Nutrition Metabolism
Which of the following help regulate energy metabolism?
Hormones Enzymes Minerals
Rank the steps in the disposal of excess amino groups from amino acid metabolism in the order of their occurrence
Amino acids undergo transamination, urea forms in the liver, transported to kidneys, urea excreted into urine.
To use amino acids as a fuel, they must _____
have their amino group removed be deaminated
What is produced when oxaloacetate production is limited and the TCA cycle activity decreases?
ketone bodies
What organ is responsible for the preparation of the amino groups for excretion in the urine through the urea cycle?
liver
The most common forms of glycogen storage disease lead to _____.
liver enlargement poor physical growth
People with PKU need to avoid foods containing high amounts of _____.
phenylalanine
Catabolism
the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules that produce energy sometimes
Which is an example of a catabolic process?
the production of ATP from fatty acids
Anabolism
the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones with the help of energy
ATP consists of _____.
three phosphates adenosine
In the liver, the amino groups from amino acids and nitrogen from ammonia combine to form _____.
urea
the steps that lead to ketosis.
1. insufficient insulin production 2. large amounts of fatty acids are released by the adipose cells 3. fatty acids flood liver and are converted to acetyl-CoA 4. citric acid cycle slows due to large production of ATP 5. ketone bodies are formed
ATP is regenerated by adding phosphate back to _______.
ADP AMP
The concentration of ______ helps regulate metabolism.
ATP
What is the name of the main pathway for alcohol metabolism?
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Put the four stages of aerobic carbohydrate metabolism in the correct order.
Glycolysis, Transition reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
Carnitine
Carrier that shuttles fatty acids into the mitochondria
High ATP concentrations
Decrease in energy-yielding reactions
Match the number of net ATP produced with one molecule of glucose with each stage of metabolism.
Glycolysis 2 ATP Electron transport chain 28 ATP Complete oxidation of glucose (total) 32 ATP
What is the name of the pathway that is used to produce glucose from amino acids?
Gluconeogenesis
What are two steps involved in the anaerobic glycolysis pathways?
Glycolysis Conversion of pyruvate to lactate
High ADP concentrations
Increase in energy-yielding reactions
What is the name of the compounds formed in one of the many steps in a metabolic pathway?
Intermediates
What causes the formation of acetone, which eventually leaves the body through the lungs, causing breath with a fruity smell?
Ketosis
Where can gluconeogenesis occur?
Kidney cells Liver cells
Where are the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) mainly metabolized?
Muscles
During anaerobic glycolysis, which compounds can regenerate or accumulate?
NAD+ lactate
Low levels of insulin
Promote gluconeogenesis, protein breakdown, and lipolysis
Increased insulin levels
Promote synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein
Which of the following is true about ATP?
The bonds between the phosphate groups contain energy.
Fatty acid oxidation
The breakdown of fatty acids to produce ATP
Lipolysis
The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol
When is anaerobic metabolism used to produce ATP?
When oxygen is lacking In cells without mitochondria
In the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway, alcohol is first converted to _______
acetaldehyde
Protein metabolism begins after proteins are degraded into
amino acids
When amino acids are used as an energy (glucose) source, the nitrogen portion is converted into what toxic chemical?
ammonia
Combining glucose to make the more complex molecule of glycogen is considered _____.
anabolic
During the periods of growth, such as when new tissue is being made, the body is in a(n) ______ state.
anabolic
During high intensity exercise muscle cells rely heavily on _________ glycolysis to produce ATP.
anaerobic
In galactosemia, a buildup of galactose in the blood can lead to _____.
cataracts intellectual disability bacterial infections
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytosol of the cell
Which of the following foods should someone with PKU avoid
eggs, meat, dairy
Identify the consequences of feasting.
fat accumulation increased insulin production increased burning of glucose for energy
identify the consequences of feasting
fat accumulation increased insulin production increased burning of glucose for energy
The genetic disease which results in a reduction of the metabolism of galactose to glucose is called ________.
galactosemia
The genetic disease in which the liver is unable to convert glycogen to glucose is called _______.
glycogen storage disease