Nutrition Practice Exam 1

What blood alcohol level is the standard for drunkenness in Canada and the United States?

0.08%

Carefully selecting your pizza toppings will improve your fiber intake in a small way, but you'll probably still need to look for additional ways to boost your fiber intake. Which of the following side dishes will give the biggest boost to your fiber intake at this meal?

1 cup of pasta and bean soup

The Dietary Guidelines specify an upper limit for intake of added sugars for Americans ages 2 and older. What is the upper limit?

10% of total calories

A food item is considered high in a nutrient if it provides at least ______% of the Daily Value for that nutrient.

20

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat intake is

20% to 35% of total calories.

An endurance athlete exercising for more than 1 hour should consider replenishing fluids with an electrolyte drink. A popular serving size bottle of a drink, such as Gatorade®, has four 8-ounce (1-cup) servings per bottle. If there are 50 kcal per cup, how many calories are in the whole bottle?

200 kcal

A food item is considered "low-fat" if it has less than ______ grams of fat per serving.

3

The food label of your beverage lists the serving size as ½ bottle and the calories per serving as 150 kcal. If you drank the entire bottle, you consumed ______ kcal.

300

To calculate the number of calories from protein in one serving, multiply grams of protein by ______ kcal/g.

4

In general, a food item is considered "low calorie" if it has less than _____ kcal per serving.

40

Regina is trying to cut back on her fat intake to help reduce total calorie intake and promote gradual weight loss. If she follows an 1,800-kcal meal plan and wants her fat intake to fall within the range of 20% to 35% of total calories, how many grams of fat per day should she be eating?

40 to 70 grams of fat per day

Based on a 2000-kcal dietary pattern, what is the maximum grams per day of added sugars that would still fall within the dietary recommendations?

50 grams

A chicken pot pie has 670 kcal and 43 grams of fat. What percent of total calories comes from fat?

58% of calories from fat

Since beginning college, Lisa has gained about thirteen pounds. She is learning in her health science class that excess calories contribute to weight gain. One recommendation her instructor made for weight loss is to choose foods that have a low percentage of total calories coming from fat. If a serving of her favorite ice cream has 310 kcal and 20 grams of fat, what percentage of total calories in the ice cream come from fat?

58% of calories in this food are from fat.

Alcohol contributes approximately _____ kcal per gram.

7

Examine the Nutrition Facts label for almonds. Approximately what percent of calories comes from fat in this food product?

80%

The energy content of food is expressed in kilocalories (kcal). Which definition best describes how much energy is equal to 1 kcal?

A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water by 1° Celsius.

Linda has been experiencing some problems with bowel regularity. She saw a commercial for a yogurt with added probiotics that claims to aid with digestion and alleviate bowel problems. What is a probiotic?

A probiotic contains specific types of bacteria that are intended to colonize the large intestine and thereby improve intestinal tract health.

In the cells, chemical reactions convert the energy in foods into

ATP

Which of the following statements is consistent with the Dietary Guidelines?

About 85% of the calories you consume daily are needed to meet the nutrient-dense food group recommendations.

Lifestyle adaptations are important in primary as well as secondary prevention of non-communicable diseases. Which of the following are modifiable lifestyle behaviors that could impact health?

Aiming to eat at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily.

Read the C. DIFF FACTSHEET from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What makes C. diff so dangerous?

All of the choices are correct.

Read the Discussion section of the research article. Which of the following were strengths of the study?

All of the choices are correct.

Regina's soccer coach takes the team out for a celebratory meal following a victory. A teammate orders French fries, noting that they must be healthy because the restaurant menu says the fries are made with "cholesterol-free" vegetable oil. Which statement about "cholesterol-free" vegetable oil is correct?

All vegetable oil is cholesterol free because cholesterol is only found in animal foods.

What is the mechanism by which FODMAPs may cause intestinal gas?

Bacteria ferment undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine.

Which of the following snacks would be least likely to cause a flare-up of IBS?

Chia pudding topped with raspberries

How was the fecal microbiota transplant performed on patients in this study?

Colonoscopy (i.e., tube passed through the anus into the lower GI tract)

Kellen is on the cross-country team at college. His coach invited a registered dietitian nutritionist to speak to the team about nutrition for optimal performance. One of the topics she covered was phytochemicals. What is the best way to obtain the potential benefits of phytochemicals?

Eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grain breads and cereals.

Regina's pregnant sister is interested in boosting her intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), two omega-3 fatty acids that can be made from alpha-linolenic acid. She has heard that EPA and DHA are important for cancer prevention, brain health, cardiovascular disease prevention, and immune function. Which food is the best source of EPA and DHA?

Fatty fish

This was a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. What was the treatment in this trial?

Fecal microbiota transplant from a healthy donor

What was the placebo in this trial?

Fecal microbiota transplant from the patient's own stool

What was the researchers' hypothesis?

Fecal microbiota transplantation will reduce the rate of recurrence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in patients with a history of C. diff infection.

Minerals are structurally simple, inorganic substances that exist as groups of one or more of the same atoms. In chemistry, what does inorganic mean?

For the most part, the substance does not contain carbon.

Which of the following is the best method to preserve the nutrients in cranberries?

Freezing

Which two MyPlate food groups rank the lowest in terms of Americans meeting the dietary intake recommendations?

Fruits and vegetables

Regina has been following Dr. Dean Ornish's purely vegetarian (vegan) eating pattern for one month. Her eating pattern has less than 20% of calories from fat and uses only small amounts of vegetable oil in cooking and those naturally present in plant foods. If she were at risk for cardiovascular disease and if she continued on this dietary pattern, what is one expected outcome that may be attributable to the dietary pattern's high carbohydrate content?

Increase in blood triglycerides

Which statement is true regarding Healthy People 2030?

It aims to eliminate health disparities and improve health behaviors.

One serving of a toaster pastry has 300 kcal, 10 grams of fat, and 6 grams of saturated fat. Although the pastry has 3 grams of dietary fiber, its food label does not state "good source of fiber" on the front of the packaging like some other foods with 3 grams of fiber. Why can't this food be called a "good source" of fiber?

It has more than 4 grams of saturated fat per serving.

Lipids are a unique nutrient group, differing significantly from carbohydrates and proteins. Which of the following is a correct statement about lipids?

Lipids yield 9 kcal per gram, making them the most energy-dense nutrients.

What organ produces bile?

Liver

Which of the following is the correct order for the major parts of the gastrointestinal tract?

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

The American Heart Association recommends daily supplementation with ______ to help reduce cardiovascular disease risk.

None of the choices are correct.

The Nutrition Facts label on a box of breakfast cereal shows that the product provides 45% of the Daily Value for iron. Which of the following statements is true?

One serving of cereal provides 45% of the recommended amount of iron for the general population.

Which of the following enzymes is produced by the stomach?

Pepsin

What is the main component of the lipid bilayer that makes up all cell membranes?

Phospholipids

Which type of lipid forms the bilayer that makes up cell membranes?

Phospholipids

To help pay for her college education, Lisa recently began working part-time at a local vitamin shop. She has noticed there is an entire section devoted to phytochemicals. Which statement about phytochemicals is correct?

Phytochemicals are a group of compounds that are not considered essential nutrients in the diet but that may confer significant health benefits.

What type of medication has been especially useful for treating persistent GERD?

Proton pump inhibitor

Justine has a full-time job and three small children. She is interested in learning more about preparing healthy meals for her kids and asks her primary care provider for a referral to a nutrition professional. What is the credential of the nutrition professional who has completed a baccalaureate degree program approved by the Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics, performed at least 1200 hours of supervised professional practice, passed a national registration examination, and meets continuing education requirements?

Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN)

What was the primary endpoint in this trial?

Resolution of diarrhea with no recurrence for 8 weeks of follow-up

Dietary consumption of which of the following has the greatest impact on blood lipids?

Saturated fat

What are diverticula?

Small pouches of intestinal lining that protrude through the muscular intestinal wall

What is the mechanism by which FODMAPs may cause diarrhea?

Small, undigested molecules attract water in the intestines.

What was the first nutrient to have a CDRR intake value?

Sodium

Regina's grandmother is teaching her how to make mayonnaise. She explains that mayonnaise is made using oil, salt, vinegar (or lemon juice), and egg yolks. Lecithin in the egg yolks acts as an emulsifier. What is the function of an emulsifier?

Suspends fat in water

An unfortunate consequence of a lifetime of uncontrolled diabetes is kidney damage. Some people with diabetes and kidney damage eventually need kidney dialysis, a process in which the person is hooked up to a machine that functions as the body's kidney(s). What is the primary role of the kidneys?

The kidneys remove wastes from the body.

At the time of the study and data collection, did the patients and the researchers know whether the patients were receiving the treatment or the placebo?

The study was double-blinded, so that neither the patients nor the researchers knew whether the patients were receiving the treatment or the placebo.

Bile acids (part of bile) work as emulsifiers to aid in fat digestion. After fat digestion in the small intestine is complete, what happens to most of these bile acids?

They are absorbed from the last segment of the small intestine and returned to the liver to be used again.

What functions of the body are most obviously affected by alcohol?

Those controlled by the brain

Saturated fats are typically solid at room temperature. Which of the following is a rich food source of saturated fats?

Tropical plant oils

As you select your pizza, look for slices with extra vegetables or fruit. This will increase fiber content by about 1 gram per slice. If the restaurant offers pizza with whole grain crust, this would also add about 1 gram of fiber per slice. Which of the following pizza options contributes the most fiber?

Veggie pizza

The digestive system not only processes the foods we eat, but it is also the site of some nutrient production. Which two nutrients are produced by bacteria that live in the large intestine?

Vitamin K and biotin

What type of cells work to neutralize, detoxify, and/or destroy pathogens or other foreign proteins in the blood?

White blood cells

Insulin

allows cells to take in glucose.

The pigments that give cranberries their red color are called

anthocyanins

Compared to products made with whole grains, refined grain products ______ fiber, vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats.

are lower in

The hygiene hypothesis suggests that recent increases in allergies and autoimmune diseases can be attributed to

being too clean.

The Dietary Guidelines promotes a varied dietary pattern that permits individuals to enjoy different foods and beverages tailored to meet

both cultural and personal preferences.

FODMAPs stands for fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides, and polyols. These are all forms of

carbohydrates

A common cause of constipation is

chronically ignoring bowel urges.

Immediately after digestion, lipids that are absorbed from the small intestine are packaged as ______ for transport to the rest of the body.

chylomicrons

A Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) dietitian is meeting with a client who has an infant and a young child. The mother says that the young child is a very picky eater and will only eat crackers with juice. The health worker notices that the child's hair is brittle, his nails tear easily, and the skin inside his lower eyelids is very pale. These are all signs of ______ iron deficiency.

clinical

While cranberries are growing, exposure to ______ temperatures can increase the sugar content of the fruit.

cold

A condition characterized by difficult or infrequent bowel movements is

constipation

Cooking cranberries ______ their antioxidant content.

decreases

Malnutrition can occur in people old or young, rich or poor. Malnutrition is characterized by being

either overnourished or undernourished.

One of Lisa's college classmates is an aspiring body builder with questionable nutrition knowledge. He eats more than the recommended amount of dietary protein but tells Lisa he heard at the gym that this is actually helpful to the body. All of the following are accurate descriptions of what excess dietary protein does except

excess dietary protein is stored as muscle mass.

Overnutrition can be just as dangerous to the body as undernutrition. Developing nations tend to suffer from undernutrition, although many developing populations are increasingly becoming overnourished. In the developed world, the most common type of overnutrition is

excessive calorie intake.

If a diet does not provide adequate carbohydrates to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrates can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the byproducts of partial breakdown of

fat

Heartburn is characterized by discomfort (e.g., gnawing pain, burning sensation) in the upper chest caused by the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus. About half of all adults experience occasional heartburn. When heartburn symptoms occur two or more times per week, the condition is called

gastroesophageal reflux disease.

If age, weight, and sex are the same, a sporadic drinker and a chronic drinker with blood alcohol levels of 0.10 will

have different physical effects.

Secretin is released from the duodenum in response to

hydrochloric acid in chyme.

The results of the trial showed that a fecal microbiota transplant from a healthy donor

improved recovery from C. diff infection and was not associated with any serious adverse events.

The best way to treat a mild case of constipation is to

increase fiber and fluid intakes.

As rates of infectious diseases in developed nations have decreased in recent decades, the rates of allergies and asthma have

increased

Exposure to common pathogens, especially during ______, may promote proper development and function of the immune system.

infancy

Current research shows that consuming nuts, seeds, and other foods with hulls

is not associated with the occurrence of diverticulitis.

Adipose tissue is a storage depot for

lipids.

According to the FDA, there are eight allergens that must be labeled as food allergens. These include

milk, eggs, wheat, and fish.

Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of

molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.

The Dietary Guidelines recommends that fruit juices should be 100% juice and always

pasteurized

Involuntary muscle contractions which move a bolus through the gastrointestinal tract are called

peristalsis

For those with diabetes, insulin pumps

reduce severe low blood glucose episodes.

The "Calories" listed on the Nutrition Facts label indicates the number of calories in one

serving

Green plants synthesize most of the carbohydrates in our foods by the process of photosynthesis. The chemical process for photosynthesis involves

six molecules of carbon dioxide combining with six molecules of water using energy from the sun to form one molecule of glucose and release six molecules of oxygen into the air.

For a person with celiac disease, exposure to dietary gluten results in damage to the

small intestine.

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the

small intestine.

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the

stomach

The primary role of HDL in the body is to transport lipids

to the liver for metabolism

As part of her renewed focus on dietary patterns and health, Lisa is trying to eat more vegetables. She doesn't really like raw vegetables, so she has decided to add one cooked vegetable to her daily intake. She should be careful not to overcook her vegetables because ________ are easily destroyed during cooking.

water-soluble vitamins