stress likely contribute to the development of
IBS.
Which of the following are serious risks of untreated peptic ulcers?
Internal bleeding Infections
Which of the following is the term used to describe the dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more of the essential amino acids?
Lower-quality proteins
What class of lipids may serve as precursors for hormone synthesis?
Sterols
hunger
The physical need for food
Why are triglycerides ideal for fat storage?
They are energy dense. They are chemically stable.
Edema refers to
a buildup of fluid in extracellular spaces.
vitamin B12 is found only in
flesh foods
three nutrients underconsumed by many american women are
folic acid, calcium and iron
Which hazard is of highest importance in food safety, according to the FDA?
food poisoning
functional foods
foods that have a potentially beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied diet on a regular basis at effective levels: added as supplements
satiety
fullness or satisfaction
individuals who eat high fat diets have the greatest increased risk for
heart disease
Hypertension
high blood pressure
hypergylcemia
high blood sugar
hypercholestrol
high cholesterol
A vegetarian diet is usually
higher in dietary fiber than an omnivorous diet.
As a proportion of total protein intake, essential amino acid requirements of an infant are ______ those of an adult.
higher than
disease risks of positive energy balance
hypertension, diabetes, vascular diseases, breast/uterine cancer, kidney disease, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis
The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs is the
limiting amino acid.
many americans do not consume enough
linoleic acid
e ______ system is a regulatory system that centrally controls most body functions. Multiple choice question.
nervous
What is the main function of antioxidants?
neutralize free radicals
which of the following is not implicated in homocysteinemia
niacin
vitamin C blocks
nitrosamines
A(n) ______ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts. Multiple choice question.
nonessential
Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics are two branches of
nutritional genomics.
Which foods could a lactovegetarian choose for breakfast?
oatmeal with butter and brown sugar calcium-fortified orange juice yogurt with granola and blueberries
Which of the following are the two least important safety risks in foods?
pesticides and additives
A...is a type of lipid that contain a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphorous group.
phospholipid
forms lipid bilayer of cell membrane
phospholipid
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions
Current cholesterol-lowering medications act to
reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver. bind to cholesterol in the GI tract.
Contains 25% less cholesterol than the reference food and no more than 2 g saturated fat per serving
reduced cholesterol
anarobic respiration
respiration without oxygen
cholesterol adds
rigidity and stability to the cell membrane
High dietary consumption of...increases risk of cardiovascular disease.
saturated and trans fat
The theory that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of its own internal controls is referred to as the _____ theory.
set point
Chemical digestion of proteins takes place in the
small intestine. stomach.
other causes of cancer
smoking, radiation exposure, viral infections
Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest ______
starch
Where does the digestion of protein begin?
stomach
gastric bypass surgery
surgically makes the stomach smaller and causes food to bypass the first part of the small intestine only for obese with pending medical problems
What is the function of an emulsifier?
suspends fats in water
the focus of attention in nutrition has shifted recently from minimum needs to excess intake of all of the following except: a. omega 3 fatty acids b. some vitamins c. some minerals d. calories
d. calories
someone asks if reducing dietary cholestrol will reduce her chance of vascular disease. the best response is that
dietary cholestrol matters less than saturated fat
Very low calorie diets
diets with a daily caloric value of 400-700 calories. they must be medically supervised and can cause significant health risks like ketoacidosis or ketogenesis. if fasting continues, the body will turn to protein for energy, breaking down muscle and organ tissue
True or false: Protein synthesis is the process of altering the three-dimensional structure of a protein.
false
True or false: Proteins do not supply the body with energy.
false
True or false: The body links amino acids with peptide bonds to form lipids.
false
True or false: tRNA is responsible for transferring DNA from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm.
false
True or false: tRNA is responsible for transferring DNA from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm.
false, Reason: tRNA is responsible for bringing specific amino acids to the ribosomes as needed during protein synthesis.
A molecule with a long chain of carbons bonded together and flanked by hydrogens with an acid group on one end and a methyl group on the other end is called a
fatty acid.
What are the products of fat digestion in the small intestine?
fatty acids and monoglycerides
Which of the following are functions of protein? fluid balance production of enzymes and hormones primary source of fuel blood clotting
fluid balance production of enzymes and hormones blood clotting
Absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use
free fatty acid
High levels of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in the blood are linked to ______ risk for heart attack and stroke.
increased
the dietary goals for the united states recommend
increased consumption of foods with complex carbohydrates
orthorexia nervosa
is a proposed distinct eating disorder characterized by extreme or excessive preoccupation with eating food believed to be healthy. restrictive diet ritualized eating avoid fat, additives ect
An incomplete or lower-quality protein means that the food
is lacking one more essential amino acids.
To meet the RDA for protein, Americans need only to consume about 10% of their total calories from protein. However, the Food and Nutrition Board recommendations allow for 10% - 35% of total calories from protein because
it is easier to plan diets with palatable foods that people are used to eating.
...is a common example of a phospholipid.
lecithin
women usually have less capacity with alc because
less stomach alc deh'ase usually a smaller liver
categories of food poisoning
1) food borne infection Salmonella 2) food borne intoxication Botulism keep food hot/cold/clean
Fat digestion is rapid and thorough in the small intestine under what "right" circumstances?
1. Bile from the gallbladder is present 2. Lipase breaks triglycerides down to monoglycerides
What are the main functions of cholesterol?
1. Building block for bile acids 2. Helps form hormones 3. Provide structure to cells
Rank-ordered risks in foods (FDA)
1. Food poisoning 2. nutrient content 3. environmental contaminants 4. natural toxicants 5. pesticide residues 6. food additives
Put the steps of protein digestion in the correct order, from start (top) to finish (bottom).
1. Partially digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine 2. partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK 3. CCK causes the pancreas to release protein-splitting enzymes 4. peptides are broken into single amino acids
What statements are true about sterols?
1. They contain a multi-ring structure 2. Cholesterol is a common example 3. They can be produced by the body
What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?
1. To insulate and protect the body 2. To provide energy 3. To aid in transport of fat soluble vitamins
Compared to margarine, butter is...
1. higher in saturated fat 2. higher in cholesterol
How many amino acids are considered essential?
9
Of the 20 different amino acids that the body uses to function_____ are considered essential.
9
Fat
9 kcal/g
proteins
Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues
A vegan can get zinc from which of the following foods?
Nuts Whole grains Legumes
Decrease blood clotting and inflammation
Omega-3
Essential fatty acids; alpha-linolenic acid
Omega-3
Increase blood clotting and inflammation
Omega-6
Nonessential fatty acid
Omega-9
antioxidants
Organic molecules that help protect the body from harmful chemicals called free radicals -vC, vE -BHA, BHT -sulfites
For several months, Clayton has been experiencing gnawing pain in his abdomen about 2 hours after eating. This morning, he felt ill and vomited what looked like coffee grounds. Which of the following is a likely explanation for his condition? Multiple choice question.
Peptic ulcer
....is a cholesterol-rich substance deposited in the blood vessels.
Plaque
A(n) ______ amino acid is the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs and limits the amount of protein a body can synthesize.
limiting
Methods of measuring body fat and their problems:
Underwater(need a pool and compliant subject), Skinfolds(fat on arm may not represent total fat)
carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells
VLDL
Which of the following lipoproteins arise from the liver?
VLDL, LDL, and HDL
Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?
linoleic acid alpha-linolenic acid
the essential fatty acids include
linoleic acid and linolenic acid
The enzyme...plays an important role in fat digestion.
lipase
The gastric...enzyme released in the stomach acts primarily on trigylcerides that have fatty acids with short-chain lengths.
lipase
cholesterol is a type of
lipid
Due to their high energy density (9 kcal per gram) ______ are the ideal form of energy storage for the body.
lipids
Some margarine spreads that contain plant sterols may...
lower blood cholesterol
how should you work to prevent cancer
lower fat intake maintain body weight increase fruits and veggies increase whole grains limit EtOh intake limit smoked foods (nitrosamines)
Significant undernourishment that leads to wasting away in children and infants is termed ______.
marasmus
the best source of high quality protein would be
meats and dairy products
The majority of GI problems can be controlled with ______.
medical treatment proper nutrition lowering risk factors
common features of cell
membrane cytoplasm organelles
If you are overweight you have a high risks for ______
metabolic syndrome
The starch-digesting enzyme, amylase, is produced by the ______ and ______.
pancreas salivary glands
The acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in
partially digesting protein. making dietary minerals soluble. activating some digestive enzymes.
Carotene-rich vegetables
Vegetable that contain high amounts of carotene, a form of vitamin A. examples include, yellow-, orange- and red- coloured vegetables, as well as some green leafy vegetables.
Lower-quality (incomplete) proteins are dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more essential
amino acids.
The different amino acids do not vary in their..
amino group acid group
the different amino acids do not vary in their
amino groups and acid groups
The chemical breakdown of starch that occurs in the mouth is due to the enzyme action of
amylase.
lactose intolerance is common among all groups except
caucasians
very high fiber diets may
cause mineral deficiencies
except for red blood cells all _____ contain mitochondria
cells
which of the following would you recommend for a person with lactose intolerance
cheese and yogurt
anitmicrobial agents
chemicals that destroy or suppress the growth of infectious organisms -common: sugar, salt nitrates
Which fat is used to make bile acids?
cholesterol
No more than 2mg of cholesterol per serving
cholesterol free
Carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cell
chylomicron
removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids
chylomicron remnant
in general, the b vitamins act as
coenzymes
what are the advantages to a breast fed child
colostrum has immunoglobulins, optimal food through 6 months, cant over feed, bonding
A weight loss diet should
provide CHO, provide protein, mobilize triglyceride stores, incorporate exercise
weight loss regimens should:
provide enough protein to prevent muscle wasting
How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?
pump ions into and out of cells serve as buffers that resist changes in pH
Sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium and potassium all function in....
regulation of blood pressure
Once in the cytoplasm, the mRNA travels to the ______ where the mRNA code is read and translated to produce a specific protein.
ribosomes
Compared to plant oils, animal sources of fat are typically higher in
saturated fat and cholesterol
Travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver
short and medium-chain fatty acids
What is the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in protein digestion?
signals the pancreas to release digestive enzymes.
Proteins help regulate the acid-base balance by pumping chemical ions in and out of the cells to keep the blood ______.
slightly alkaline
Chylomicrons are produced in the
small intestine
Nutritional genomics explores
the effects of the gene code on nutritional health. the effects of nutritional health on genetic expression.
Surgical removal of fat is an ineffective weight loss method because:
the fat tissue often grows back
The "3n9, 12, 15" in linolenic acid's chemical designation of C18:3n9, 12, 15 indicates:
the number of double bonds and the position of the double bonds
The "3n9,12,15" in linolenic acid's chemical designation of C18:3n9,12,15 indicates
the number of double bonds and the position of the double bonds
appetite
the psychological desire for food
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting
positive energy balance
the state in which energy intake is greater than energy expended, generally resulting in weight gain
negative energy balance
the state in which energy intake is less than energy expended, resulting in weight loss
liposuction (suction-assisted lipectomy)
the surgical removal of fat beneath the skin with the aid of suction, does not work.
Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on...
the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration
the eight foods that account for 90% of food-related allergies.
tree nuts shellfish wheat milk fish peanuts soy eggs
major form of lipid in food and in the body
triglyceride
Due to their high energy density...are the ideal form of energy storage for the body.
triglycerides
Megadoses of nicotinic acid, a form of a B vitamin, can lower
triglycerides.
True or false: Adults need only about 11% of their total protein requirement to be supplied by essential amino acids.
true
Treatment for mild constipation includes
consuming additional fluid. engaging in physical activity.
which statement about artificial sweeteners is true
cyclamates are banned in the US
Which statement about protein synthesis is false? . Amino acids linked together during protein synthesis come from the diet as well as from degradation of body proteins. b. mRNA controls the order in which amino acids are added to new protein. c. During transcription, mRNA is synthesized from DNA. d. Non-essential amino acids are not required for protein synthesis.
d
Obesity in the U.S. is increasing rapidly in the last decade because we have: a. decreased fruit consumption b. increased food consumption c. decreased exercise d. B and C
d. B and C
plant foods have ______-
natural pesticides that repel insects
Which nutrient plays a vital role in keeping the body healthy by forming important structures in the body, making up a key part of the blood, helping regulate many body functions, and fueling body cells?
proteins
LBM
(lean body mass)
prolonged exercise
- ACTH, cortisol, and GH released - increased protein breakdown in muscle - increased breakdown of fat
Gynoid (pear shape)
- More fat around hips and thighs - Usually in women - Decrease health risk but hard to lose weight at arthritis risk
android (apple shape)
- More fat in the middle - Mostly men - Increased health risk
the dietary guideline recommend choosing a diet high in vegetables, fruits and grains because those food items are
- high in antioxidant nutrients - low in saturated fat - high in phytochemicals
an essential nutrient
- is necessary for proper functioning of the body - cannot be made in the body from other nutrients
if vegetable are full of potentially carcinogenic compounds, why do they promote good health
-because the nitrites in vegetables are health promoting -because vegetables also contain potent anti-carcinogenic nutrients
the direct vs indirect antioxidant nutrients are similar in that they
-function to minimize ROS formation or to maximize ROS conversion to non-toxic forms -are micronutrients -function to minimize risk of vascular disease and some cancers
low CHO diets
-limit CHO to 50-100 g/day -encourage protein consumption for satiety -not effective long term -calorie intake more important of macronutrient intake -lean protein intake important -cause weight loss and improve lipids/BP -outperformed low fat
the essential fatty acids include
-linoleic acid -linolenic acid
In the early stages of exercise
1st five min: muscle needs 3 things to work: 1. oxygen to oxidize fuel molecules 2. glucose most from muscle 3. fatty acids most from AT some from muscle hormone release: epinephrine and norepinephrine 1. release of glucose and fatty acids from liver and AT use of glucose vs fatty acids initially mostly glucose but after five minutes it switches to fatty acids which conserves glucose stores and in trained athletes who muscles have increased levels of enzymes
The New American Plate is an educational tool developed by the American Institute for Cancer Research. The New American Plate model recommends that ______ of your plate be filled with plant-based foods like fruits, vegetables, or grains, and that ______ of your plate be filled with meat, fish, poultry, or low-fat dairy.
2/3 (or more); 1/3 (or less)
1 lb of fat = ______ kcals
3,500 kcal
metabolic syndrome
A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or more of a group of factors (as high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, and high fasting levels of blood sugar) that are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes.
What two chemical groups are found at the end of either side of the fatty-acid carbon chain?
An acid group (COOH) and a methyl group (CH3)
What are some health problems associated with a vitamin B-12 deficiency?
Anemia Mental dysfunction Nerve damage
______ involves a buildup of excess fluid in tissues.
Edema
causes of obesity
Behavioral causes are primary and metabolic causes are secondary
At one end of a fatty acid (the alpha end) is an group______, and the other end (omega end) has a _______group.
Blank 1: acid Blank 2: methyl
Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acid similar?
Both contain a straight molecular structure
Bone is made up of
Calcium, phosphorus, and collagen fibers
It is the role of_____ located in a cell's nucleus, to store the instructions for protein synthesis.
DNA, chromosomes, or deoxyribonucleic acid
physical inactivity
Disregulates food intake decreases EE
Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?
Do not readily dissolve in water
Which of the following cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and must be included in the diet?
Essential amino acid
Enzyme Theory of Obesity
Excess fat storage stems from an increased concentration of lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that enables fat cells to store triglycerides.
True or false: Amino acid absorption is unrelated to protein denaturation.
False
True or false: The presence of proteins in the blood causes edema.
False
true or false: The storage capacity for nutrients is similar for all nutrients.
False
Which of the following are true statements about diverticular disease?
It occurs when the inner layer of the large intestine protrude outward forming small pouches called diverticula. It is a common GI problem that affects about half of adults over age 60 years. The presence of diverticula is called diverticulosis.
What are the best ways to prevent gastrointestinal problems?
Maintain a healthy weight. Meet the recommendations for fiber and fluid intake. Do not overuse NSAID medications. Avoid tobacco.
National Weight Control Registry (NWCR)
Monitors people who have lost 30 lb and have maintained that weight loss for at least a year.
Which of the following are signs and symptoms that could indicate a peptic ulcer? Nausea and vomiting Unexpected weight loss Bright red streaks in the feces Stomach pain about 2 hours after eating
Nausea and vomiting Unexpected weight loss Stomach pain about 2 hours after eating
What happens to protein synthesis when one essential amino acid is in short supply?
Protein synthesis halts when the supply of the limiting amino acid has been depleted.
aerobic respiration
Respiration that requires oxygen
manganese, zinc and copper are cofactors for
SOD
Contains no carbon-carbon double bonds
Saturated fatty acids
Compared to regular margarine, reduced-fat margarine contributes less fat and total calories to the diet because..
Some of the fat has been replaced by water
Which of the following are true about complete protein sources? Multiple select question. They supply all nine essential amino acids. Most foods of plant origin are sources of complete protein. Complete proteins are sometimes called "low-quality" proteins. Most foods of animal origin are sources of complete protein.
They supply all nine essential amino acids. Most foods of animal origin are sources of complete protein.
...fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely reassemble the structure of...fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during the process.
Trans Saturated
Allows the carbon chain to remain straighter
Trans fatty acid
What happens to a food product when it becomes hydrogenated?
Trans fatty acid content is increased. The molecular shape of the fats in the food resembles saturated fats.
Intact proteins are ______ absorbed from the digestive tract.
rarely
which of the following is one of the most powerful research tools in nutrition research: a. double-blind placebo-controlled studies b. epidemiological studies c. anecdotal studies d. correlation studies
a. double-blind placebo-controlled studies
which statement about fluoride is true: a. it hardens the structure of teeth and bones b. it is a cofactor for enzyme of energy metabolism c. deficiency may aggravate scurvy d. it has been proven to be essential in humans
a. it hardens the structure of teeth and bones
which statement is true? calorie restriction without nutrient deficiency: a. may extend lifespan b. increase ROS in tissue' c. may increase risk for conditions like cancer and heart disease d. is desirable for all americans
a. may extend lifespan
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise electrolyte problems mottled teeth from stomach acid easier to treat than anorexia
the cell membrane is not
an organelle
why does food go bad
bacteria, fungi, or other micro-organisms reproduce within the food, fats oxidise causing rancidity, visual deterioration can be caused by enzymatic browning -microbes -benignly from oxidation
What helps to maintain body fluid balance?
blood proteins
Measurement of body density is part of assessment of
body composition
which of the following is most related to Type 2 diabetes
body fatness
Rapid changes in weight during dieting are most likely the result of changes in:
body fluid content
which statement about vitamin/mineral supplements is false: a. oral contraceptive users may need extra folic acid b. house bound individuals may need supplemental vit D c. vegans may need supplements of B6 and copper d. new-born babies often need a supplement of vitamin K
c. vegans may need supplements of B6 and copper
Children following a vegan or vegetarian diet may be at risk for deficiencies of
calcium. vitamin D. iron. vitamin B-12.
The best eating plan for weight loss is one that:
can be practiced throughout life
excess fat in the diet can cause
cancer
Cholesterol
cannot be made in the body
The leading cause of death among North American adults is
cardiovascular disease
Eating two or more incomplete proteins together forms a protein—a protein that then contains all the essential amino acids.
complementary or complete
Phytochemicals are
compounds in fruits and vegetables that may have beneficial health effects
Protein synthesis takes place in the
cytoplasm
Which statement about basal metabolic rate BMR is correct? a. the more adipose tissue, the higher the BMI b. fever lowers BMR c. pregnancy lowers BMR d. the more thyroxine (or thyroid hormone) the higher the BMR
d. the more thyroxine (or thyroid hormone) the higher the BMR
Excess body fatness is associated with an increased risk of the following except: a. heart disease b. diabetes c. hypertension d. ulcers
d. ulcers
which of the following is true? Aerobic exercise helps in a weight-loss regimen because it... a. helps regulate hunger b. burns more calories than dieting. c. burns stored carbohydrates rather than fat e. A and D
e. A and D
Iron functions: a. as a cofactor in ATP production during oxidation of macronutrients b. in transport of oxygen to tissues c. as a prooxidant at high concentrations in tissues d. as an indirect antioxidant e. all of the above
e. all of the above
what prevents cancer
eating fruits and veggies with phytochemicals
hen body parts fill with fluid, this causes
edema
which statement about sugar and disease is false -sugar causes dental caries -sugar has not been shown to cause hyperactivity in children -excess sugar intake causes diabetes by straining the pancreas -sugar itself does not cause heart attack -sugar is not toxic
excess sugar intake causes diabetes by straining the pancreas
calorie restriction can
extend life (30%)
John has been overweight for many years. He tends to eat when he is not really hungry and eats more food when angry or depressed. Which of the following theories could explain his problem of overweight?
external cue theory
True or false: Amino acid absorption is unrelated to protein denaturation.
false
True or false: Amino acids are formed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen.
false
True or false: DNA does not play a vital role in protein synthesis.
false
True or false: Essential amino acids are also known as dispensable amino acids.
false
True or false: Most enzymes are lipids.
false
Health risks associated with deficient body fat include all of the following except: increased risk a. during hospitalization b. of developing hypertension c. for individuals fighting a wasting disease d. of death during famine
increased risk of developing hypertension
overweight and obesity is _____
increasing rapidly in American and the whole world. Half of adults are overweight and one third are obese. 20% of children are obese and Colorado is catching up
Another term to describe essential amino acids is ______.
indispensable
It is uncommon for intact proteins to be absorbed from the digestive tract except in _____.
infants
brown BAT vs white fat WAT
infants: BAT between shoulders for heat, Adults: lower body fat in BAT but may block weight gain by burning off kcal
It is difficult to pinpoint the exact cause of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but some possible causes include
inflammatory responses. alteration of hormones that regulate the movement of food through the GI tract. depression and stress.
anarobic exercise
intense short bursts of activity in which the muscles work so hard that they produce energy without using oxygen
Vitamin C helps with the absorption of
iron
The pain related to GERD is due to
irritation of the esophagus by stomach acid.
What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?
lipoprotein lipase
Foods high in monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats are typically...at room temperature.
liquid
effects of drinking
liver-cirrhosis, fat accumulation brain- poor reasoning, muscle (skeletal than breathing/heart) heavy drinking kills brain cells depressed ADH gut-impairs vitamin absorbtion and ulcers, cancers of mouth throat and rectum blocks abosrbtion of B1,FA,B12,Zn blocks metabolism of B6, vA, vD pregnancy: fetal alc sydndrome
reformed into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system
long-chain fatty acid
The majority of fatty acids consumed in the diet are...
long-chain fatty acids
No more than 20mg of cholesterol and no more than 2 g of saturated fat per serving
low cholesterol
Oils from vegetables and fish tend to be rich sources of
polyunsaturated fats
Two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
polyunsaturated fatty acid
Mitoschondria
powe plants, responsible for converting the chemical energy into carbohydrates, protein, and alc from foods to energy
the main emphasis of nutrition in relation to disease is to
prevent degenerative diseases later in life
the effects of fiber include all but
promotes weight gain
enrichment of grain products
improves the nutritional quality of white flour
What is the RDA for protein?
0.8 grams/kg
colorings/flavorings
-generally benign -some people are sensitive
when there is a surplus of amino acids and energy-yielding nutrients, the body
-removes and excretes the amino group -converts them to fat for storage
protein-rich foods can contribute to obesity when
-there is a surplus of amino acids -there is a surplus of energy-yielding nutrients
how would you respond to someone who states that white bread is just as nutritious as whole wheat bread
-whole wheat bread is preferable because it contains nutrients not added to white bread -whole wheat bread is higher in fiber content than white bread
Of the 20 different amino acids the body uses to function, are considered nonessential?
11
average body fat % for men _______ for women_____.
15% for men 25% for women
BMI: cutoffs are ____ for underweight, ____ for normal weight, and _____ for overweight
18.5, 25.0, 30.0
absorbtion of alcohol
20% directly across stomach wall, food in stomach slows egress, liver, gut, stomach
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution range set by the Food and Nutrition Board for lipids is ..% to ...% of kilocalories.
20-35
If I am interested in losing weight, my protein intake should be ______ of the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.
25%-35%
what is moderate drinking
3/d for men, 2/d for women may be beneficial just 7 kcal per g
fat intake should be less than ____ of total calories
30%
Proteins supply the body with about _____kilocalories per gram.
4
Proteins, while not typically used for supplying daily calorie needs, can supply the body with ______ kcal per gram.
4
CHO
4 kcal/g
The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that at least ...% of total calories come from essential fatty acids.
5
The typical diet provides about ______ percent of protein as essential amino acids, when only 11 percent is required.
50
Gabriel weighs 70 kilograms. Calculate his recommended daily intake for protein.
56 grams
Henry is a healthy 21-year-old college student who weighs 180 pounds. Calculate his protein needs based on the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein.
66 grams
Leptin
A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite.
cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
How do you convert a liquid oil to a solid fat at room temperature?
Add hydrogens to the liquid fat (hydrogenation).
How do you convert a liquid oil to a solid fat at room temperature?
Add hydrogens to the the liquid fat (hydrogenation)
Which of the following individuals requires positive protein balance? Multiple select question. Young adult with sedentary lifestyle Adolescent boy during growth spurt Older adult recovering from an illness Middle-aged adult recovering from an injury
Adolescent boy during growth spurt Older adult recovering from an illness Middle-aged adult recovering from an injury
What do vitamins B6, B12, Copper, Folic Acid and Iron have in common?
All cause anemias if deficient in the diet
Waxy lipid found in all body cells
Cholesterol
How does lactation occur?
During lactation, milk is secreted by alveolar cells, which are under the influence of the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin. Milk ejection from the ductile system occurs in response to the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary. The suckling of the infant provides the stimulus for milk ejection. Suckling produces feedback to the hypothalamus, stimulating the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells lining the alveoli and ejection of milk into the ductal system.
exercise induced thermogenesis
EPA Energy of Physical Activity
Which of the following occurs with inadequate consumption of protein?
Edema can develop. Immune function is impaired. Blood protein concentration decreases.
radiation
Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles. types used: x ray, gamma ray, beta rays -kills all microbes -none safety wise, kills some flavors like milk URP
behavior causes of obesity
Environmental vs metabolic cues obese/overweight respond to inappropriate environmental cure, not to appropriate metabolic cues
antioxidant nutrients
Free radicals=ROS damage Lipids. proteins, DNA, CHO Direct:vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene Indirect: Se, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn
Which of the following are examples of legumes?
Garden peas Peanuts Lentils
contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and excretion from the body
HDL
In terms of HDL and LDL levels, risk for development of cardiovascular disease increases when...levels are low and...levels are high in the bloodstream.
HDL LDL
which of the following are serious risks of untreated peptic ulcers? Hemorrhoids Infections Gallstones Internal bleeding
Infections Internal bleeding
What does it mean when a fatty acid is considered essential?
It must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health
Which of the following are true statements about diverticular disease?
It occurs when the inner layer of the large intestine protrude outward forming small pouches called diverticula. The presence of diverticula is called diverticulosis. It is a common GI problem that affects about half of adults over age 60 years.
______ is known as "the disease the first child gets when the new child comes."
Kwashiorkor
Which lipoprotein can be taken up by scavenger cells, leading to a buildup of cholesterol in the blood vessels?
LDL
carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells
LDL
Which of the following are examples of branched-chain amino acids? Leucine Isoleucine Histidine Valine
Leucine Isoleucine Valine
fat digestion
Lipase enzymes cleave free fatty acids off of trigylcerides
Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.
Lipids
which of the following nutrients can be broken down to yield energy? Lipids Minerals Proteins Carbohydrates Vitamins
Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates
______-density lipoprotein is considered the "bad" cholesterol.
Low
Exercise in weight control
Lower ghrelin during aerobic and resistance exercise Elevated peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) after aerobic exercise Reported reduced feelings of hunger after aerobic and resistance exercise increase BMR Help regulate appetite control stress promote sleep promote self esteem and well being
T or F food additives are not carciogenic in humans
T
set point theory of weight
The concept that each individual has an ideal biological weight that cannot be greatly modified.
Gluconeogenesis
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids.
How would you respond to someone who states that white bread is just as nutritious as whole wheat bread?
Whole wheat bread is preferable because it contains nutrients not added to white bread, whole wheat bread is higher in fiber content than white bread
A long-chain fatty acid is defined as...
a fatty acid that contains 12 or more carbons in length
what is the cell membrane
a lipid bilayer
which statement is false? fats in food... a. are low in calories compared to carbohydrates b. provide essential fatty acids c. carry fat soluble vitamins d contribute positively to taste and smell
a. are low in calories compared to carbohydrates
Which statement is true? a. breast size has little to do with lactation capacity b. drinking milk is necessary for optimal lactation c. pregnancy and lactation increase the requirements for most nutrients by 2-3 times d. lactating women have to pay careful attention to calorie intake to adjust their milk output to the demands of a nursing baby
a. breast size has little to do with lactation capacity
Which is false? Uncoupling proteins... a. cause skeletal muscle dysfunction during exercise. b. disconnect food oxidation from ATP formation. c. are present in hibernating rodents as well as humans. d. may prevent individuals from gaining weight.
a. cause skeletal muscle dysfunction during exercise.
Absorption of iron from plant foods is improved by the presence in the meal of a. orange juice b. tea c. bread d. milk
a. orange juice
which of the following is not a direct antioxidant: a. selenium b. ascorbic acid c. vitamin E d. beta-carotene
a. selenium
which statement is false: a. the AI for calcium is 2500mg/day b. the RDA for folic acid is 400 ug/day c. these nutrients are commonly underconsumed d. underconsumption of these nutrients is more common in women than men
a. the AI for calcium is 2500mg/day
which statement about 'other trace minerals' is true? a. they have many cofactor roles in enzyme function. b. they have all been shown to be essential in humans. c. the RDAs are established d. they are non toxic
a. they have many cofactor roles in enzyme function.
The _____ in gastric juice destroys the biological activity of proteins, converts inactive digestive enzymes to their active form, partially digests food protein, and makes dietary minerals soluble so that they can be absorbed.
acid
benefits of moderate drinking
alcohol beverages offer pharmacological benefits, especially to people at elevated risk of heart disease, it increases the good (HDL) cholesterol
Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?
alpha-linolenic acid and linolenic acid
physiology of mammary glands
alveoli, sinus, lumen, epithelial cells, suckling response
Fill in the blank question. Proteins are made up of one or more long chains of
amino acids
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves compulsive behavior deranged self image self denial increased failure rate for recovery without. pysc help PEM LBM protein used for gluconeogensis
beta-carotene
an orange vegetable pigment that the body can change into the active form of vitamin a, one of the antioxidant nutrients
If left untreated, ______ can erode through the lining of the small intestine, causing a severe infection and internal bleeding.
an ulcer
Most ______ sources of protein provide all nine essential amino acids in amounts that support protein synthesis in the human body.
animal
The main sources of saturated fat in American diets are...
animal fats
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a byproduct formed by gut bacteria when they break down
animal proteins, such as red meat and organ meats.
types of food additives
antimicrobial agents antioxidants coloring/flavorings nutrients: enrichments and fortification radiation
which statement is false? Fats in food...
are low in calories compared to CHOs
Eating patterns that include a high intake of animal sources of protein ______ recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans or the American Heart Association.
are not
The microbial metabolism of fiber is used ______.
as energy for the cells that line the intestine
The microbial metabolism of fiber is used ______. Multiple choice question.
as energy for the cells that line the intestine
Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream...
as part of lipoproteins
which statement is false: a. ROS stands for reactive oxygen species b. ROS can be eliminated by good diet c. an older term for ROS is "free radicals" d. ROS probably contribute to aging and disease
b. ROS can be eliminated by good diet
which statement about direct and indirect antioxidant nutrients is false: a. indirect antioxidant nutrients can be prooxidants at high concentrations in the body b. all direct antioxidant nutrients are toxic at high concentrations in the diet c. indirect antioxidant nutrients activate antioxidant enzymes d. direct antioxidant nutrients quench free radicals without association with an enzyme
b. all direct antioxidant nutrients are toxic at high concentrations in the diet
which of the following does not raise blood cholesterol levels: a. high total body fat intake b. monounsaturated fats c. high dietary cholesterol d. high saturated fat intake
b. monounsaturated fats
The function of a protein is determined by the
proteins shape
which statement is true: a. nutrient density is a foods nutrient content relative to its carbohydrate content b. nutrient density is more important for low-calorie diets than for high-calorie diet c. foods that are nutrient-dense weigh less than those that are not d. high-calorie diets usually have higher nutrient density than low-calorie diets
b. nutrient density is more important for low-calorie diets than for high-calorie diet
Which statement is true? a. food poisoning is rare in America b. pesticides and additives in foods cause very few deaths each year c. low nutrient density of some foods is an advantage from the perspective of food safety d. Environmental contaminants like lead or mercury in food are of no concern in food safety
b. pesticides and additives in foods cause very few deaths each year
nutritional supplements could improve the health of a junk food enthusiast in all of the following ways except that such supplements could not: a. protect against osteoperosis b. reduce saturated fat content c. provide fiber d. provide omega-3 fat
b. reduce saturated fat content
Which of the following is not a function of copper? a. energy metabolism b. thyroid hormone action c. collagen synthesis d. antioxidant activity
b. thyroid hormone action
fat is used in the body for all of the following except: a. to cushion internal organs from physical shock b. to synthesize linoleic and linolenic acid c. to provide energy for exercising muscle d. to act as a storage depot for excess calories
b. to synthesize linoleic and linolenic acid
Which part of a wheat kernel is rich in nutrients and fiber?
bran
which part of a wheat kernel is rich in nutrients and fiber
bran
Leucine, isoleucine, and valine are examples of
branched-chain amino acids. essential amino acids.
dietary fat cause what kinds of cancers
breast, colon, prostate
The purpose of transfer RNA (tRNA) is to ______.
bring specific amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
Which statement about antioxidant nutrients is false? a. iron activates catalase b. selenium activates glutathione peroxidase GPx c. Magnesium activates superoxide dismutase SOD d. Vitamins A, C, and E are the direct antioxidant nutrients
c. Magnesium activates superoxide dismutase SOD
which statement about the DRIs is false? a. UL is aimed supplement toxicity b. EAR is the estimated average requirement c. RDA covers ~50% of individuals d. AI is for nutrients lacking an RDA
c. RDA covers ~50% of individuals
which of the following is not a specific criterion for evaluating claims about health? the claim should... a. predict results if changes are made b. be dose responsive c. be explainable by alternate theories d. be supported consistently by different scientific studies e. be coherent with existing knowledge
c. be explainable by alternate theories
which is false? if you skimp on fruits and vegetables, you're at risk for low intake of: a. fiber b. phytochemicals c. calories d. some vitamins & minerals
c. calories
which statement is false? vitamins and minerals... a. are reused by enzymes many times before being replaced b. are necessary for activity of many enzymes c. can be oxidized for energy during starvation d. are present at low concentration in body tissues
c. can be oxidized for energy during starvation
Which statement about energy expenditure EE is false? a. diet-induced thermogenesis represents a much smaller percentage of EE than basal metabolic rate BMR b. BMR represents basic housekeeping activities of cells and tissues c. exercise-induced thermogenesis is the least variable category of EE d. an example of adaptive thermogenesis is increased heat production in response to cold temperatures
c. exercise-induced thermogenesis is the least variable category of EE
Beneficial effects of moderate alcohol intake include all the following except: a. increased HDL cholesterol b. decreased risk of heart attack c. increased reproductive function d. enhanced social interaction and relaxation
c. increased reproductive function
Which statement is true? a. "Cofactor" refers to a vitamin that activates an enzyme b. "Coenzyme" refers to a mineral that activates an enzyme. c. some enzymes require more than one vitamin or mineral for activity d. all mineral and vitamin functions involve apo- to holo enzyme activation
c. some enzymes require more than one vitamin or mineral for activity
which statement about the USDA food pyramid is false? a. it is intended as a visual companion to the dietary guidelines b. the width of the pyramid at different heights indicates the number of servings per day c. the position of fats & oils at the pyramids top emphasizes that those are are the most beneficial food choices in your diet d. it is designed to emphasize proportion, moderation and variety
c. the position of fats & oils at the pyramids top emphasizes that those are are the most beneficial food choices in your diet
which statement is false? Cholesterol... a. is part of bile b. is the starting material for synthesis of sex hormones c. is part of the structure of all cell membranes d. cannot be made in the body
d. cannot be made in the body
which statement is false: a. humans can synthesize limited amounts of EPA & DHA b. enzymes that make eicosanoids can use either omega 3 or omega 6 precursors c. consuming EPA supplements can disrupt the proper balance of eicosanoids in the body d. different eicosanoids made from omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids have the same effects on blood vessel dilation
d. different eicosanoids made from omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids have the same effects on blood vessel dilation
Which statement about CHO is false? a. there is no RDA for CHO b. the storage form of CHO is glycogen. c. if necessary, you can go for weeks without CHO in your diet. d. fat can be converted into carbohydrate e. during a long fast, the brain is able to decrease its requirement for CHO by oxidizing ketone bodies
d. fat can be converted into carbohydrate
All obese individuals: a. have excessively efficient metabolism. b. consume excess dietary fat. c. are inactive. d. have been in positive energy balance. e. were over-weight as infants.
d. have been in positive energy balance
the dietary guidelines advocate all of the following except: a. eat adequate starch and fiber b. avoid excess sugar and sodium c. eat a variety of foods d. lose weight e. avoid excess fat intake
d. lose weight
Which of the following accounts for low intake of iron which is common in the US? a. blood loss from parasitic infections of the gut b. vegetarian diets c. malnutrition accompanied by inadequate iron intake d. low nutrient density for iron
d. low nutrient density for iron
Which statement about moderate alcohol intake is true? a. It has good effects on nutritional status b. it corresponds to 6-7 drinks per day c. it is bad for health d. many cultures of the world involve moderate alc intake
d. many cultures of the world involve moderate alc intake
The fat cell theory of obesity holds which of the following statements to be true? a. the number of fat cells decreases throughout adulthood b. fasting decreases the number of fat in an adult c. weight gain in adults occurs only by increasing the number of fat cells d. overfeeding early in life increases the total number of fat cells
d. overfeeding early in life increases the total number of fat cells
protein is used in the body for all of the following except: a. growth and development b. maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance c. maintenance of acid/base balance d. provision of calcium during a fast
d. provision of calcium during a fast
what is the connection between free radicals and ill-health? free radicals...
damage protein and lipids, leading to degenerative diseases
The AHA recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation to...
decrease saturated fat intake
advantages to breast feeding for mother
decreased stress levels, higher immune system, lose weight faster, decreased risk for ovarian and breast cancer
Following a plant-based diet ______ the production of TMAO by gut microbes.
decreases
Phytic acid, a constituent of plant fiber, ______ the absorption of zinc from foods.
decreases
calorie restriction without nutrient deficiencies probably evokes positive health effects by
decreasing total body ROS
People who have impaired fat absorption may be at risk for...
deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins
In order for amino acids to be available for absorption, proteins must be ______ during digestion.
denatured
Pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats
diastolic blood pressure
Which body system is responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food and the removal of waste?
digestive
Formed from the breakdown of triglycerides, a...consists of two fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone.
diglyceride
When small bulges or sacs form in the large intestine, the sacs are called
diverticula.
Irradiation of food differs from the other additives in that it....
does not involve addition of material to food
an experiment in which neither the subjects nor the investigators know which subjects belong to which group until after the experiment is over is called
double blind
Which of the following are plant sources of the mineral iron?
dried fruits and nuts legumes whole grains
A major source of fluoride in the American diet is
drinking water
Amino acids can be metabolized to provide energy, but this only occurs
during calorie restriction. during prolonged endurance exercise.
Which statement is false? Phytochemicals... a. have beneficial health effects in the body b. are non essential compounds in plant foods c. often function as antioxidants d. are toxic in low quantities to humans e. include carotenoids, flavonoids and phytosterols
e. include carotenoids, flavonoids and phytosterols
Examples of food sources that contain cholesterol
eggs, ice cream, and chicken
A major function of phospholipids in foods is to act as an...
emulsifier
the key to weight loss is
energy balance
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
energy expended doing everyday activities not related to exercise
most human cancers are ______
environmental and 1/3 of those are linked to diet
studies of large populations that suggest correlations between diet and disease are ____ studies
epidemiological
Plant proteins do not match our need for ______ as precisely as animal proteins.
essential amino acids
Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are both
essential fatty acids.
someone makes the statement that eating fruit is the same as eating a candy bar. Your response would be that
fruits differ from candy bars in nutrient density and the sugars off fruits are diluted in large amount of water
The unique three-dimensional form of a protein dictates the of each protein.
function
40 kcal as ______ circulating in blood
glucose
Chromium plays a role in the metabolism of
glucose
Starch is a storage form of:
glucose
Selenium is a cofactor for
glutathione peroxidase
circulates back to the liver
glycerol
600 kcal is stored as _______
glycogen
to reduce your risks of developing cancer you would
have high intake of vegetables, fruits and grains
What is essential for immune system development and maintenance?
healthy gut microbiota
high levels of ____ are associated with low risk for heart attack
high density lipoprotein
which statement about dietary fat and cancer is false
high fat diets may promote cancers because they tend to be high in antioxidant nutrients
the dietary guidelines recommend choosing a diet low in fat because
high fat intake causes weight gain and cardiovascular disease
Amino acids are important in the synthesis of many ______ such as insulin and glucagon.
hormones
Nutrigenetics encompasses the study of
how genetic variations affect nutritional health.
milk output
human 750 mL a day cow 50,000 lb milk a year
fasting is the fasted route to weight loss :
humans are hormonally equipped to tolerate fasting, development of ketosis
....is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature.
hydrogenation
The phosphate heads of the phospholipids are..., whereas the fatty acid portions of the phospholipids are...
hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Formed from the breakdown of triglycerides, a...consists of one fatty acid bound to a glycerol backbone.
monoglyceride
which of the following does not raise blood cholestrol levels
monosaturated fats
One carbon-carbon double bond
monounsaturated fatty acid
Stick margarine has...trans fatty acids than tub margarine
more
without sufficient carbohydrate, the brain relies on ____ for energy
muscle protein
If carbohydrate is inadequate, and a person is not getting enough calories, it is not unusual for amino acids from ______ to be converted to energy.
muscle tissue
Inadequate intake of essential amino acids may lead to
muscle wasting. impaired growth. slow production of body proteins.
which statement about protein synthesis is false
non-essential amino acids are not required for protein synthesis
An amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts is considered ______.
nonessential
Eleven of the twenty different amino acids that the body uses are considered ______.
nonessential
If we do not get an amino acid from the food we eat but our body is able to make it, it is considered a(n) ______amino acid.
nonessential
Metabolic efficiency relates to obesity in that
obese individuals may store more of the food they eat as fat than do lean individuals
many americans do not consume enough
omega 3 fatty acids
Reduced triglycerides, reduced blood clotting, and reduced pain from rheumatoid arthritis are benefits associated with intake of...
omega-3 fatty acids
Essential fatty acids; linolenic acid
omega-6
A body mass index of 28.7 is classified as...
overweight
In a chemical reaction, when a compound loses an electron, that compound has been...
oxidized
oils should be stored in tightly covered containers to
prevent rancidity, miinimize oxidative damage
The effects of fiber include all of the following
prevents constipation, reduces the risks of heart and artery disease, prevents hemorrhoids and diverticulosis
25,000 kcal is stored as_______
protein
For a person at a healthy weight, which macronutrient provides the least amount of energy during a day?
protein
Hormones and most enzymes are made o
protein
Slightly exceeding your needs for ______ may be beneficial when cutting calories to lose weight.
protein
What macronutrient provides the highest feeling of satiety?
protein
PEM
protein energy malnutrition
Which of the following occurs when the amount of protein consumed equals the amount of protein lost?
protein equilibrium
Almost all enzymes are ______.
proteins
All of the following are components that make up an amino acid except
sodium
All of the following are components that make up an amino acid except oxygen. carbon. sodium. hydrogen.
sodium
Most foods containing saturated fatty acids are...at room temperature
solid
What are some good food sources of phospholipids?
soy beans, peanuts, and organ meats
Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest ______.
starch
A compounds containing a multi-ring structure and a hydroxyl group is a...
sterol
aerobic exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety
Vitamin B12, folate and zinc all function in...
synthesis of DNA and RNA
Choose the outcomes of microbial metabolism.
synthesizes vitamin K and several B vitamins fuels the cells that line the intestine
the outcomes of microbial metabolism.
synthesizes vitamin K and several B vitamins fuels the cells that line the intestine
Pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with pumping of the blood from the heart
systolic blood pressure
which statement about non-essential amino acids is true
the body can synthesize them as needed
Which statement about non-essential amino acids is true?
the body can synthesize them as needed.
thermic effect of food
the body's speeded-up metabolism in response to having eaten a meal-10% of EE
To reduce pesticide residues in foods you should
wash fresh produce with water
Salt work as an antimicrobial agent by withdrawing __ from foods.
water
phospholipids have a
water soluble head and fat soluble tail
The most effective non-drug treatment for hypertension in most Americans is
weight loss
most nutrition experts believe that nutrients should be obtained from whole foods, not supplement, because
whole foods may contain health-promoting compounds not found in supplements