Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 2-4

Dialyzing Fluid

Fluid flowing opposite side of blood

Tight Junctions

Form continuous belts around the cell membranes of neighboring cells may actually be fused at a tight junction, form seal to prevent leakage

Hypotonic

one side has a lesser solute concentration, cells swell and burst, more conc. of water

Hypertonic

one side has greater solute concentration, cells shrink and shrivel, less conc. of water

Nucleic Acids

-DNA & RNA -Involved in the storage and carrying out of genetic info

Lipids

-fats, oils, phospholipids -energy storage; long term -provides cushion & insulation

DNA

-found only in the nucleus -stores genetic info

RNA

-located in nucleus AND cytoplasm -Helps carry DNA's orders for protein synthesis

Saturated Fat

-no double bonds -saturated with hydrogen -mostly solid @ room temp ex: lard, butter, animal fats

Anaerobic Respiration

-no oxygen -also called fermentation -occurs in cytoplasm

Unsaturated Fat

-one double bond -because of double bond, tail bents/kinks -usually liquid @ room temp ex: vegetable oils, corn oil, etc. . .

Hyperplasia

uncontrolled reproduction of cells

Amino Acids

An organic compound of relatively small molecular size that contains an amino group and a carboxyl group; the structural unit of a protein molecule

Catabolic Metabolism

Break down of larger molecules into smaller ones and releases energy ex: Hydrolysis

Digestion

Breaking down of large nutrient molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed: hydrolysis

Anabolic Metabolism

Build up of larger molecules from smaller ones and utilizes energy ex: dehydration synthesis

Gap Junctions

Communicating junctions, provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

Active Transport

Process that requires an expenditure of energy to move a substance across a cell membrane

Diffusion

Random movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to low concentration.

Active Site

Region of an enzyme molecule that temporarily combines with a substrate

Dehydration Synthesis

Removing an -OH group from one unit and H+ from another reforms to make water.

Filtration

Separation of small molecules from large molecules through a selectively permeable membrane

Dialysis

Seperation of smaller molecules from larger ones in a liquid ex: When blood is passed through a dialysis machine in the kidneys, removing waste products from the blood

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Specific molecules combine with specific receptors proteins embedded in the cell membrane but exposed on its outer surface

Decomposition

The breakdown of molecules into simpler compounds

Facilitated Diffusion

The diffusion of molecules through a membrane via carrier proteins embedded in the membrane

Exocytosis

Transport of a substance out of a cell in a vesicle

Hydrolysis

Using water to break bonds/attraction

Concentration

Water will always move from hypo to hyper solutions when moving through cell membranes

Synthesize

combine together

Denature

destroy a characteristic of a property by heat, or anything that disrupts the molecular form.

Isotonic

equal concentrations of solute, equal size, equal conc. of water

Cellular Junction

exists within the tissue of some animals; consists of multiprotein complexes that provide contact between neighboring cells

Hemodialysis

kidney dialysis

Carrier Molecules

proteins bound to a nonprotein group; can undergo oxidation and reduction, allowing elections to flow through the system.

Enzyme

proteins that promote specific chemical reactions within cells by lowering the amount of energy (activation energy) needed to start these reactions.

Carbohydrate

provides quick energy and supply materials needed by the cell for the production of other organic molecules. ex: starches and sugars

Lactic Acid

pyruvic acid + NADH -> lactic acid + NAD

Monomer

the building blocks of polymers

Malignancy

the power to threaten life; cancerous

Expenditure

the process of expending

Metastasis

the spread of disease from one body part to another

Substrate

the substrate upon which an enzyme acts

Transcytosis

transports a substance rapidly through a cell

Pinocytosis

"cell drinking," cells ingests semi-solids/liquids

Phagocytosis

"cell eating," cell ingests large, solid particles

Aerobic Respiration

-Requires oxygen -Occurs in mitochondria

Nucleotide

A building block of nucleic acid molecule, consisting of sugars, nitrogen base, and phosphate group

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient created by impermeant solute

Protein

a molecule composed of polymers of many amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

Glucose

a simple sugar in a carbohydrate

Monosaccharide

a single sugar such as glucose/fructose

Anaplasia

abnormalities in cell structure

Desmosomes

anchoring junctions, act like rivets, fastening cells together into strong epithelial sheets (skin).

Polymer

build with many monomers

Vitamins

can't be made by human cells and must be obtained in diet