Nutrition Test 2

Which of the following is the most effective nutritional strategy to stimulate gain of net muscle tissue protein after exercise? -10 g of essential amino acids and 30 g of glucose -10 g of leucine and 30 g of glucose -50 g of nonessential amino acids -20 g of nonessential amino acids and 30 g of glucose -100 g of glucose

10 g of essential amino acids and 30 g of glucose

Liver glycogen concentration can be measured noninvasively using -13C-NMR -13C-glucose tracer (stable isotopes) -mass spectrometry -muscle biopsy -liver biopsy metabolism

13C-NMR

Ingestion of a carbohydrate-rich meal (containing _______ of carbohydrate) 3 to 5 hours before exercise can increase muscle glycogen concentrations and improve exercise performance. -20 to 30 g -40 to 60 g -70 to 90 g -100 to 130 g -140 to 330 g

140 to 330 g

The role of glycogen was discovered with the reintroduction of the muscle biopsy technique in the -1920s -1940s -1960s -1970s -1980s

1960s

The osmolality of blood is normally -200 mOsm/L -230 mOsm/L -290 mOsm/L -330 mOsm/L -390 mOsm/L

290 mOsm/L

Branched-chain amino acid supplementation is purported to have an effect on the central fatigue process during exercise by an action on which of the following neurotransmitters? -5-hydroxytryptamine -acetylcholine -GABA -noradrenaline -glycine

5-hydroxytryptamine

The glycemic index refers to the increase in blood glucose and insulin in response to a standard amount of food and is determined by measuring the area under the glucose curve. This is then expressed relative to the glucose curve of -a water placebo -500 g glucose -50 g glucose -the average glucose curve for a similar population -the highest glucose curve for a similar population

50 g glucose

Moderate glycemic index foods have a glycemic index of -70 to 100 -0 to 55 -56 to 70 -30 to 40 -3 to 4

56 to 70

A carbohydrate meal can blunt fatty acid mobilization for ____ hour(s) after ingestion. -1 -2 -3 -6 -24

6

Daily secretion in the gastrointestinal tract is approximately -500 ml -1 L -2 L -2.5 L -6.5 L

6.5 L

The maximal exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rate from a single carbohydrate is approximately -1 g/h -30 g/h -60 g/h -1.5 g/min -1.75 g/min

60 g/h

In an active person, fat oxidation is generally highest at an exercise intensity of about -40% of -50% of -60% of -70% of -80% of

60% of

What percentage of all absorption takes place in the duodenum and jejunum? -50% -75% -95% -all absorption -hardly any absorption

95%

Which of the following general statements about research into high-fat diets is not true? -Results from rat studies have been significantly different from results in human studies. -There is no clear consensus about what constitutes a high-fat diet. -Adaptation to a high-fat diet takes less than 2 days. -High-fat diets do not enhance performance in humans. -High-fat diet studies have usually not controlled for the type of fat ingested.

Adaptation to a high-fat diet takes less than 2 days.

Which of the following is not an effect of carbohydrate feeding during prolonged exercise? -maintenance of blood glucose and high levels of carbohydrate oxidation -glycogen sparing in the liver and possibly in muscle -promotion of glycogen synthesis during intermittent exercise -maintenance of motor skills -All answers are correct.

All answers are correct.

Which of the following is not true? -Gastrin is a hormone secreted by the stomach. -Gastrin increases hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen secretion in the stomach. -Secretin is a hormone produced by the small intestine. -Secretin increases water and bicarbonate secretion by the pancreas. -All statements are true.

All statements are true.

Which of the following factors is not important for maximal glycogen synthesis? -the availability of glucose -prior exercise -insulin concentration -muscle glycogen content (low muscle glycogen will stimulate glucose uptake) -All these factors are important.

All these factors are important.

Who of the following authors were the first to show that a low-carbohydrate diet results in reduced exercise capacity? -Bergstrom and Hultman -Christensen and Hansen -Coyle and Coggan -McClellan and Du Bois -Jeukendrup and Gleeson

Christensen and Hansen

Which of the following is not true? -The liver has a much higher concentration of glycogen (per kilogram of tissue) than does muscle. -Only because of its much larger mass does muscle contain more glycogen than the liver (in absolute terms, 300 to 600 g vs. 80 to 110 g). -After an overnight fast, the liver glycogen content can fall to very low levels (<20 g). -During exercise, the rate of glucose utilization by the muscle does not change much (about 0.1 g/min). -At rest, tissues, such as the brain, use glucose at a rate of about 0.1 g/min.

During exercise, the rate of glucose utilization by the muscle does not change much (about 0.1 g/min).

Which of the following is not true? -Muscle glycogen is a readily available energy source for the working muscle. -The glycogen content of skeletal muscle at rest is approximately 12 to 16 g/kg w.w., equating to 300 to 400 g of carbohydrate. -The rate at which muscle glycogen is oxidized depends largely on exercise intensity. -Glycogen can provide energy anaerobically. -Every gram of glycogen is stored with 1 g of water.

Every gram of glycogen is stored with 1 g of water.

Which of the following statements is false? -After a resistance-training session, the rate of protein synthesis in the exercised muscles increases. -After a resistance-training session, the rate of protein breakdown in the exercised muscles increases. -Protein ingestion is followed by a rise in blood total amino acid concentration. -Protein cannot be used as a fuel for exercise. -Exercise reduces the rate of secretion of growth hormone.

Exercise reduces the rate of secretion of growth hormone.

What is the usual advice for carbohydrate intake postexercise to optimize muscle glycogen resynthesis? -Within 8 hours, consume 60 g of carbohydrate each hour. -Ingest 200 g immediately after exercise and 100 g within 2 hours. -Immediately after exercise (0-4 hours) consume 1.0 to 1.2 g of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight each hour, ingested at frequent intervals. -Immediately after exercise (0-1 hour), consume 2.0 to 3.0 g of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight each hour, ingested at frequent intervals. -Ingest a large dose (>200 g) of high glycemic index carbohydrates 2 hours after exercise and another large dose (>200 g) 2 hours after that.

Immediately after exercise (0-4 hours) consume 1.0 to 1.2 g of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight each hour, ingested at frequent intervals.

Which of the following is not true? -Ingestion of a high-fat breakfast 1 hour before exercise increases plasma chylomicrons but does not affect fat oxidation. -Ingestion of a high-fat breakfast increases plasma free fatty acid. -Ingestion of a high-fat breakfast reduces gastric emptying compared with ingestion of a high-carbohydrate breakfast. -Ingestion of a high-fat breakfast results in elevated plasma triglyceride levels 4 hours after ingestion. -All statements are true.

Ingestion of a high-fat breakfast reduces gastric emptying compared with ingestion of a high-carbohydrate breakfast.

Which of the following is true? -Increasing protein intake above 3 g/kg b.m. per day will stimulate muscle growth and increase strength. -Glutamine is an essential amino acid. -Dietary protein intake and total energy intake are inversely related. -Insulin increases muscle amino acid uptake and reduces muscle protein breakdown. -None of the statements are true.

Insulin increases muscle amino acid uptake and reduces muscle protein breakdown.

Which of the following is not true? -In the presence of bile salts (and thus micelles), fat absorption is almost complete. -In the absence of bile, only about 50% of the fatty acids are absorbed. -More than 90% of the bile salts are reutilized. -Micelles are formed within the epithelial wall of the intestine. -All statements are true.

Micelles are formed within the epithelial wall of the intestine.

Which of the following is not true? -Protein added to carbohydrate can increase insulin concentration. -Protein added to carbohydrate can increase muscle glycogen synthesis. -When a protein-amino acid mixture is added to a very large amount of carbohydrate (1.2 g · kg-1 · h-1 carbohydrate), insulin concentrations may increase, but glycogen resynthesis will not increase further. -To achieve rapid muscle glycogen replenishment, ingesting an adequate amount of carbohydrate is more important than adding protein or amino acid mixtures to a recovery meal or drink. -Protein added to carbohydrate can increase catecholamine secretion and stimulate glycogen synthase.

Protein added to carbohydrate can increase catecholamine secretion and stimulate glycogen synthase.

Glucose is transported across the luminal membrane of the intestine by -GLUT1 -GLUT2 -GLUT4 -GLUT5 -SGLT1

SGLT1

Which of the following is not true? -The small intestine stores large quantities of food until it can be accommodated in the large intestine. -The small intestine is a muscle. -The small intestine mixes food with secretions. -None of the statements are true. -All statements are true.

The small intestine stores large quantities of food until it can be accommodated in the large intestine.

Which of the following is true? -The stomach absorbs 10% to 20% of carbohydrate. -The stomach absorbs 10% to 20% of protein. -The stomach absorbs 30% to 40% of alcohol. -The stomach has limited capacity to absorb nutrients. -Both a and c are true.

The stomach has limited capacity to absorb nutrients.

Which of the following is not true? -Fat oxidation increases as exercise intensity increases from low to moderate. -Fat oxidation decreases as exercise intensity increases from moderate to high. -When carbohydrate stores are low, muscle switches to fat as a fuel. -When carbohydrate is ingested before exercise, fat oxidation is suppressed. -All statements are true.

When carbohydrate stores are low, muscle switches to fat as a fuel.

Which of the following has the highest osmolality? -a 6% glucose solution -a 12% glucose solution -a 12% glucose polymer solution -an 18% glucose polymer solution -18% sucrose solution

a 12% glucose solution

Urea is excreted from the body by -urine -sweat -blood -a and b -a, b, and c

a and b

Which of the following does not influence gastric emptying? -smell and sight of food -thought of food -volume of a drink -a cool drink -All these factors influence gastric emptying.

a cool drink

During catabolism, the fatty acids are first converted to -triacylglycerols -glycerol -acetyl-CoA -pyruvate -CoA

acetyl-CoA

Expression of a gene is not complete before proteins are -excreted by the kidneys -incorporated into the mitochondrial matrix -stimulated by increased acidosis -activated, converted, or modified -bound to lipids

activated, converted, or modified

Lipolysis is stimulated by -adrenaline and leptin -insulin and adrenaline -leptin and insulin -adrenaline and adrenergic stimulation -insulin and cortisol

adrenaline and adrenergic stimulation

Which of the following is released in the mouth by the sublingual gland? -amylose -amylase -protease -lipase -pepsin

amylase

The glycemic index is -the ratio of carbohydrate calories to fat calories of a particular food -an indicator of the blood glucose response to the ingestion of a particular food -the number of calories per gram of a particular food -the amount of glucose in a particular food -None of the answers are correct.

an indicator of the blood glucose response to the ingestion of a particular food

Which of the following is not part of the gastrointestinal tract? -large intestine -pancreas -gallbladder -liver -appendix

appendix

Plasma triacylglycerols are generally believed to -provide an excellent source of fuel for muscle -provide an excellent source of energy for the liver -bypass adipose tissue without releasing fatty acids -be broken down by lipases as soon as they are released by the liver -be a minor energy source during exercise

be a minor energy source during exercise

Which of the following has the highest glycemic index? -rye bread -fructose -low-fat yogurt -grapes -boiled potato

boiled potato

The rate-limiting enzyme of branched-chain amino acid oxidation is -branched-chain aminotransferase -glutamate dehydrogenase -branched-chain oxoacid dehydrogenase -glucose-6-phosphatase -none of the above

branched-chain oxoacid dehydrogenase

What compound helps to transport fatty acids from the cytosol of the cell to the mitochondria for energy production? -electrons -pentose phosphate pathway -pyruvate -carnitine -hydroxybutyrate

carnitine

When branched-chain amino acids are deaminated in muscle, the ammonia produced is mostly -converted into arginine and released from the muscle -converted into alanine and glutamine and released from the muscle -converted into urea and released from the muscle -used to synthesize purines and pyrimidines in the muscle -oxidized within the muscle

converted into alanine and glutamine and released from the muscle

The process of turning molecules that are ingested into forms that are compatible with the organism is ________. -digestion -absorption -assimilation -circulation -metabolism

digestion

Protein turnover is -energetically expensive -energetically neutral -energy generating -functionally astute -not regulated

energetically expensive

Which of the following statements is not true for medium-chain triacylglycerols? -do not slow gastric emptying -are rapidly absorbed -enter the bloodstream as chylomicrons, not as a fatty acid -provide 8 kcal/g of energy -are liquid at room temperature

enter the bloodstream as chylomicrons, not as a fatty acid

A keto acid is a different name for an amino acid.

false

A sensible recommendation for all athletes is to have less than 10% fat in the diet.

false

A typical person harbors more than 15,000 distinct species of bacteria in the intestine.

false

Absorption is the diffusion of nutrients across the epithelial wall of the intestine.

false

Amino acids have to be incorporated into a protein before they can perform an action.

false

Carnitine palmitoyl tranferase I is an enzyme in the outer mitochondrial membrane that is important in transporting long-chain triacylglycerols into the mitochondria.

false

Glucose plus fructose mixtures can increase exogenous carbohydrate oxidation and muscle glycogen resynthesis.

false

Insulin stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue.

false

Intramuscular triacylglycerols can provide up to 15% of the energy expended during exercise in trained people.

false

Minerals are rapidly and completely absorbed in the small intestine.

false

Only amino acids can be absorbed. All peptides must first be broken down to amino acids before they can be absorbed.

false

Optimal adaptation to resistance training occurs when meals containing 0.2 g protein · kg b.w.-1· meal-1 are consumed shortly after a training session and at regular intervals throughout the day and totaling about 0.8 to 1.0 g · kg b.w.-1 · day-1.

false

Paracrine glands secrete hormones that regulate motility into the circulation.

false

Protein turnover is zero only during the night.

false

Soy protein is more rapidly digested than whey protein and produces a larger increase in the plasma total amino acid concentration.

false

Supplements that increase fat oxidation (fat burners) will induce weight loss.

false

The ketogenic diet is an extreme form of the high-fat diet in which protein and carbohydrate are severely restricted typically to intakes of less than 40 g/day.

false

The process by which an amino acid is turned into glucose is called ketogenesis.

false

The recirculation of chylomicrons is called the enterohepatic circulation.

false

In -oxidation, -glycogen becomes many amino acids -glucose becomes lactate -fatty acids become many acetyl-CoA molecules -triacylglycerols become chylomicrons -triacylglycerols become many acetyl-CoAs

fatty acids become many acetyl-CoA molecules

Which of the following is not an important function provided by glutamine? -an important gluconeogenic precursor -a nitrogen scavenger -generation of lipid peroxidation species -an important fuel source for the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract -an important fuel source for immune cells

generation of lipid peroxidation species

Glycogen that is broken down in the muscle is not released as glucose into the circulation because the muscle lacks -phosphorylase -glucose-6-phosphatase -hexokinase -glucose dehydrogenase -pyruvate dehydrogenase

glucose-6-phosphatase

Which of the following would be the major nutritional limitation to endurance performance, such as a marathon (26.2 miles, or 42 km)? -glycogen stores of the muscles and liver -triglyceride stores -amino acid stores -electrolytes -sodium stores

glycogen stores of the muscles and liver

When glucose enters the cell, it is immediately phosphorylated by -phosphorylase -glucose-6-phosphatase -hexokinase -glucose dehydrogenase -pyruvate dehydrogenase

hexokinase

The capacity of the aerobically trained muscle to use fatty acids as a fuel does not result in -reduction in lactic acid formation -sparing of muscle glycogen -sparing of blood glucose -higher plasma free fatty acid concentration -increased intramuscular triacylglycerol utilization

higher plasma free fatty acid concentration

Research has shown that time to exhaustion can be ___________ with consumption of a ___________ carbohydrate diet. -decreased; high- -increased; high- -decreased; low- -increased; low- -painful; high-

increased; high-

Which of the following promotes glucose and amino acid uptake by muscle? -adrenaline -insulin -glucagon -cortisol -glycogen

insulin

Which of the following is the most likely factor to limit the oxidation of ingested carbohydrate during exercise? -gastric emptying -digestion of the carbohydrate -intestinal carbohydrate absorption -retention of carbohydrate by the liver -glucose uptake by the muscle

intestinal carbohydrate absorption

Which of the following enzymes produces glucose and galactose? -amylase -lactase -sucrase -maltase -fructase

lactase

Which of the following has the lowest glycemic index? -white bread -white rice -lentils -bagel -boiled potato

lentils

During exercise, which of the following is not oxidized in muscle for energy? -leucine -fatty acids -lysine -valine -pyruvate

lysine

Which of the following is not a branched-chain amino acid? -leucine -valine -lysine -isoleucine -All are branched-chain amino acids.

lysine

Which of the following enzymes produces glucose only? -amylase -lactase -sucrase -maltase -fructase

maltase

Which of the following carbohydrates would be oxidized at high rates (up to 1 g/min)? -trehalose -fructose -amylose -maltose -galactose

maltose

Which of the following can be added to a carbohydrate meal to help promote glycogen resynthesis? -protein -vitamin C -alcohol -vitamin A -fat

protein

Which of the following may occur after ingesting carbohydrate 45 minutes before exercise? -rebound hyperglycemia -reactive hyperglycemia -rebound hypoglycemia -reactive tachycardia -increased lipolysis

rebound hypoglycemia

The digestion of protein (hydrolysis) takes place within the _______________ and depends on ____________ and a low pH. -stomach and small intestine; proteases -small intestine; proteases -small intestine and large intestine; proteopeptidase -stomach and small intestine; proteopeptidase -entire gastrointestinal tract; pepsin

stomach and small intestine; proteases

Which of the following does not play an important role in glycogen resynthesis postexercise? -the amount of carbohydrate ingested -the glycemic index of the meal -the timing of ingestion of the meal -the type of carbohydrate -All these factors play a role.

the type of carbohydrate

The process by which information in base sequences on mRNA are used to determine the sequence of amino acids in protein is called -osmosis -transcription -translation -reduction -oxidation

translation

Different amino acids are oxidized at different rates during exercise.

true

FAT/CD36 helps transport fatty acids into the cell.

true

Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are absorbed along with fatty acids. A low-fat diet will therefore result in less absorption of these vitamins.

true

Glucose ingestion will result in a reduction of endogenous glucose production by the liver

true

Hypoglycemia may result in dizziness, nausea, cold sweat, reduced mental alertness and ability to concentrate, loss of motor skill, increased heart rate, excessive hunger, and disorientation.

true

Ingesting a carbohydrate-rich preevent meal is associated with a dampening of the performance-enhancing effect of rinsing the mouth with a carbohydrate solution before exercise.

true

Ingestion of 30 g of medium-chain triacylglycerols during 3 hours of exercise has no effect on plasma fatty acid concentration, does not increase fat oxidation, and does not spare muscle glycogen.

true

Intramuscular triacylglycerol stores are higher in trained people than they are in their untrained counterparts.

true

Most vitamin absorption takes place in the jejunum and ileum and is usually a passive process.

true

Parasympathetic stimulation in general stimulates motility of the intestine.

true

Polyunsaturated fatty acids may reduce the rigidity of membranes and could enhance membrane function.

true

Soy protein contains less leucine per 100 g than does whey protein.

true

The muscular tone of the stomach wall decreases as soon as food enters the stomach, which allows the stomach wall to stretch outward to accommodate more food.

true

Two phases can be distinguished in the process of glycogen synthesis after exercise, which have often been referred to as the initial insulin-independent, or rapid phase, and the insulin-dependent, or slow, phase.

true

Tyrosine is the precursor of catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine).

true

When the arteriovenous difference is measured across the leg, the measurements represent metabolism not only in skeletal muscle but also in bone, skin, and adipose tissue.

true