Nutrition's Final Exam
List the digestive system organ or organ component in the proper order, according to its function during the processes of digestion and absorption.
-Stomach -Pyloric Sphincter -Duodenum -Jejunum -Ileum
Scientific Method
1. Make observations that generate questions. 2. Formulate hypotheses to explain events. 3. Review current scientific literature 4. perform tests and collect data 5. Analyze data and draw conclusions 6. Share results with peers. 7. Conduct more research
List 3 Benefits of Breastfeeding.
1.Less risk of developing type/type 2 diabetes later in life. 2.A healthier gut microbiota. 3.Breastmilk contains antibodies 4.Breastmilk is cheaper. 5.Increased bioavailability of vitamin and minerals. 6.Reduced risk of other chronic diseases later in life.
The Nutrition Facts panel on a granola bar says that it has 10 grams of fat, 15 grams of carbohydrate, and 5 grams of protein per bar. Approximately how many kilocalories are in this bar?
170 Kilocalories
A preschool-age child is between the ages of ________.
3-5 years old
For adult men, having a waist circumference that is greater than _______ inches is associated with an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and CVD.
40
Approximately how many grams of carbohydrate are in a sugar-sweetened beverage that supplies 240 kcals and contains no fiber, fat, protein, or alcohol?
60 grams of carbohydrate 240/4 (kcals in carbs)= 60 grams
Which of the following minerals is often lacking in the diets of older adults?
Calcium
List the macronutrients and how many calories they each contain per gram.
Carbohydrates = 4 kcal/gm Protein = 4 kcal/gm Fat = 9 kcal/gm
Which of the following food groups includes foods that are rich sources of riboflavin?
Dairy
Which of the following factors contribute to reduced food intake among older adults?
Depression Loss of teeth Reduced mobility and flexibility
According to the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which of the following beverages is the most appropriate for a child who is 18 months old?
Full-fat milk
Which form of iron is more readily absorbed in the human intestinal tract?
Heme iron
Compare and Contrast Insulin and Glucagon. When would each of these come into play?
Insulin and glucagon are both hormones that are produced in the pancreas to regulate blood sugar homeostasis. Insulin is an anabolic hormone that helps to take sugar into the cells. It can help store extra glucose as glucagon in muscle and liver. The release of insulin lowers blood sugar. Glucagon is a catabolic hormone and helps to raise blood sugars during periods of fasting. Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis.
Intrinsic Factor (secreted where) is needed to absorb which Vitamin?
Intrinsic Factor is secreted in the stomach and needed to absorb Vitamin B-12
Sudha is in her second trimester of pregnancy. Which of the following micronutrients is needed to synthesize thyroid hormone, which is essential for normal fetal brain development?
Iodine
Which of the following is a micronutrient?
Iron
What foods contain vitamin K?
Liver, green leafy veggies
Which of the following nutrients is a trace mineral?
Molybdenum
Which of the following statements is true?
Most Americans do not consume enough dietary fiber.
Which of the following statements is true?
Most enzymes have names that end with -ase.
Which of the following statements is true?
Nutrient-deficiency diseases develop when diets lack essential nutrients.
According to the textbook and associations such as the American Heart Association, which of the following fats would be recommended as a part of a healthy diet? Coconut Oil, Olive Oil, Lard, Avocado Oil
Olive Oil and Avocado Oil
When she prepares food, Felicia wants to use a product that is a rich source of unsaturated fat. Based on this information, which of the following fats should she select?
Olive oil
Which of the following statements describes pancreatic lipase?
Pancreatic lipase is stored in the gall bladder and is necessary for fat digestion.
________ are water-soluble vitamins.
Pantothenic acid, vitamin C, and thiamin
Which of the following foods is the best source of thiamin?
Pork chops
Paul just had a cholecystectomy. Which of the following dietary modifications should he consider?
Reduce his lipid intake
Which of the following factors contributes to an obesogenic environment, an environment that promotes excessive weight gain?
Reduced physical activity High levels of stress Consumption of high-calorie foods that are low in nutrients Easy access to highly processed foods
Which of the following foods or beverages is a main source of added sugars in American diets?
Regular soft drink
Which of the following statements are true?
Risk of urinary incontinence increases as a person ages. Signs of dehydration in older adults include weakness, constipation, and mental confusion. The body's water content decreases with advancing age.
Which of the following lifestyle choices is the primary cause of preventable cancer deaths in the United States?
Smoking cigarettes
Which of the following conditions or diseases is a leading diet-related cause of death in the United States?
Stroke
Which of the following is the best food source of beta-carotene?
Sweet Potato
Leona is making lemon pudding from "scratch." Her ingredients include fat-free milk, cornstarch, lemon juice, egg yolks, salt, sugar, and butter. When she added some of the ingredients together, little clumps formed in the mixture before she could heat it. What happened to those ingredients?
The acid in the lemon juice denatured the milk proteins.
Antibiotic usage often leads to microflora imbalance in the digestive tract.
True
Compared to previous versions of the guidelines, the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans provide specific guidance for different stages of the life cycle, including older adulthood.
True
Which of the following foods typically acts as a prebiotic?
Whole grains
Which of the following is an example of a trace mineral?
Zinc
Yolanda is eating a peanut butter and jelly sandwich for lunch. She has taken a bite of the sandwich and begun chewing the sticky sandwich. Once the bite of sandwich has been chewed, moistened, and mixed with saliva, it is called
a bolus.
Derek takes protein supplements before and after his workouts. He told his workout partner that he became 200% stronger within a couple of months after he added the supplements to his diet. His report about the effects of the supplements is an example of a(n) ________.
anecdote
A person suffering from celiac disease must avoid ________.
consuming foods that contain gluten
Infants are physically ready to start eating solid foods when they ________.
lose the extrusion reflex
Iodine is necessary for ________.
maintaining normal thyroid function
Routine vitamin C supplementation ________.
may reduce the duration of cold symptoms by a day or so
In the human body, water is involved in ________
regulating body temperature
Infancy is defined as the period from birth to _______ of age.
12 months
Which of the following foods is NOT usually responsible for causing allergic responses?
Carrots and celery
Which of the following minerals enhances the action of insulin?
Chromium
Cara follows a predominately plant-based diet and is concerned about her iron intake. Which of the following practices would you recommend to Cara to ensure she is meeting her iron needs?
Consume a food source of vitamin C, such as an orange, when consuming plant-based sources of iron
Mateo was recently diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Which of the following lifestyle modifications would you recommend to Mateo to help with management of the metabolic syndrome?
Exercise regularly Reduce intake of simple sugars Reduce intake of saturated fats
Human breast milk is an excellent source of vitamin D. As such, infants who are exclusively breastfed are at a low risk for developing rickets.
False
Most older adults can tolerate taking several prescribed and over-the-counter medications without experiencing negative health effects.
False
Pellagra is an infectious disease.
False.
________ is a physiological change associated with aging.
Hardening of the arteries
Consuming excessive amounts of carbohydrates can lead to increased accumulation of body fat.
True
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited respiratory disease that interferes with absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
True
During the adolescent growth spurt, bones grow faster as a result of estrogen secretion in females and testosterone secretion in males.
True
Intestinal bacteria produce gases when they metabolize fiber.
True
Intestinal blockage and bleeding, blood clot formation, and wound infections are possible complications following bariatric surgery.
True
Lydia is pregnant with her first child. Her recommended protein intake, based on the RDA, is increased during pregnancy. As such, Lydia needs to ensure she is including more protein in her daily diet.
True
On average, patients lose about half of their excess body weight after bariatric surgery.
True
Personalized nutrition involves making dietary choices based on your genetic makeup.
True
A weight-loss medication that contains phentermine will ______.
suppress appetite
According to Dianna's Dietitian, she needs to be aiming for a calorie intake of 1,500 calories per day. How many grams of saturated fat should she limit her daily intake to?
1500 x .10 = 150 calories from saturated fat 150 ¸ 9 calories per gram = 16.7 grams saturated fat per day
Lilly is 23 years old, weighs 153# and is 5 feet 2 inches tall. What is her BMI and what would her BMI classify her as?
153 x 703 ¸ 62 ¸ 62 = 27.98 = Overweight
The Dietary Guidelines are updated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture about every ________ years.
5
List the AMDR's for each macronutrient
Carbohydrates = 45 - 65% Protein = 10 - 35% Fat = 20 - 35%
Name the building blocks of each of the macronutrients.
Carbohydrates = monosaccharides Protein = amino acids Fats/Triglycerides = fatty acids
Which of the following statements is true?
Caregivers should not give popcorn, grapes, and cut-up raw vegetables to infants.
During the first few days after giving birth, the new mother's breasts produce ________.
Colostrum
The point at which a woman's egg is fertilized by a sperm and pregnancy begins is known as _______.
Conception
Explain the difference between enrichment and fortification of foods.
Enrichment is when a refined grain product has nutrients lost during processing added back into it. Fortification is when a food has a nutrient added to it that does not exist in it's natural form.
Which of the following foods is a natural source of vitamin D?
Fatty fish and fish oils
Kristan uses %DVs to help plan nutritious menus with various packaged foods. She should try to obtain at least 100% of the Daily Value for which of the following nutrients?
Fiber
Which U.S. government agency regulates nutrition and health-related claims on product labels?
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Samantha would like to improve both her health and the environment in her journey to achieve a healthy body weight and body composition. Which of the following is an approach that is both good for the body as well as beneficial to the environment?
Growing a vegetable garden Purchasing locally-grown fruits and vegetables at the farmers market Walking or biking to work rather than driving
In nutritional research, what is the purpose of having a control group?
Having a control group allows scientists to compare results between the two study groups to determine whether the treatment had any effect.
A major nutrition-related concern of adolescent females is ________ intake.
Low iron
Which of the following menu items has ingredients that represent all MyPlate food groups?
Salad made with hard-cooked eggs, grapes, leaf lettuce, cooked pasta, and cheddar cheese
Some forms of processing remove nutrients that were naturally in the food
True
Taking high doses of vitamin E supplements can impair blood clotting.
True
The body needs magnesium to maintain a healthy immune system.
True
The difference between one triglyceride and another resides in the type of fatty acids attached to each glycerol.
True
Vitamin E is involved in maintaining immune system function.
True
Dorothy is a 65-year-old woman with pernicious anemia. What treatment would her doctor recommend?
Vitamin B-12 injections
The human body needs vitamin K to ________.
form active blood clotting factors
Geoff wants to lower his risk of cancer. According to scientific studies, consuming ________ may decrease his risk of this chronic disease.
fresh fruits and vegetables
According to the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, a healthy eating pattern includes foods ________.
from all five food groups and oils but limits saturated fats, added sugars and sodium
The three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans are
galactose, glucose, and fructose.
The medical specialty that focuses on the healthcare needs of older adults is called _______.
geriatrics
Phil is a healthy college student. When he wakes up in the morning, he can't wait to eat breakfast. While he is asleep and before he consumes food or beverages, his pancreas secretes ________ to maintain his blood glucose level within normal limits.
glucagon
The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called ________.
osmosis
The ________ is the organ of pregnancy that transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to the embryo/fetus.
placenta
The common practice of taking several prescribed medication daily to treat a variety of health conditions is called ________.
polypharmacy
During pregnancy, edema can be a sign of a serious health problem if ________.
the swelling is accompanied by hypertension and protein in the urine
Which of the following websites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable nutrition information?
.com
Ethen is 180 pounds. What is his RDA for protein?
180 pounds ¸ 2.2 = 81.82 kg 81.82 pounds x .8 gm/kg (RDA) = 65.45 grams protein/day
Steven is trying to figure out how many grams of carbohydrates to consume per day. His Doctor told him to aim for 2,200 calories per day. According to the AMDR's, how many grams of Carbohydrate should he be shooting for?
2,200 calories x .45 - .65 (AMDR = 45-65%) = 990 - 1,430 calories from CHO per day ¸ 4 calories per gram = 247.5 - 357.5 grams/CHO/day
Which of the following is an example of catabolic pathway?
Beta-oxidation
Which of the following compounds is not secreted by the human stomach?
Bile
Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of phytochemicals?
Blueberries
________ enhances the effects of insulin on cell membranes.
Chromium
Choosing foods based on religious teachings is an example of ________ factors influencing eating habits.
Cognitive
Having adequate vitamin D in the body may reduce a person's risk for _______.
Depression certain forms of cancer multiple sclerosis heart disease
Which category of vitamins have a greater likelihood of causing toxicity and why?
Fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to become toxic since we store them in our adipose tissue. Excessive water-soluble vitamins are excreted in the urine.
What is the major storage form of iron?
Ferritin
Name the three most important dietary monosaccharides discussed in chapter 5.
Glucose Fructose Galactose
________ is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules.
Glycogenolysis
A major nutrition-related concern of adolescents is ________ intake.
Low calcium
Which of the following nutrients helps the body maintain normal fluid balance?
Potassium
________ is classified as a major mineral.
Potassium
Food guides usually classify sunflower and other seeds in the ________ group.
Protein
Which of the following grains does NOT contain gluten?
Quinoa
People are likely to develop pellagra when they consume diets that are low in niacin and animal protein.
True
People who abuse alcohol and follow nutritionally-inadequate diets have a high risk of developing B-vitamin deficiencies.
True
According to the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, healthy adults should consume ________.
as little cholesterol as possible while following a healthy diet
During starvation, the body _______.
begins to rely more on fatty acids for energy
The liver uses cholesterol to make ________.
bile
Dehydration can cause ________.
death
The results of a research study indicate that those adults who consume the most sugar-sweetened beverages also have the highest rates of type 2 diabetes. These findings suggest there is a(n) _______ correlation between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes.
direct
Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by severe birth defects that occur in infants whose mothers ________.
drank alcohol excessively during pregnancy
Chyme moves from the stomach into the
duodenum
The hormone oxytocin ________.
enables the "let-down" reflex to occur when a woman breastfeeds her baby
Which of the following factors can impact the body's fluid balance?
environmental temperature and humidity sodium intake exercise habits
Pregnant women generally need to take a supplement that contains ________.
folic acid
Insulin
helps glucose enter cells.
For several years, Corey has suffered from intermittent abdominal pain along with bouts of diarrhea and constipation. According to Corey, his "bad guts" worsen whenever he is "stressed out" or eats certain foods, especially raw fruit and baked beans. His doctor has determined that his intestinal tract is not inflamed. Based on this information, Corey probably has
irritable bowel syndrome
In general, compared to grain-fed beef, grass-fed beef often has _______.
more omega-3 fatty acids
Juan has been suffering from a viral infection for over a week. As a result of the illness, he has a fever and has lost his appetite. Based on this information, his body is in ________ nitrogen balance.
negative
Although Jerome and Joseph are the same age, weight and height; Jerome requires more vitamin C than Joseph. This is an example of ________.
nutrigenetics
An online magazine article about weight-loss diets includes false information about the process of digestion that uses scientific-sounding terms to make it seem factual. The faulty information is an example of
pseudoscience
Through the process of glycolysis, glucose is converted into two molecules of ________.
pyruvate
Which of the following reflexes causes an infant to turn its head and open its mouth as the baby's cheek is stroked?
rooting reflex
Chyme is the
semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach.
A nutrient requirement is the smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health.
true
Obesity increases a person's risk for each of the following EXCEPT _______.
type 1 diabetes
Each of the following can be metabolized for energy by human cells except _______.
vitamins
Absorption of _______ occurs in the large intestine.
water and minerals
Infants ________ have a higher risk of obesity during childhood.
whose mothers have obesity
The placenta prevents nicotine from entering the embryo/fetus.
False
The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors including glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, and most amino acids is called ________.
gluconeogenesis
A nutrition researcher observes that preschool-aged children who eat fewer vegetables are more likely to be overweight or obese than those children who eat more vegetables. The researcher then develops a/an ________, a possible explanation for the observation, to guide her research project.
hypothesis
Vitamin C enhances the absorption of ________.
iron
________ stimulates milk production by certain cells in the breast.
Prolactin
Every morning, Sarah stops at a convenience store to buy a 20-ounce bottle of a regular soft drink to consume before and during her early classes. Around noon, she drinks a sugar-sweetened tea that she purchased from a vending machine on campus. After she read news about the possible negative health effects of added sugars, she became concerned about her consumption of sugar-sweetened foods and beverages. She decides to follow the recommendations of the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans regarding added sugar intakes. Sarah usually consumes about 1800 kcal/day. Based on this information, she should limit her added sugar intake to less than ________ kcal/day.
180
Which of the following factors influences the metabolism of alcohol in the human body?
Age Body size and composition Prior drinking history
Which of the following minerals is associated with a reduced risk of dental caries?
Fluoride
________ is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
Hemoglobin
List the digestive tract organs (the flow of food) through the body in order (starting in the mouth) as well as the accessory organs.
Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus Salivary Glands Pancreas Liver Gallbladder
Which of the following minerals is often lacking in the diets of older adults?
Potassium
When a person consumes a large amount of coffee, tea, and/or soft drinks, the caffeine in these beverages acts as a diuretic and increases urine output.
True
Lucia follows an exclusively plant-based diet. To meet her protein needs, you recommend that Lucia consumes protein dishes containing complementary proteins. Hummus on whole-grain pita bread is an example of a complementary protein dish.
True.
Which of the following is considered a mindful eating practice?
Using all senses to enjoy food Sharing a meal with friends or family Eating more slowly Taking smaller bites of food
Which of the following vitamins is often lacking in the diets of older adults?
Vitamin B-12
Which of the following vitamins is most important as an antioxidant?
Vitamin C
________ are fat-soluble vitamins.
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Which of the following is an example of an anabolic pathway?
glycogenesis
Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin B-12?
ground beef patty
Over the past two years, Betsy has gained excess weight and body fat that has left her feeling tired and sluggish. At a recent doctor's appointment, Betsy was diagnosed with hypertension and pre-diabetes. Which of the following would you recommend to Betsy to help reduce the excess body fat that has accumulated in her body over the past couple of years?
Ensure she is getting enough high-quality sleep Participate in regular physical activity Consume a diet based on whole, unprocessed foods Engage in mindful eating practices
Sarah has not had anything to eat or drink for 12 hours. Which of the following is/are a source of stored energy that can be used to replenish blood glucose levels?
Liver glycogen
A scientist is creating a formula diet that supplies all essential nutrients. One of the minerals in her formula has a Recommended Dietary Allowance of 130 mg/day. How should she classify this particular mineral?
Major mineral
There are many practical ways that people can apply the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendations to their usual food choices. Match the following foods with their healthier alternatives.
Regular soft drinks: Water, regular or sparkling Ice cream: Frozen yogurt or "lite ice cream" Potato salad or cole slaw: Leafy greens or three-bean salad Table salt: Herbs, spices, or lemon juice
John's blood test results indicate that his LDL-cholesterol level is too high. Which of the following actions would a registered dietitian nutritionist recommend?
Increase intake of legumes and nuts
A/an ________ amino acid is one that is normally nonessential, but becomes essential under certain conditions.
conditionally essential
Cuproenzymes are group of enzymes that contain ________
copper.
Which of the following would be considered a recommended practice to improve or maintain body weight and body composition?
Focusing on diet quality and choosing nutrient-dense foods and beverages.
