Nutrition Metabolism

Which of the following help regulate energy metabolism?

Hormones Enzymes Minerals

Rank the steps in the disposal of excess amino groups from amino acid metabolism in the order of their occurrence

Amino acids undergo transamination, urea forms in the liver, transported to kidneys, urea excreted into urine.

To use amino acids as a fuel, they must _____

have their amino group removed be deaminated

What is produced when oxaloacetate production is limited and the TCA cycle activity decreases?

ketone bodies

What organ is responsible for the preparation of the amino groups for excretion in the urine through the urea cycle?

liver

The most common forms of glycogen storage disease lead to _____.

liver enlargement poor physical growth

People with PKU need to avoid foods containing high amounts of _____.

phenylalanine

Catabolism

the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules that produce energy sometimes

Which is an example of a catabolic process?

the production of ATP from fatty acids

Anabolism

the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones with the help of energy

ATP consists of _____.

three phosphates adenosine

In the liver, the amino groups from amino acids and nitrogen from ammonia combine to form _____.

urea

the steps that lead to ketosis.

1. insufficient insulin production 2. large amounts of fatty acids are released by the adipose cells 3. fatty acids flood liver and are converted to acetyl-CoA 4. citric acid cycle slows due to large production of ATP 5. ketone bodies are formed

ATP is regenerated by adding phosphate back to _______.

ADP AMP

The concentration of ______ helps regulate metabolism.

ATP

What is the name of the main pathway for alcohol metabolism?

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Put the four stages of aerobic carbohydrate metabolism in the correct order.

Glycolysis, Transition reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

Carnitine

Carrier that shuttles fatty acids into the mitochondria

High ATP concentrations

Decrease in energy-yielding reactions

Match the number of net ATP produced with one molecule of glucose with each stage of metabolism.

Glycolysis 2 ATP Electron transport chain 28 ATP Complete oxidation of glucose (total) 32 ATP

What is the name of the pathway that is used to produce glucose from amino acids?

Gluconeogenesis

What are two steps involved in the anaerobic glycolysis pathways?

Glycolysis Conversion of pyruvate to lactate

High ADP concentrations

Increase in energy-yielding reactions

What is the name of the compounds formed in one of the many steps in a metabolic pathway?

Intermediates

What causes the formation of acetone, which eventually leaves the body through the lungs, causing breath with a fruity smell?

Ketosis

Where can gluconeogenesis occur?

Kidney cells Liver cells

Where are the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) mainly metabolized?

Muscles

During anaerobic glycolysis, which compounds can regenerate or accumulate?

NAD+ lactate

Low levels of insulin

Promote gluconeogenesis, protein breakdown, and lipolysis

Increased insulin levels

Promote synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein

Which of the following is true about ATP?

The bonds between the phosphate groups contain energy.

Fatty acid oxidation

The breakdown of fatty acids to produce ATP

Lipolysis

The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol

When is anaerobic metabolism used to produce ATP?

When oxygen is lacking In cells without mitochondria

In the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway, alcohol is first converted to _______

acetaldehyde

Protein metabolism begins after proteins are degraded into

amino acids

When amino acids are used as an energy (glucose) source, the nitrogen portion is converted into what toxic chemical?

ammonia

Combining glucose to make the more complex molecule of glycogen is considered _____.

anabolic

During the periods of growth, such as when new tissue is being made, the body is in a(n) ______ state.

anabolic

During high intensity exercise muscle cells rely heavily on _________ glycolysis to produce ATP.

anaerobic

In galactosemia, a buildup of galactose in the blood can lead to _____.

cataracts intellectual disability bacterial infections

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytosol of the cell

Which of the following foods should someone with PKU avoid

eggs, meat, dairy

Identify the consequences of feasting.

fat accumulation increased insulin production increased burning of glucose for energy

identify the consequences of feasting

fat accumulation increased insulin production increased burning of glucose for energy

The genetic disease which results in a reduction of the metabolism of galactose to glucose is called ________.

galactosemia

The genetic disease in which the liver is unable to convert glycogen to glucose is called _______.

glycogen storage disease