NUTRITION

What role is copper important in?

Copper plays an important role in maintaining a healthy metabolism, as well as contributing to bodily growth and repair.

What is Manganese (mn) a participant in?

Energy metabolism

What is the RDA of Manganese for women?

1.8 Milligrams

How many types of Osteoporosis are there?

2

How much sodium does perspiration contain?

2% of sodium concentration found in the blood

What is the RDA of Manganese for men?

2.3 Milligrams

RDA of magnesium for women

310 Milligrams

What is the RDA of selenium for both men and women?

55MCG

What is the RDA of phosphorus for men and women?

700 Milligrams

What is the RDA of zinc for men?

8mg

How many people have osteoporosis?

About 12 Million Americans over the age of 50 (9.6 mil are women/40 Million have low bone density) These numbers are expected to increase.

What do all cells require?

All cells require calcium to function, but 99% is used for growth, development, and maintenance of bones.

What do all membranes contain?

An energy dependent pump that can transfer sodium from outside to inside the cell.

What is the typical amount of sodium adults tend to consume a day when eating processed foods with added salt?

Anywhere from 2300-4700MG

What is copper best found in?

Beef, seafoods, and nuts

How can bones become demineralized?

Bones can become demineralized if starvation, hormonal imbalances, or medications lead to low levels of phosphate in the blood.

What does the extreme sodium intake have a direct link to?

10-15% of adults are most sensitive with their blood sugar

What is the RDA of calcium for adults?

1000 Milligrams for over 50yo 1200 Milligrams for women older 50 and both men an women over 70 1300 for 9-18 yo for bone mass

What is the RDA of Manganese for men?

109 Micrograms

What is the RDA of zinc for women?

11 MG

How many cups of water do women require?

11 cups

Dash diet clinical study

11 week clinical feeding trial of indicuals having blood pressure less than 160/80-95 low fruits and veggies, high fat

What is RDA of phosphorus for people of the ages between 9 and 18

1250 Milligrams

How many cups of water do men require?

15 cups

Where is 15% of phosphorus located?

15% of phosphorus is in the soft tissues, blood, and extracellular fluid.

What is the RDA of Iodine for both men and women?

150 MCG

Was is the RDA of Sodium in adults?

1500 MG through the age of 50

In North America when were some trace mineral deficiencies first observed?

1960s to early 1970s

When was selenium discovered?

1979

How much sodium does one tbsp of slat contain?

2400 Milligrams

RDA of chromium for women?

25 Micrograms

RDA of chromium for men?

35 Micrograms

What is salt composed of?

40% sodium and 60% chloride

RDA of magnesium for men

400 Milligrams

Why is over-fluoration a potential problem?

50-80% of fluoride is absorbed.

When eating unprocessed foods and no table salt, how much sodium do we consume?

500MG

What is the RDA of Manganese for women?

76 micrograms

How much sodium do we consume in the form of salt on or in our foods?

77% 11% is added in by our cooking 12% natural occurring in foods

What is the average calcium for Americans today?

800 Milligrams for w 1000 milligrams for Men

What percent of potassium consumed is observed?

90%

What is the RDA for both men and women?

900 MCG

What is the percentage of Americans who exceed their sodium intake?

95%

Explain a chromium deficiency.

A chromium deficiency is characterized by an impaired blood glucose control and elevated blood cholesterol.

What is osmosis?

Allows the body to maintain the appropriate amount of water in each compartment by controlling the movement of ions into and out of the cell.

What happens to unabsorbed chromium?

Any unabsorbed chromium is excreted in the feces and urine.

Where is 85% of phosphorus located?

Approximately 85% of phosphorus is found as a component of hydroxyapatite crystals that provide the functional component of bone and teeth.

What are ultratrace minerals?

Arsenic, Boron, Nickel, Silicon, and Vanadium.

What is important for the development of brain cells?

As an iron, selenium is important for the development of brain cells.

Why is important for adults to control their salt intake?

Because chloride has a role in raising blood pressure, it is important that aging adults consciously control salt intake to decrease risk of developing hypertension.

Why are you more likely to have fluoride?

Because fluoride is added into the water supply.

How does water contribute to the regulation of body temperature?

Because of its ability to hold heat, which causes the body to change temperature slowly; also when overheated, perspiration occurs in the form of sweat to cool down the body.

How does water function as a universal solvent?

Because so many solutes can be dissolved in it; which allows water to transport nutrients and wastes and act as a medium for chemical reactions.

How does water function by moistening, lubricating, and cushioning?

Because the body secretes many fluids that are mostly water; these secretions occur in the GI tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, eyes and skin.

What is the difference in iron between plants and animals?

Bio availability in animal forms of iron is much greater than in any plant based food.

How does the body balance water?

Body systems work together to maintain fluids, balance and support life; these include nervous, endocrine, digestive, and urinary systems.

What is manganese important for?

Bone formation

What foods are best for selenium?

Brazil nuts (3 will meet your daily acquirement), oysters, tuna, pork, beef and lamb, and chicken

What happens in type 2 Osteoporosis?

Breakdown of both cortical and trabecular bone. Due to combination of dietary and age-related factors.

How can you prevent Osteoporosis?

Build dense bones in first 30 years of life and then limit amount of bone loss in adulthood.

How is fluid balance maintained?

By moving sodium ions where more water is needed?

Explain the acronym caution

C- Change in bowel movements or bladder habits A- A sore that does not heal U- Unusual bleeding or discharge T- Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere I- Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing O- Obvious change in a wart or mole N- Nagging cough or hoarseness

Why should you control blood pressure?

Having a healthy blood pressure can prevent cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, strokes and related declines in brain function, poor circulation in legs, problems with vision and sudden death.

What is primary hypertension?

High blood pressure without apparent cause.

What is hemochromatosis

Iron overload, leads to seizures, fever and low blood sugar and liver damage.

What are some examples of trace minerals?

Iron, zinc, fluoride, iodine, copper, selenium, molybdenum, chromium, and manganese.

Where can you find water in the body?

It is found in every cell, tissue, and organ

When is type 2 Osteoporosis diagnosed?

Later in life 70-75 yo

What does low blood magnesium cause?

Low blood magnesium causes an irregular heartbeat, sometimes accompanied by weakness, muscle pain, disorientation, and seizures.

What can low levels of chloride in the blood lead to?

Low levels of chloride in the blood can lead to a disturbance of the bodies acid-base balance.

What has mild iodine deficiency been linked to?

Lower IQ scores. (13)

What is required for the synthesis of Vitamin D in the liver?

Magnesium

Is manganese toxic?

Manganese is toxic at high levels, therefore this is no need for supplements because it can decrease the absorption of other minerals.

What do the ions of sodium function as?

Nerve impulse conduction and absorption of nutrients

What food sources are good for Manganese?

Nuts, oats, rice, whole grains, beans, and leafy vegetables.

Why is phosphorus deficiency uncommon?

Phosphorus is uncommon because the mineral is widespread in our food supply.

What is the best source of dietary iodine?

Sea foods

Why is the fluoride in water so important?

Since water is the main source of dietary fluoride

The more process food you higher it will be in ____ and lower will be in_____

Sodium Potassium

What happens when the signs of Hypokalemia are present?

Soon after the signs are present the heart will begin to beat irregularly, decreasing its ability to pump blood throughout the body.

What happens when sodium is dissolved in water?

The chemical bond holding the two atoms together breaks which releases the charged atoms.

Does the digestive tract absorb the sodium?

The digestive tract absorbs nearly all of the sodium consumed by an individual.

What should total water intake equal?

Total water intake should equal total water output.

What is the UL for phosphorus intake?

Ul for phosphorus intake is 3 to 4 grams per day. Intakes greater than this can cause mineralization of soft tissues.

Is poor dietary intake likely to result in low blood calcium

no

How to detect cancer?

"Caution"

Type 1 Osteoporosis is also called?

postmenopausal Osteoporosis, and occurs in women between 50-60 yo. It is directly linked to menopause.

What are the risk factors of hypertension?

Family history, age, and atherosclelerosis (plaque buildup in arteries). #1 Obesity #2 Inactivity # High Alchohol Intake

What is the dash diet low in?

Fat and sodium and rich in fruits, veggies, and low fat dairy products.

What is secondary hypertension?

High blood pressure as a result of disease or drug use.

What can high intake of phosphorus lead to?

High intake can lead to serious problems in people with certain kidney diseases.

What is low potassium known as?

Hypokalemia. It is a life threatening problem.

Where is chromium absorbed and stored?

In the liver, spleen, soft tissue, and bone.

What are some symptoms of the IV deficiency?

Increased heart rate Increased respiratory rates Night Blindness Mental confusion Edema Weakness

What does excessive calcium cause?

Increases risk of kidney stones, high blood and urinary calcium concentrations, irritability, headache. kidney failure, soft tissue, and decreased absorption.

What type of fluids contain 95% of potassium in the body?

Intracellular

What is iodine added to?

Iodine is added to forms of salt.

What plays a critical role in the synthesis of DNA?

Magnesium

What does magnesium disrupt?

Magnesium disrupts the hormonal regulation of blood calcium by parathyroid hormone and affects the activity of Vitamin D.

What is magnesium important for?

Magnesium is important for nerve and heart function and aids in many enzyme reactions.

How does magnesium serve as a structural role in bones?

Magnesium serves a structural role in bones to help provide rigidity, and it functions as a storage site drawn upon by other tissues when dietary intake is inadequate to meet the bodies needs.

When does magnesium toxicity occur?

Magnesium toxicity especially occurs in people who have kidney failure or who overuse over the counter medication that contain magnesium, such as certain antacids and laxatives.

What is calcium the main component of?

Main component o hydroxyapatite, the crystalline compound responsible for structure and hardness of bones.

Where can Marginal Phosphorus status be found?

Marginal Phosphorus status be found in preterm infants, vegan, people with alcoholism, older people on nutrient-poor diets, and people with long-term bouts of diarrhea.

What are some food sources of chromium?

Meat, whole grains, eggs, mushrooms, nuts, beer, spices

What are some foods that contain phosphorus?

Milk, cheese, meat, bread, nuts, and fish

What are some food sources of molybdenum

Milk, dairy products, beans, whole grains, and nuts.

Who and why do people experience symptoms that mimic Parkisons Disease?

Miners who have inhaled dust fumes in high manganese experience symptoms that mimic parkisons disease, including cognitive and muscular dysfunction

What happens in type 1 Osteoporosis?

Most dramatically affects trabecular (spongy) bone. Women can lose 20-20% of trabecular bones and 5-105 or cortical (hard bone)

What can not enough sodium in the body lead to?

Muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and in sever cases shock or a coma

What does the nervous system function rely on?

Nervous system function relies on the presence of chloride.

Are food sources with magnesium known to cause toxicity?

No, Food sources with magnesium are not known to cause toxicity.

What is copper deficiency usually caused by?

Over supplementation of other minerals

If water intake greatly exceeds what is recommended what happens?

Over-hydration, also known as water intoxication, can occur.

What kinds of foods are high in zinc?

Oysters, beef, crab, lobster, pork chop, chicken, cashews, and almonds.

Who is susceptible to low levels of magnesium?

People with Crohn's disease, heavy perspiration of prolonged bouts of diarrhea of vomiting are susceptible to low levels of magnesium.

What are the functions of Potassium?

Performs many of the same functions as sodium in regards to water balance nerve impulse transmission.

What is the second most abundant mineral in the body?

Phosphorus

What happens with poor kidney function?

Potassium builds up in the blood, inhibiting heart function

If you have kidney failure or poorly functioning kidney what should you pay attention to?

Potassium intake

What happens when sodium is pumped out of a cell?

Potassium is pumped into the cell to balance the loss of positively charged sodium ions.

Food that contains magnesium

Raisin bran cereal, spinach, sweet potato, yogurt, peanut butter.

What is the goal of the dash diet?

Reduce blood pressure

What is manganese required as?

Required as a co factor for synthesis of glucose and metabolism or some amino acids.

What foods contain chloride?

Salt added to foods, fruits, vegetables (seaweed, celery, tomatoes, and olives)

What is required to produce a thyroid hormone?

Selenium

In isolated areas of China, a rare heart disease was found to be linked to what?

Selenium Deficiency

Why is selenium, even though a much forgotten trace mineral n, very important?

Selenium helps in regulating glutathione peroxidase, which is vital to protecting the body from disease and aging.

Do enzymes use molybdenum(Mo)?

Several enzymes use molybdenum, including some involved in metabolism of amino acids that contain sulfar.

What is the full name of Sodium?

Sodium Chloride NaCl

What should be a concern when weight loss perspiration exceeds 2-3% of the total body weight?

Sodium losses

What are some calcium dense foods?

Spinach Orange Juice Yogurt Milk Tofu Raisin Bran (1 Cup)

How are T-cells produced?

T-cells are produced via the help of selenium and they kill harmful bacteria that invade the body

What is sodium commonly referred to as?

Table salt

How much does an average adult consume of chloride?

The average adult typically consumes an excess of this mineral.

Explain how much an athlete should drink and why?

The body can only absorb 60% of the water consumed, so athletes should drink 50% more than what they lose through sweat. (Consume 2-3 cups for every pound lost)

Explain blood calcium concentration.

The body tightly regulates blood calcium concentration within a narrow range regardless of dietary intake.

What is the role of kidneys with sodium?

The kidneys act as a filter. When blood sodium is low, as blood flows through the kidney, sodium is secreted back into the blood.

What happens in osteoporosis?

The presence of a stress-induced fracture or t-score of -2.5 or lower. Bones are porous and fragile due to low mineral density.

What does the word trace refer to?

The word trace refers to the low amount of these minerals that the body needs. (Less than 100 milligrams per day.) It also refers to the fact the body typically only has 5 grams or less of the mineral in the body.

What do trace minerals help the body do?

They help the body perform regulatory and structural functions.

What happens when the intake of calciums inadequate blood calcium decreases?

Three actions happen to reestablish calcium blood level. 1. Bones release calcium 2. Intestines absorb more calcium 3. Kidneys retain more calcium in blood

Why should athletes drink electrolytes when doing high endurance exercises ?

To avoid rapid loss of sodium

Why should athletes weigh themselves before and after practice?

To determine their rate of water loss and then their water needs.

Where are trace minerals found?

Trace minerals are found in a large variety of animal and plant foods.

What are ultratrace minerals?

Ultratrace minerals are presented in the human diet in trace amounts but that has not been shown to be essential to human health.

How can you get enough potassium?

Unprocessed foods are a rich source of potassium including fruits, veggies, milk, whole grains, dried beans, and meats.

What is chromium absorption enhanced by?

Vitamin C and Niacin

What is water lost from?

Water is lost from urine secretion, skin perspiration, lung respiration, and feces.

What happens what our blood sodium levels are too high?

We filter it through our kidneys and expel it in our urine.

Why is it a good thing that eating salty foods makes you crave water?

With having high blood sodium levels you have to urinate a lot. Water is then removed which can cause dehydration.

When is potassium deficiency most common?

With individuals who have a eating disorder or have a problem with alcohol

Are individuals with bulimia or sever cases of gastroenteritis at risk for chloride deficiency?

Yes, individuals with bulimia or sever cases of gastroenteritis are at risk for chloride deficiency

How can you deplete your body of sodium?

You can deplete your body of sodium from a low diet, frequent vomiting and excessive sweating

What happens to your body when you are very low in zinc?

You can lose your sense of taste and appetite

What is your immune system greatly affected by?

Your immune system is greatly affected by Zinc, which explains its presence in many cold supplements.

What trace mineral has a slightly better reputation than selenium?

Zinc

In 1961, what was darwinism in the Middle Eastern villages found to be linked to?

Zinc Deficiency

What is zinc a part of?

Zinc is a part of every living cell, and more than 75 enzymes contain zinc.

What is zinc absorbed by?

Zinc is absorbed from animal sources, rather than plant sources.

What part of the body is zinc vital for?

Zinc is vital for skin health such as acne.

Explain zinc supplements.

Zinc supplements have become very commonplace.

What is phosphorus a part of?

DNA and RNA

Where have deficiency symptoms of Molybdenum been found?

Deficiency symptoms have been found in people with IV nutrition devoid of molybdenum.

If water output is greater than water intake water happens?

Dehydration occurs

What is the Dash Diet?

Dietary approach t stop hypertension.

How are electrolyte used?

Electrolytes are used during immune responses as white blood cells attack foreign cells.

What represents 40% of all minerals present in the body?

Calcium (Most abundant mineral) Equals about 2.5 lbs (1200 grams) in an average person

Why is calcium essential?

Calcium is essential in formation of blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, regulate cellular metabolism, regulate glucose concentration, an cellular differentiation.

What part of the body is permeable to water?

Cell membranes

What are the affects of type 1 and 2 Osteoporosis?

Can lose height and experience sever pain. Can develop kyphosis, curvature in spine which can decrease volume of chest cavity leading to difficulty in breathing, abdominal pain, and decreased appetite.

What are children with iron deficiencies susceptible to?

Children with iron deficiencies are more likely to develop disorders such as ADHD and ADD.

What does chloride help regulate?

Chloride helps regulate fluid balance in the body.

What are chloride ions a component of?

Chloride ions are also a component of the acid produced in the stomach (hydrocloric acid) and are important for overall maintenance of acid-base balance in the body.

Why is chloride deficiency unlikely?

Chloride is unlikely because our dietary intake is so high.

What does chromium enhance?

Chromium enhances the function of insulin, therefore it is required for glucose uptake into cells.

What is chromium involved in?

Chromium is involved in the metabolism of lipids and proteins

What is the third most prevalent mineral within the body?

Copper

Why is copper essential?

Copper is a metal element and an essential dietary trace mineral required for several important metabolic reasons in our body.

What is copper important in producing?

Copper is important in the production of hemoglobin and red blood cells.

What may fluoride cause?

Fluoride may also cause bone tissue homeostasis.

What is intracellular fluid?

Formed by water inside of the cells.

What is extracellular fluid?

Formed by water outside of the cells or in the bloodstream.

What is the effect of frequent and lengthy bouts of vomiting, if coupled with a nutrient poor diet?

Frequent and lengthy bouts of vomiting, if coupled with a nutrient poor diet, can contribute to a deficiency because stomach secretions contain a lot of chloride.

What are the two groups of the clinical study of the dash diet?

Fruit and veggie diet; the control diet but added ruits and veggies and minimized sweets Combination dash diet; rich in fruits and veggies, low fat dairy. Reduced cholesterol, saturated and total fat

Why is iron deficiency such a major problem?

Iron deficiency is a very serious problem, and leads to poor growth, decreased performance and hair loss; among many other issues.

What is significant about iron deficiency?

Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional problem worldwide.

Is iron absorbed the same?

Iron is absorbed differently, depending on if you are eating animal or plant.

Besides seafood where can iodine be found?

It can be found in beef liver, potatoes, turkey, and eggs

How does potassium deficiency happen?

It can come from the continually deficient food intake but is most seen with diarrhea and vomiting.

Why is water important?

It compromises 50% - 70% of the human body. It is essential for life.

Why is the case of fluoride so interesting?

It has been added to the US water supply since the 1960's

What does lack of iodine inhibit?

It inhibits the production of thyroid hormones.

What is likely the result of poor intake?

Kidney disease, hormonal abnormalities, or medications . If it falls below a critical point muscles cannot relax resulting in tetany, which muscles become stiff

What are the symptoms of Hypokalemia

Loss of appetite Muscle cramps Confusion Constipation