Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temp Regulation
In adults, fats should account for no more than _______ of your daily caloric intake.
20-35%
Identify the water soluble vitamins
B, C
What is a name for the cyclic pathway in aerobic respiration?
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
List the three principle forms of carbohydrates.
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
Olive and peanut oils are examples of ______ fats, whereas fish and sunflower oils are examples of ______ fats.
Monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
Triglycerides are important ______.
as a source of energy
Glycolysis occurs in the _______ of the cell.
cytoplasm
Name the location within the cell where glycolysis occurs.
cytoplasm
The processes that may be involved in the breakdown of lipids are ______.
ketogenesis beta-oxidation citric acid cycle
The end product of anaerobic fermentation is _______ acid
lactic
During anaerobic fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted into which of the following?
lactic acid
minerals are _______.
inorganic
Foods that are high in cholesterol include ______.
liver, eggs
Inorganic elements that plants extract from soil or water are _______.
minerals
Unsaturated fats with only one double bond are called ______ fats, and unsaturated fats with more than one double bond are called ______ fats.
monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
Characterize unsaturated fats.
Contain double bonds between carbon atoms Found in nuts, seeds and fish
True or false: Lipids should not be consumed in the diet because they are associated with heart disease
False
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are ______-soluble vitamins.
Fat
Which are produced in the citric acid cycle (per glucose molecule)?
Four CO2 Two FADH2 Two ATP
In anaerobic fermentation, NADH donates a pair of electrons to _______ acid, thus reducing it to ______ acid and regenerating NAD.
pyruvic, lactic
Average cholesterol intake should not exceed ______ mg/day.
300
The overall products of glycolysis are ______.
4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvic acid
During the steps of glycolysis, ______ ATPs, ______ NADHs, and ______ molecules of pyruvate are produced.
4, 2, 2
Based on their structure, sucrose, lactose, and maltose are from the group of carbohydrates called ______.
Disaccharides
Which of the following are part of carbohydrate metabolism? Transamination Electron transport chain Beta-oxidation Glycolysis Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain Glycolysis Citric acid cycle
_____________ are important sources of energy for the body because they deliver more than twice as many kilocalories as carbohydrate molecules.
Fats
Which type of fats would be most important to avoid in protecting the body against heart disease?
Fats that are solid at room temperature
Identify examples of monosaccharides.
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Identify the phases of the aerobic respiration pathway.
Glycolysis Electron transport chain Production of acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle
In the last four steps of glycolysis, ______ occurs.
production of pyruvic acid production of ATP
A __________ is a large polypeptide composed of chains of amino acids.
protein
Each complex in the electron transport chain collectively acts as a _____ pump that removes H+ from the mitochondrial matrix and pumps it into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.
proton
The fats found in meat, egg yolks, dairy products, and palm oils are high in ______ fatty acids. These fatty acids have no double bonds.
saturated
Triglycerides containing fatty acids with no double bonds within their carbon chains are examples of ________ fats.
saturated
Which are dietary disaccharides?
sucrose, maltose, lactose
Important roles for vitamins are ______.
synthesis of DNA and RNA growth of different body tissues ATP production pathways blood clotting
Cholesterol is a precursor for ______.
testosterone estrogen bile salts
The types of lipids that have been linked to cardiovascular disease are ______.
trans fats saturated fats cholesterol
The transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to a keto acid is called ______.
transamination
A macromolecule that consists of a glycerol and three fatty acids is classified as a ______.
triglyceride
The type of lipid stored within adipose tissue is ______.
triglycerides
The type of fat that is found predominately in nuts, seeds, and most vegetable oils is called __________ fat, based on the double bonds found in the carbon chains of the fatty acids.
unsaturated
Dietary organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for metabolism are called ______.
vitamins
What are the classifications of vitamins?
water soluble and fat soluble
Identify functions of cholesterol.
Precursor for steroid hormones Structural component of the plasma membrane Precursor for bile salts
Which of the following does NOT occur in the transition steps between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
Production of ATP
Describes the electron transport chain
Series of oxidation reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP
In the absence of oxygen, a human cell may resort to an anaerobic reaction to produce energy. This process is called ______.
anaerobic respiration
Functions of adipose tissue are ______.
body temperature regulation storage of energy protection of internal organs
The first phase of glycolysis involves ______.
breaking glucose into two separate molecules
By definition, one _____ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
calorie
Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain are part of the metabolism of ______.
carbohydrates
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all forms of which class of macromolecule?
carbohydrates
Egg yolks and liver are foods that have high concentrations of ______.
cholesterol
The production of ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2 occurs in what phase of aerobic respiration?
citric acid cycle
An organic molecule that combines with an enzyme to make it functional is called a ________.
coenzyme
Proteins described as being _________ proteins are those that provide all of the essential amino acids in the necessary proportions for human tissue growth, maintenance, and nitrogen balance
complete
Vitamins that the body cannot make are ______ vitamins.
essential
Triglycerides that are released in the blood and used by the skeletal muscles and liver for energy are referred to as ______ fatty acids.
free
Fatty acids that are released into the blood from adipose tissue are called ______.
free fatty acids
The conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid is ______.
glycolysis
The splitting of a glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules is a process called ________
glycolysis
Proteins classified as ______ proteins lack one or more essential amino acids.
incomplete
Which molecules serve as the body's main energy storage?
lipids
Anabolism and catabolism are parts of ______.
metabolism
The term for the sum of all chemical reactions in the body is _________.
metabolism
After glycolysis, pyruvic acid moves from the cytosol into ______ to complete the remaining phases of aerobic respiration.
mitochondrion
Where does pyruvic acid go to continue aerobic respiration?
mitochondrion
Glucose, galactose, and fructose are examples of carbohydrates called __________ , which mainly arise from the digestion of starch and disaccharides.
monosaccharides
Amino acids that are required for protein synthesis but that do not need to be ingested are categorized as _______.
nonessential
Nutrition includes ______.
obtaining food requirements breakdown of food components utilization of food components
Coenzymes are ______.
organic
Vitamins are ______.
organic
In the first step of the citric acid cycle, ______ acid combines with acetyl-CoA to produce citric acid.
oxaloacetic
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron-transport chain?
oxygen
The adding of a phosphate group to a molecule is ______.
phosphorylation
The tissue type that serves the body by storing energy, protecting organs, and preventing heat loss is _________ tissue.
adipose
Proteins are composed of ______.
amino acids
Which of the following are NOT stored in the body? Amino acids Triglycerides Glycogen
amino acids
The citric acid cycle produces ______ ATP, ______ NADH, and ______ FADH2 per "turn" of the cycle.
1, 3, 1
Amino acids that the body cannot synthesize are categorized as _______.
essential
Rank the events of aerobic respiration in the correct order.
1. Glycolysis 2. Formation of Acetyl-CoA 3. Citric Acid cycle 4. Electron transport chain
During glycolysis, four molecules of ATP are produced, but _______ molecules of ATP are used in the process.
2
Identify the fat soluble vitamins.
A, D, E, K
Glucose provides the energy required for the body to synthesize ______.
ATP
Glucose molecules are broken down to provide energy for the production of the molecule abbreviated as _________, with the full name of _______ _________.
ATP, adenosine triphosphate
What combines with oxaloacetic acid in the citric acid cycle?
Acetyl-CoA
Carbon dioxide, ATP, and water are the end-products of which process?
Aerobic respiration
What is directly produced during the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA?
CO2, NADH
By definition, a __________ is any ingested substance used by the cells of the body to produce energy, to provide building blocks for new molecules, and to function in other chemical reactions.
Nutrient
What is an ingested substance used by the body to produce energy and to provide building blocks for new molecules?
Nutrient
The term for the overall process by which the body obtains and utilizes components of food is ________.
Nutrition
The addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule is called _________.
Phosphorylation
Ninety-five percent of dietary lipids are _________. They consist of a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acids.
Triglycerides
Examples of lipids are ______.
Triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol
True or False: The body's main energy-storage molecules are lipids.
True
True or false: Vitamins are classified as water-soluble or fat-soluble.
True
What nutrients are important for enzyme function, ATP production, DNA and RNA synthesis, and blood clotting?
Vitamins
Which of the following are end-products of the complete aerobic oxidation of glucose?
Water, ATP, carbon dioxide
When do muscle cells use anaerobic respiration?
When no oxygen is available
