NYSTCE Multi-Subject Part 3 - Arts and Sciences

Indian Empire

(7600 BCE - 1858 CE) The subcontinent was seldom unified in terms of government until the British Empire controlled the area in the 19th and 20th centuries. In terms of culture, India has had persistent institutions and religions that have loosely united the people, such as the caste systems and guilds. These have regulated daily life more than any government.

Basic Principles of Art

1. Balance 2. Harmony 3. Proportion 4. Unity 5. Variety

Basic Principles of the Constitution

1. Popular Sovereignty 2. Limited Government 3. Separation of Powers 4. Checks and Balances 5. Judicial Review 6. Federalism

The American Constitution

1789 went into effect. A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed. It was drafted by the Constitutional Convention and later supplemented by the Bill of Rights and other amendments (1791). Three branches of government with checks and balances of power: execturive legislative, and judicial. Bicameral legislature so that there would be equal representation for the states in the Senate and representation for the population in the House. Article II = Electoral college

The Settlement of New York

1791, Alexander Macomb, merchant in the American Revolution, bought 3.6 million acres of Northern NY. The tract was divided into 10 large townships.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Competition

A common demand by two or more organisms upon a limited supply of a resource; for example, food, water, light, space, mates, nesting sites. It may be intraspecific or interspecific.

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. Each base is attached to a phosphate and to a sugar: Four types of nitrogenous bases adenine pairs with thymine cytosine pairs with guanine

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Animal cell

A small living part of a multicellular organism that eats to gain energy and reproduces sexually. Does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and a small vacuole

13 Original Colonies

Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia. Deleware was the first state to ratify the consitution

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review; "midnight judges;" John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court.

Velocity

Speed in a given direction

Acceleration

The rate at which velocity changes

Community

The study of how interactions between species affect community structure and organization

Sumer

The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years. - First known writing system, which enabled the Sumerians to leave a sizeable written record of their myths and religion -Advanced the development of the wheel and irrigation -Urbanized their culture with a cluster of cities

The Rock Cycle

There are three main types of rocks: sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic. Each of these rocks are formed by physical changes—such as melting, cooling, eroding, compacting, or deforming—that are part of the rock cycle.

Rivers

a large natural stream of water flowing in a channel to the sea, a lake, or another such stream. Amazon, Nile, Rhine, Mississippi, Ganges, Mekong, and Yangtze

Mountains (Orogeny)

a process in which a section of the earth's crust is folded and deformed by lateral compression to form a mountain range.

Chromosomes

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Pitch

a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

Progressive Movement

an early 20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life

Roman Empire

an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern or Byzantine Empire Early Empire Traits: Strong military, centralized goverment, control and standardization of money, commerce, and taxes, a weight system, and an offical language Italian city state that lasted for 1,000 years and becasme the foundation of Western world's culture, language, and laws.

Factors of Production

are the four types of resources used in the production process: land, labor, capital (and possibly entrepreneurship / management / enterprise).

Great Depression

starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting

Aerobic cellular respiration

the process by which cells use oxygen to obtain usable energy from an energy source

Meteorology

the study of the Earth's atmosphere, particularily as it pertains to forecasting the weather and understanding its processes

The Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Chinese Empire

(2100 BCE - 1911 CE) Since the end of the Warring States Period in 221 BC, China has functioned as an Empire. Although the Dynasties have changed several times, the basic government structure remained the same until the 20th century. The Chinese also have extensive written record of their culture, which heavily empathizes history, philosophy, and a common religion.

Major Turning Points of the American Revolution

- Actions of the Second Continental Congress: Established the Continental Army and chose George Washington as the commanding general. Allowed printing of money and created government offices - "Common Sense" published by Thomas Paine - pamphlet calling for independence - The Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson - Alliance with France - Benjamin Franklin negotiated an agreen with France - Treaty of Paris : signaled the official end of the war , granted independence to the colonies, and gave them generous territorial rights

Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)

- Jackson's election is considered the beginning of the modern political party system and the start of the Democratic party - Jeffersonian Democracy, a system governed by middle and upper class educated property holders, was replaced by Jacksonian Democracy, a system that allowed unversal white male suffrage - Indian Removal Act of 1830 took natives out of hte territories that Whites wanted to settle, most notaly the Trail of Tears that removed Cherokees from Georgia and displaced them to Oklahoma - The issue of nullification, the rights of states to nullify any federal law they thought unconsitutional, came to a head over tarrif. However, a strong majority voe in Congress supporting the Tarriff Acts emented teh policy that states must comply with Federal laws.

Events leading to the American Revolution

- Sons of Liberty: Protest group headed by Samual Adams that incited the revolution -Boston Massacre: Soldiers fired on a crowd and killed 5 people on March 5, 1770 - Committees of Correspondence -Boston Tea Party - First Continental Congress: 1774 to list grievances and develop a response. Attended by all colonies except Georgia - The shot heard round the world

Cold War (1945-1991)

- a conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years - ideological war/war of ideas: capitalism (United States) vs. communism (Soviet Union) - waged by political and economic means - rivalry between the United States and the Soviets really began before the end of World War II

The Steps of the Scientific Method

1. Define the problem 2. Research or collect background data 3. Formulate a hypothesis or an educated guess 5. Conduct experiments or tests 6. Analyze the results of the test 7. Draw conclusions

Bill of Rights, 1791

1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. 2. Right to keep and bear arms in order to maintain a well regulated militia. 3, No quartering of soldiers. 4. Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. 5. Right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination, double jeopardy. 6. Rights of accused persons, e.g., right to a speedy and public trial. 7. Right of trial by jury in civil cases. Due process 8. Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments. 9. Other rights of the people. 10. Powers reserved to the states.

Colonization of Virginia

1585 Sir Walter Raleigh landed on Roanoke island -two estabishment attempts failed -first Colony at jamestown founded by John Smith in 1607 -Virginia Company, and Chesapeake Bay Company colonized other virginia sites -strong local government and tobacco wealth -24 puritan families (pilgrims) on Myflower but landed in plymouth massachussets instead (first thanksgiving)

Protestant Reformation

16th century series of religious actions which led to establishment of the Protestant churches. Led by Martin Luther King Henry was denied a divorce by the pope, so he broke away and established the Anglican Church.

Gilded Age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US. - Gain the vital port of New Orleans - Remove the threat of French interference with trade along the Mississippi River - Double the territory of the US Jefferson took the biggest feseralist action up to that time even though he was anti-federalist Sent Lewis and Clark to map the new territory and find a means of passage all the way to the Pacific Ocean. No river flowed all the way west, but their expedition and richeness of the land and game started the gread western migration of settlers

The Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

Age of Reform

1830's - 1850's; where the American society begins to reform itself in some way; three schools of thought: 1.)Enlightenment Thought 2.)Religious Liberalism 3.) Second Great Awakening

Dred Scott v. Sanford

1857 Supreme Court decision that stated slaves were not citizens: slaves were property no matter where they were living and the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

Woman's Suffrage

19th amendment. 1920

New Netherland/New York

A Netherlands colony which started as a center of fur trading, but quickly expanded into one of the largest merchant center of the New World. It was renamed after it was taken over by the English in the 7 years war. 1664, Duke of York sent an army which took posession of New Amsterdam and renamed it to "New York" in 1973, the Dutch fleet recaptured New York and held it until it was traded to the English by the Treaty of Westminster in Feb 1674

Indus Valley

A civilization extending from what today is now Pakistan to northwest India and northeast Afghanistan. It flourished in the basins of the Indus River. At its peak it had a population of over five million. The Indus cities are noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, and clusters of large non-residential buildings. - started in the 3rd and 4th century BC - unified culture of luxury and refinement - no known national government - advanced civic system - prosperous trade routes

Mesopotamia

A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. Series of short-term empires that failed because of ther oppression of subject people Early Empire Traits: Strong military, centralized goverment, control and standardization of money, commerce, and taxes, a weight system, and an offical language

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

Gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. Started with the construction of the first cotton mill and other invention / factories followed soon after. The steel industry greww exponentially what it realize cheap and abundant coal can be used instead of wood to melt metals. - Society changed from agrarian to urban. - Need for cheap, unskilled labor resulted in the extensive employment and abuse of women and children who worked up to 14 hours a day, 6 days a week in deplorable conditions. - Expanding populations brought crowded, unsanitary conditions to the cities -Factories created air and water pollutions -Society enacted child labor laws and created labor unions to protect the safety of workers as a response

Plant cell

A small living part of a multicellular organism that makes its own food in chloroplast and reproduces sexually or asexually.

Prokaryotic cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

Metamorphic rock

A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.

Decade of Optimism

After WWI Life improved due to Henry Ford's mass production, better roads, electric lights, airplanes, communications, etc.

Gettysburg Address (1863)

Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.

Middle Ages

Also known as the medieval period, the time between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century. -Roman Catholicism was the culural and religious center of medieval life, extending into politics and economics - Knights, with thei rsystem of honor combat and chivalry, were loyal to their king. Peasants or serfs served a particular lord or his lands - Many universities were established that still function in modern times - The Crusades, the recurring wars between European Christians and Middle East Muslims raged over holy lands - Charles the Great , Charlemagne, who created an empire across Grance and Germany around 800 AD - The Black Death plague swept across Europe from 1347-1350, leaving between 1/3 of the population dead

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Atmosphere layers

An atmosphere is a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in place by the gravity of that body. Troposphere - Lowest layer of our atmosphere. - Ground level, it extends upward to about 10 km (6.2 miles or about 33,000 feet) above sea level. - Living beings live in the troposphere - Nearly all weather occurs in this lowest layer. Most clouds appear here (99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere is found in the troposphere). - Air pressure drops, and temperatures get colder, as you rise in the troposphere. Stratosphere - Begins at the top of the troposphere to about 50 km (31 miles) above the ground. - Ozone layer - molecules in this layer absorb high-energy ultraviolet (UV) light from the Sun, converting the UV energy into heat. Stratosphere gets warmer as you rise - Trend of rising temperatures with altitude means that air in the stratosphere lacks the turbulence and updrafts of the troposphere beneath. Commercial passenger jets fly in the lower stratosphere, partly because this less-turbulent layer provides a smoother ride. Mesosphere - Extends upward to a height of about 85 km (53 miles) above our planet. - Most meteors burn up in the mesosphere. - Unlike the stratosphere, temperatures once again grow colder as you rise up through the mesosphere. The coldest temperatures in Earth's atmosphere, about - - 90° C (-130° F), are found near the top of this layer. - The air in the mesosphere is far too thin to breathe; air pressure at the bottom of the layer is well below 1% of the pressure at sea level, and continues dropping upwards Thermosphere - High-energy X-rays and UV radiation from the Sun are absorbed in the thermosphere, raising its temperature to hundreds or at times thousands of degrees. - Air in this layer is so thin that it would feel freezing cold to us. - Satellites orbit Earth within the thermosphere. - Variations in the amount of energy coming from the Sun exert a powerful influence on both the height of the top of this layer and the temperature within it. The top of the thermosphere can be found anywhere between 500 and 1,000 km (311 to 621 miles) above the ground. Temperatures in the upper thermosphere can range from about 500° C (932° F) to 2,000° C (3,632° F) or higher. - The aurora, the Northern Lights and Southern Lights, occur in the thermosphere. Exosphere - Although some experts consider the thermosphere to be the uppermost layer of our atmosphere, others consider the exosphere to be the actual "final frontier" of Earth's gaseous envelope. - Air in the exosphere is constantly - though very gradually - "leaking" out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space. - No clear-cut upper boundary where the exosphere finally fades away into space.

Scientific Method

An emperical method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses. - Acceptable experimentation techniques to ensure results are not skewed - Objectivity needed for valid results - Peer review - Experiments must be performed and recorded in a way that it can be reproduced to verify answers

Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia)

An object in motion (or at rest) will tend to stay in motion (or at rest) until it is acted upon by an outside force.

Meioisis

Another process by which eukaryotic cells reproduce. Meioisis is used by ore complex life forms such as plants and animals (happens only in sex cells - gametes. Results in four unique cells rather than two identical cells. Number of chromosomes are split in half Cell reproduction results in a doubling of number of chromosome = egg cells and sperm combine

Inaugural Address

Ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country" as well as that "the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americansf " set forth his vision for entering the "New Frontier." John F. Kennedy

Maps

Base Maps: created from aerial and field surveys. Starting point for topgraphic and thematic maps Topgraphic maps: Show the natural and human-made surface features of the earth - mountain elevations, river courses, roads, names of lakes and towns, and county / state lines Thematic maps: Use a base or topographic map as a foundation for showing data based on a theme such as population density, wildlife ditriution, hill-slope stability, economic trends

Atom

Basic unit of matter Nucleus: consists of protons and neutrons. Positively charged, desnes, and heavier than the surrounding electrons Neutrons (N): uncharged atomic particals contained in the nucleus. Atomic number (Z): number of protons in the nucleus Nucleon: neutrons and protons Electrons: atomic particales that are negativel charged and orbit the nucleus of an atom Atomic mass (A) / mass number: total number of protons and neuttrons in the nucleus of an atom A = Z + N

Types of Clouds

Cirrus, Cirrocumulus, and Cirrostratus are high level clouds. They are typically thin, whispy, and white in appearance, but can appear in a magnificent array of colors when the sun is low on the horizon. Altocumulus and Altostratus are mid-level clouds They are composed primarily of water droplets. However, they can also be composed of ice crystals when temperatures are low enough. White and/or gray sheets or layers. Cumulus (great vertical growth, dense with sharp outline), Stratocumulus(Gray or whitish patch, sheet, or layered clouds), Stratus (gray, low lying, and fog-like), and Cumulonimbus are low clouds composed of water droplets.

Scientists who have made significant contributions

Cuvier (1744-1829) - French naturalist. Used fossil record sto compare antomies of extinct species and existing species to make conclusions about extinction. Catastrophism theory Lamarck (1769 - 1832) - French naturalist. Theory of evolution by inheritance of acquired characteristics. Organisms became more complex by moving up a ladder of progress. Lyell (1797-1875) - British geologist. Geographical uniformitarianism Charles Darwin (1809-1882) - English Naturalists - evolution occured by natural selection. Species descend from common ancestors Alfred Russle Walace (1823-1913) - British Naturalist - independently developed a theory of evolution by natural seletion. Transmutation of species (one species develops into another)

Spanish Explorers

During the 1500's the Spanish created an empire by conquering the New World. In doing so, they defeated the British, the French, and the indigenous peoples that occupied this region. The impact on the indigenous peoples was devastating; effectively destroying their culture and customs. They came in search of gold. The Spanish had more advanced weapons and horses. They brought bacteria and germs. They hoped to find a sea route to Asia. Tenochtitlan-Famous city-state in Mexico that lured Hernan Cortes with its riches. Montezuma- Leader of the Aztecs. What was the purpose of the Spanish missionaries in the New World?- Educate and convert the Native americans to Christianity. Francisco Pizzaro -Conquered the Incas in modern-day Peru. The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. -A major factor that led to the unification of Spain. Juan Ponce de Leon -finder of Floria Balboa- finder of Pacific Ocean

competitive exclusion

Ecological rule that states that no two species can occupy the same exact niche in the same habitat at the same time

Regression Analysis

In statistical modeling, regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.

Energy and Work

Energy is a measurement of the ability of something to do work. The standard unit used to measure energy and work done is the joule (J). Whenever work is done to move energy from one form to another, there is always some loss to other forms of energy such as heat and sound There are two types of energy in many forms: Kinetic Energy = Energy of Motion Potential Energy = Stored Energy Power is the work done in a unit of time. A measure of how quickly work can be done. The unit of power is the Watt = 1 Joule/ 1 second. Work is the product of force and displacement. (W) = F⋅Δx

World War 1 (1914-1918)

European conflict challenges U.S. policy of neutrality; Allied victory makes the world safe for democracy

Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit

F = C * 9/5 + 32 C = 5/9 (F - 32)

Classic Forms of Government

Feudalism: rule of local lords who are loyal to the king and control the lives and production of those who live on the land Classical republic: Form is a representative democracy. Small groups of elected leaders represent the interests of the electorate Absolute Monarchy - A king or queen has complete control of military and government Authoritarianism: An individual or group has unlimited authority. There is no system in place to restrain the power of the government Dictatorship: Those in power are not held responsible to the people Autocracy: This is rule by one person (despot) who uses power tyrannically Oligarchy - A small, usually self-appointed elite rules a region

Newton's Third Law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Newton's Second Law

Force = mass x acceleration

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation new found respect from European powers.

Manifest Destiny (1845)

God given right for colonists to move west.

Igneous rock

Igneous rocks form when magma (molten rock) cools and crystallizes, either at volcanoes on the surface of the Earth or while the melted rock is still inside the crust. All magma develops underground, in the lower crust or upper mantle, because of the intense heat there.

Giovanni da Verrazano

Italian sea captain in the service of France who searched for a Northwest Passage in 1524. Discovered New York Bay in 1524.

Berlin Address

JFK June 26, 1963 expressed empathy for Berlin in their conflict with the Soviet Union "Ich bin ein Berliner"

Eukaryotic cells

Larger, complex, with nucleus, membrane bound organelles, DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins in chromosomes, cellulose in plant cell walls. Plant and animal cells are both eukaryotic

Light Waves

Light has the properties of a wave and a particle. The word "wavelength" is used to express the wave or undulating property of light. Particle: The intensity of the light varies depending on the number of particles. Bright light has many particles while dark light has fewer particles. These particles of light are called "photons" When light strikes matter, a part of that light is absorbed into the matter (a) and is transformed into heat energy. If the matter that the light strikes is a transparent material, the light component that was not absorbed within the material is "transmitted" through (b) and exits to the outer side of the material. If the surface of the material is smooth (a mirror for example), "reflection" occurs (b), but if the surface is irregular having pits and protrusions, the light "scatters" (c).

Latitude and Longitude

Longitude: measured in 15 degree increments towards west or east. Latitude: the distance north or south from the equator. It is also the measurement of the distance from the equator, which indicates how much solar radiation a area receives.

Address to Congress (1941)

Made by Franklin Roosevelt on December 8, 1941, it declared war on Japan and described the attack on Pearl Harbor as "a day which will live in infamy".

"I Have a Dream" and "I See the Promised Land"

Made by Martin Luther King, Jr. on August 28, 1963 and April 3, 1968, respectively, these speeches were hallmarks of the Civil Rights Movement

Brandenburg Gate Speech

Made by Ronald Reagan on June 12, 1987, this speech was about the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War. It contained the famous line "Tear down this wall."

Vital Signs

Measurements of the body's most basic functions and useful in detecting or monitoring medical problems. 96-98 F 120/70 and 140/90 depending on age and sex Normal pulse rate is about 72 beats per a minute Normal respiration rate is between 15-20 breaths a minute

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis: Cell division everywhere, one division forming 2 identical cells (clones) Meiosis: happens only in sex cells (gametes); two divisions forming 4 genetically different cells

Greek Mythology

Myths and legends of the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. Part of Greek religion. Apollo Ares Dionysus Hades Hephaestus Hermes Poseidon Zeus

Plate Tectonics

Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth's subterranean movements. Earth's outermost layer, or lithosphere—made up of the crust and upper mantle—is broken into large rocky plates. These plates lie on top of a partially molten layer of rock called the asthenosphere. Due to the convection of the asthenosphere and lithosphere, the plates move relative to each other at different rates, from two to 15 centimeters (one to six inches) per year. This interaction of tectonic plates is responsible for many different geological formations such as the Himalaya mountain range in Asia, the East African Rift, and the San Andreas Fault in California, United States. - Alfred Wegener published two articles about a concept called continental drift. He suggested that 200 million years ago, a supercontinent he called Pangaea began to break into pieces, its parts moving away from one another. The continents we see today are fragments of that supercontinent.

19th Century Immigration

Primary source of migrants was Europe; •1840-1850: Ireland and Germany •1870's: Western •1880's: Scandinavian countries •1900-1910: Southern and Eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, and Austria-Hungary)

Photosynthesis

Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

Biotics

Science of living organisms and the sum of knowledge regarding the life process

Ecology

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of small particles and subsequent cementation of mineral or organic particles on the floor of oceans or other bodies of water at the Earth's surface - Erosion and weathering include the effects of wind and rain, which slowly break down large rocks into sediments, such as sand or mud. Precipitation and lithification are processes that build new rocks or minerals. - Precipitation is the formation of rocks and minerals from chemicals that precipitate from water. For example, as a lake dries up over many thousands of years, it leaves behind mineral deposits. - Lithification is the process by which clay, sand, and other sediments on the bottom of the ocean or other bodies of water are slowly compacted into rocks from the weight of overlying sediments.

Geomorphology

Subdivision of Earth Science that studies how the landforms on the planet's surface are created

Miranda v. Arizona

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

Mutualism

Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship

French Explorers in the United States

The French never succeeded in attracting settlers to their territories. Those who came were more interested in the fur and fish trades than forming colonies. Eventually, the French would cede their southern territories, such as New Orleans, to Spain and the new United States of America.

The Law of Reflection

The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection: light is refeced back from the mirror at the same angle it strikes

Hydrologic cycle

The cycle through which water in the hydrosphere moves; includes such processes as evaporation, precipitation, and surface and groundwater runoff

World War II (1939-1945)

The most destructive war in human history; America entered the war in 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Germany, Italy, Japan (Axis) against Great Britain, France, Russia, and the U.S. (Allied)

Coral Reefs

The most diverse marine biome on Earth, found in warm, shallow waters beyond the shoreline. Fringing reefs, Barrier reefs, Atolls

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells obtain energy from an energy source without using oxygen Bacteria, yeast, or muscle cells.

Astronomy

The study of celestial objects and their position, movements, and structures. Some estimates state the at the Universe is about 13 billion years old. It is not considered dense and is believed to consist of 73% dark energy, 23% cold dark matter, and 4% regular matter. Cosmology is the study of the universe

Prime Meridian Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle Arctic Circle Equator

The tilt of the Earth on its axis is 23.5 Longitude (Meridians): Prime Meridian: longitudinal reference point of 0 Latitude (Parallels): Tropic of Cancer (Summer Solstice): 23.5 degrees north. The sun is directly overhead at noon at June 21, which marks the beginning of summer in the Northern Hemisphere. Tropic of Capricorn (Winter Solistice): 23.5 degrees south. The sun is directly overhead at noon at Dec 21, which marks the beginning of winter in the Northern Hemisphere. Antarctic Circle (Summer Solstice): 66.5 degrees south. Marks the start when the Sun is not visible above the horizons. June 21, the same day the Sun is directly over Tropic of Cancer. Arctic Circle (Winter Solstice): 66.5 degrees north. Marks the start when the Sun is not visible above the horizons. Dec 21, the same day the Sun is directly over Tropic of Capricorn. Equator: Line at 0 degrees latitude. Divides the earth into two equal halves called hemispheres

Egypt

This early empire has its home along Africa's longest river (The Nile River), with a detailed form of writing. -Originally settled villages on the bank of The Nile - National religion that held their pharaohs as Gods - Central government that controlled civil and artistic affairs - Writing and libraries - Geometry Early Empire Traits: Strong military, centralized goverment, control and standardization of money, commerce, and taxes, a weight system, and an offical language Series of goverments after extendingit sterritory beyond the Nile area. Compared to Mesopotamia, these were mroe stable and long-lived becasue they blended different peoples to create a single national identity.

Kingdom classification system

This five step hierarchical systems: Kingdom, Phylum/Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Music Note

This is a symbol that shows pitch and length of a musical sound

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. Reasons: - England was remote yet controlling. Few Americans had ever been to England. They considered themselves American - not English - During the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) 1754-1763 American including George Washington served in the British Army but were treated as inferiors - It was feared that the Anglican Church might try to expand in the colonies and inhibit religious freedom - Heavy taxation such as the Sugar and Stamp Acts, which were created solely to create revenue for the crown, and business controls such as restricting trade of certain products to England only, were burdensome - The colonies had no official representation in the Englih Parliament and wanted to govern themselves. There were fears that the Britain would block westward expansion and independent enterprise - Local government established through elections by property holders was already functioning

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's post WWI plan, most of which was rejected by European leaders following the war.

Statue of Liberty

a large statue symbolizing hope and freedom on Liberty Island in New York Harbor. Presented to the US by France. Finished construction in 1886

Market Economy

economic system in which decisions on production and consumption of goods and services are based on voluntary exchange in markets Economic freedom, Economic incentives, competition, private ownership, and limited government

Greek Empire

grew out of Mycenean and Minoan cultures; influenced entire Mediterranean world; used myths to try to explain and understand their world; many gods that were anthropomorphic; moved away from magic, religion, and superstition; made a great stride in math by employing a new way of thinking; built the Parthenon; Blended Greek values with those of the local culture, which collectively became known as the Hellenistic society

11 major organ systems

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

Mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Materials to avoid

solvents, thinners, shellacs, acids, alkalis, bleaches, rubber cement, and permanent markers; paints, fixatives, adhesives, and airbrush paints; oil paint or oil-based printmaking inks

Solar System

the collection of eight planets and their moons in orbit around the sun, together with smaller bodies in the form of asteroids, meteoroids, and comets. Sun: The center of the solar system. One of the 100 billion stars in the Milky Way galazy Mercury: Closest to the sun and is the smallest planet. Orbits the sun every 88 days. No satilleites or atmosphere, has Moon-like surface with craters, appaears bright, and is dense and rocky with a large iron core Venus: 2nd planet from the sun. Orbits 225 day, very bright, and is similar to Eaerth in size, gravity, and bulk composition. Dense atmosphre composed of Carbon Dioxide and some sulfer. Reflecticve clouds made of sulfuric acide and signs of valnism. Lighting and thunder have been recorded Earth: 3rd planet from the sun. Orbits 365 day. 71% of surface is salt water oceans. Rocky, atmosphere composed mainly of oxygen and nitrogen, has one moon, and support millions of species. 7.934 miles in diameter Mars: 4th planet from the sun. Appears red due to iron ixide on surgace, thin atmosphre, rotational period similar to earth, seasonal cycles. Volanoes, vallets, desert. and polar ice camps. Impact craters and the tallest moutain, largest canyon, and largest impact crater yet discovered. Jupiter: 5th planet from the sun and the largest planet in the solar system. Hydrogen and helium. Fast totation. Clouds in the tropopause = ammonia crystals that are arranged into bands sub-divided into lighter-hued zones and darker belts causing storms and turbulence. Wind speeds of 100 m/s, planetary ring, 63 moons, and a Great Red Spot, which is an anicyclonic storm Saturn: 6th planet from the sun and 2nd largest planet in the solar system. Gydrogen, some helium, and some trace elements. Small core of rock and ice, a thick later of metallic hydrogen, a gaseous outer layer, wind speeds up to 1800 km/h, system of rings, and 61 moons Uranus: 7th planet from the sun, hydrogen and helium, water ammonia, methan, and traces of hydrob=caarbons. Min temp of 49 K, coldest atmosphrere. Ring system, magnetosphre, and 13 moons. Neptune: 8th planet from the sun, and has the third largest mass. 12 moons, similar atmosphre to Uranus, a Great Dark Spot, and the strongest sustained winds of any planet. Has a fragmented ring system

Oceans

the largest of all the ecosystems. The ocean regions are separated into separate zones: intertidal, pelagic, abyssal, and benthic. All four zones have a great diversity of species. Atlantic, Pacific (largest and deepest), Indian, Arctic, and Southern (Surrounds Antarctica)