Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 2-4
Dialyzing Fluid
Fluid flowing opposite side of blood
Tight Junctions
Form continuous belts around the cell membranes of neighboring cells may actually be fused at a tight junction, form seal to prevent leakage
Hypotonic
one side has a lesser solute concentration, cells swell and burst, more conc. of water
Hypertonic
one side has greater solute concentration, cells shrink and shrivel, less conc. of water
Nucleic Acids
-DNA & RNA -Involved in the storage and carrying out of genetic info
Lipids
-fats, oils, phospholipids -energy storage; long term -provides cushion & insulation
DNA
-found only in the nucleus -stores genetic info
RNA
-located in nucleus AND cytoplasm -Helps carry DNA's orders for protein synthesis
Saturated Fat
-no double bonds -saturated with hydrogen -mostly solid @ room temp ex: lard, butter, animal fats
Anaerobic Respiration
-no oxygen -also called fermentation -occurs in cytoplasm
Unsaturated Fat
-one double bond -because of double bond, tail bents/kinks -usually liquid @ room temp ex: vegetable oils, corn oil, etc. . .
Hyperplasia
uncontrolled reproduction of cells
Amino Acids
An organic compound of relatively small molecular size that contains an amino group and a carboxyl group; the structural unit of a protein molecule
Catabolic Metabolism
Break down of larger molecules into smaller ones and releases energy ex: Hydrolysis
Digestion
Breaking down of large nutrient molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed: hydrolysis
Anabolic Metabolism
Build up of larger molecules from smaller ones and utilizes energy ex: dehydration synthesis
Gap Junctions
Communicating junctions, provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
Active Transport
Process that requires an expenditure of energy to move a substance across a cell membrane
Diffusion
Random movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to low concentration.
Active Site
Region of an enzyme molecule that temporarily combines with a substrate
Dehydration Synthesis
Removing an -OH group from one unit and H+ from another reforms to make water.
Filtration
Separation of small molecules from large molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
Dialysis
Seperation of smaller molecules from larger ones in a liquid ex: When blood is passed through a dialysis machine in the kidneys, removing waste products from the blood
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
Specific molecules combine with specific receptors proteins embedded in the cell membrane but exposed on its outer surface
Decomposition
The breakdown of molecules into simpler compounds
Facilitated Diffusion
The diffusion of molecules through a membrane via carrier proteins embedded in the membrane
Exocytosis
Transport of a substance out of a cell in a vesicle
Hydrolysis
Using water to break bonds/attraction
Concentration
Water will always move from hypo to hyper solutions when moving through cell membranes
Synthesize
combine together
Denature
destroy a characteristic of a property by heat, or anything that disrupts the molecular form.
Isotonic
equal concentrations of solute, equal size, equal conc. of water
Cellular Junction
exists within the tissue of some animals; consists of multiprotein complexes that provide contact between neighboring cells
Hemodialysis
kidney dialysis
Carrier Molecules
proteins bound to a nonprotein group; can undergo oxidation and reduction, allowing elections to flow through the system.
Enzyme
proteins that promote specific chemical reactions within cells by lowering the amount of energy (activation energy) needed to start these reactions.
Carbohydrate
provides quick energy and supply materials needed by the cell for the production of other organic molecules. ex: starches and sugars
Lactic Acid
pyruvic acid + NADH -> lactic acid + NAD
Monomer
the building blocks of polymers
Malignancy
the power to threaten life; cancerous
Expenditure
the process of expending
Metastasis
the spread of disease from one body part to another
Substrate
the substrate upon which an enzyme acts
Transcytosis
transports a substance rapidly through a cell
Pinocytosis
"cell drinking," cells ingests semi-solids/liquids
Phagocytosis
"cell eating," cell ingests large, solid particles
Aerobic Respiration
-Requires oxygen -Occurs in mitochondria
Nucleotide
A building block of nucleic acid molecule, consisting of sugars, nitrogen base, and phosphate group
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient created by impermeant solute
Protein
a molecule composed of polymers of many amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
Glucose
a simple sugar in a carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
a single sugar such as glucose/fructose
Anaplasia
abnormalities in cell structure
Desmosomes
anchoring junctions, act like rivets, fastening cells together into strong epithelial sheets (skin).
Polymer
build with many monomers
Vitamins
can't be made by human cells and must be obtained in diet