OB Chapter 42; The Child with Cardiovascular Dysfunction

A child has a total cholesterol level of 180 mg/dL. What dietary recommendations should the nurse make to the child and the childs parents (Select all that apply)? a. Replace whole milk with 2% or 1% milk b. Increase servings of red meat c. Increase servings of fish d. Avoid excessive intake of fruit juices e. Limit servings of whole grain

A, C, D

The nurse is preparing to give digoxin to a 9-month-old infant. He or she checks the dose and draws up 4 mL of the drug. The MOST appropriate nursing action is to: A. Not give the dose; suspect dosage error. B. Mix the dose with juice to disguise its taste. C. Check heart rate; administer the dose by placing it to the back and side of the mouth. D. Check heart rate; administer the dose by letting the infant suck it through a nipple.

A; Not give the dose; suspect dosage error.

A nurse is conducting discharge teaching to parents about the care of their infant after cardiac surgery. The nurse instructs the parents to notify the physician if what conditions occur (Select all that apply)? a. Respiratory rate of 36 at rest b. Appetite slowly increasing c. Temperature above 37.7 C (100 F) d. New, frequent coughing e. Turning blue or bluer than normal

C, D, E

The nurse is conducting discharge teaching about signs and symptoms of heart failure to parents of an infant with a repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Which signs and symptoms should the nurse include (Select all that apply)? a. Warm flushed extremities b. Weight loss c. Decreased urinary output d. Sweating (inappropriate) e. Fatigue

C, D, E

Which clinical manifestations would the nurse expect to see as shock progresses in a child and becomes decompensated shock (Select all that apply)? a. Thirst and diminished urinary output b. Irritability and apprehension c. Cool extremities and decreased skin turgor d. Confusion and somnolence e. Normal blood pressure and narrowing pulse pressure f. Tachypnea and poor capillary refill time

C, D, F

Nursing interventions for the child after a cardiac catheterization include which of the following (Select all that apply)? a. Allow ambulation as tolerated. b. Monitor vital signs every 2 hours. c. Assess the affected extremity for temperature and color. d. Check pulses above the catheterization site for equality and symmetry. e. Remove pressure dressing after 4 hours. f. Maintain a patent peripheral intravenous catheter until discharge.

C, F

An infant is receiving Lanoxin elixir 0.028 mg once daily. Lanoxin is available in an elixir concentration of 50 mcg/mL. The correct dose to draw up and administer is: a. 0.56mL b. 0.28mL c. 0.84mL d. 1.12mL

a; 0.56mL

The nurse is admitting a child with rheumatic fever. Which therapeutic management should the nurse expect to implement? a. Administering penicillin b. Avoiding salicylates (aspirin) c. Imposing strict bed rest for 4 to 6 weeks d. Administering corticosteroids if chorea develops

a; Administering penicillin

What is the nurses first action when planning to teach the parents of an infant with a congenital heart defect (CHD)? a. Assess the parents anxiety level and readiness to learn. b. Gather literature for the parents. c. Secure a quiet place for teaching. d. Discuss the plan with the nursing team.

a; Assess the parents anxiety level and readiness to learn.

The nurse is assessing a child postcardiac catheterization. Which complication might the nurse anticipate? a. Cardiac arrhythmia b. Hypostatic pneumonia c. Congestive heart failure d. Rapidly increasing blood pressure

a; Cardiac arrhythmia

A beneficial effect of administering digoxin (Lanoxin) is that it: a. Decreases edema b. Decreases cardiac output c. Increases heart size d. Increases venous pressure

a; Decreases edema

An infant who weighs 7 kg has just returned to the intensive care unit following cardiac surgery. The chest tube has drained 40mL in the past hour. In this situation, what is the first action for the nurse to take? a. Notify the surgeon. b. Identify any other signs of hemorrhage. c. Suction the patient. d. Identify any other signs of renal failure

a; Notify the surgeon

The nurse is caring for an infant with congestive heart disease (CHD). The nurse should plan which intervention to decrease cardiac demands? a. Organize nursing activities to allow for uninterrupted sleep. b. Allow the infant to sleep through feedings during the night. c. Wait for the infant to cry to show definite signs of hunger. d. Discourage parents from rocking the infant

a; Organize nursing activities to allow for uninterrupted sleep.

Which painful, tender, pea-sized nodules may appear on the pads of the fingers or toes in bacterial endocarditis? a. Oslers nodes b. Janeway lesions c. Subcutaneous nodules d. Aschoffs nodules

a; Oslers nodes

A major clinical manifestation of rheumatic fever is: a. Polyarthritis. b. Oslers nodes. c. Janeway spots. d. Splinter hemorrhages of distal third of nails.

a; Polyarthritis

A child with pulmonary atresia exhibits cyanosis with feeding. On reviewing this child's laboratory values, the nurse is not surprised to notice which abnormality? a. Polycythemia b. Infection c. Dehydration d. Anemia

a; Polycythemia

The school nurse is called to the cafeteria because a child "has eaten something he is allergic to." The child is in severe respiratory distress. FIRST the nurse should: A. Determine what the child has eaten B. Administer diphenhydramine (Benadryl) C. Move the child to the nurse's office or hallway D. Have someone call for an ambulance/paramedic rescue squad.

D; Have someone call for an ambulance/paramedic rescue squad.

A nurse is teaching nursing students the physiology of congenital heart defects. Which defect results in decreased pulmonary blood flow? a. Atrial septal defect b. Tetralogy of Fallot c. Ventricular septal defect d. Patent ductus arteriosus

b. Tetralogy of Fallot

A 4-year-old would be classified as hypertensive with a systolic or diastolic blood pressure that: a. falls above the 99th percentile one time. b. consistently falls at or over the 95th percentile. c. falls between the 95th and 99th percentiles one time. d. falls between the 99th percentile on time.

b; consistently falls at or over the 95th percentile.

The two main angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors most commonly used for children with congestive heart failure are: a. digoxin and captopril b. enalapril and captopril c. enalapril and furosemide d. spironolactone and captopril.

b; enalapril and captopril

During fetal life, oxygenated blood travels into the left atrium through a structure known as the: a. truncus arteriosus. b. foramen ovale. c. sinus venosus. d. ductus venosus.

b; foramen ovale.

A 12-month-old infant in heart failure is taking enalapril (ACE inhibitor) and spironolactone. The nurse should be especially alert for: a. sodium 142 mEq/L. b. potassium 5.0 mEq/L. c. potassium 3.1 mEq/L. d. sodium 132 mEq/L.

b; potassium 5.0 mEq/L.

The peak age for the incidence of Kawasaki disease is in the: a. infant age group. b. toddler age group. c. school-age group. d. adolescent age group.

b; toddler age group.

What is best described as the inability of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to the systemic circulation at normal filling pressures? a. Pulmonary congestion b. Congenital heart defect c. Congestive heart failure d. Systemic venous congestion

c; Congestive heart failure

A child is brought to the emergency department experiencing an anaphylactic reaction to a bee sting. While an airway is being established, what medication should the nurse prepare for immediate administration? a. Dyphenhydramine (Benadryl) b. Dopamine c. Epinephrine d. Calcium chloride

c; Epinephrine

The nurse is caring for a child after heart surgery. What should she or he do if evidence is found of cardiac tamponade? a. Increase analgesia. b. Apply warming blankets. c. Immediately report this to the physician. d. Encourage the child to cough, turn, and breathe deeply.

c; Immediately report this to the physician.

A clinical manifestation of the systemic venous congestion that can occur with congestive heart failure is: a. Tachypnea b. Tachycardia c. Peripheral edema d. Pale, cool extremities

c; Peripheral edema

The nurse is assessing a 6-month-old with congestive heart failure. Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of systemic congestion which can occur with CHF? a. Tachypnea b. Bradycardia c. Peripheral edema, especially periorbital edema d. Intercostal retractions

c; Peripheral edema, especially periorbital edema

A nurse is teaching an adolescent about primary hypertension. The nurse knows that which of the following is correct? a. Primary hypertension should be treated with diuretics as soon as it is detected. b. Congenital heart defects are the most common cause of primary hypertension. c. Primary hypertension may be treated with weight reduction. d. Primary hypertension is not affected by exercise.

c; Primary hypertension may be treated with weight reduction.

Which action by the school nurse is important in the prevention of rheumatic fever? a. Encourage routine cholesterol screenings. b. Conduct routine blood pressure screenings. c. Refer children with sore throats for throat cultures. d. Recommend salicylates instead of acetaminophen for minor discomforts.

c; Refer children with sore throats for throat cultures.

When should a 4-year-old and his or her parent(s) visit the intensive care unit before open-heart surgery? a. Several days before the surgery b. At a busy time with a lot to see and hear c. The day before surgery d. Several weeks before the surgery

c; The day before surgery

The nurse is teaching a mother how to administer digoxin (Lanoxin) at home to her 3-year-old child. The nurse tells the mother that as a general rule, digoxin should not be administered to the older child whose pulse is: a. 108 b. 98 c. 78 d. 58

d; 58

Jos is a 4-year-old child scheduled for a cardiac catheterization. Preoperative teaching should be: a. Directed at his parents because he is too young to understand. b. Detailed in regard to the actual procedures so he will know what to expect. c. Done several days before the procedure so that he will be prepared. d. Adapted to his level of development so that he can understand.

d; Adapted to his level of development so that he can understand.

An infant with tetralogy of Fallot, at home, became upset and begins to cry hard. The infant has an increase in cyanosis and becomes tachypneic. To relieve the cardiac load on the heart, which of the following should the parent do first? a. Administer morphine sulfate. b. Place the child in knee-chest position. c. Place the child in a high-Fowler position. d. Administer oxygen.

d; Administer oxygen.

What type of shock is characterized by a hypersensitivity reaction causing massive vasodilation and capillary leaks, which may occur with drug or latex allergy? a. Neurogenic shock b. Cardiogenic shock c. Hypovolemic shock d. Anaphylactic shock

d; Anaphylactic shock

The nurse is caring for a school-age girl who has had a cardiac catheterization. The child tells the nurse that her bandage is too wet. The nurse finds the bandage and bed soaked with blood. The most appropriate initial nursing action is to: a. Notify the physician. b. Apply a new bandage with more pressure. c. Place the child in the Trendelenburg position. d. Apply direct pressure above the catheterization site.

d; Apply direct pressure above the catheterization site.

A common, serious complication of rheumatic fever is: a. Seizures b. Cardiac arrhythmias c. Pulmonary hypertension d. Cardiac valve damage

d; Cardiac valve damage

What is an expected assessment finding in a child with coarctation of the aorta? a. Orthostatic hypotension b. Systolic hypertension in the lower extremities c. Blood pressure higher on the left side of the body d. Disparity in blood pressure between the upper and lower extremities

d; Disparity in blood pressure between the upper and lower extremities

When discussing hyperlipidemia with a group of adolescents, the nurse should explain that high levels of what substance are thought to protect against cardiovascular disease? a. Cholesterol b. Triglycerides c. Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) d. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

d; High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

An infant who weighs 7 kg has just returned to the intensive care unit following cardiac surgery. The urine output has been 5 mL in the past hour. In this situation, what is the first action for the nurse to take? a. Notify the surgeon. b. Identify any other signs of hypervolemia. c. Suction the patient. d. Identify any other signs of renal failure.

d; Identify any other signs of renal failure.

Which postoperative intervention should be questioned for a child after a cardiac catheterization? a. Continue intravenous (IV) fluids until the infant is tolerating oral fluids. b. Check the dressing for bleeding. c. Assess peripheral circulation on the affected extremity. d. Keep the affected leg flexed and elevated.

d; Keep the affected leg flexed and elevated.

The parents of a young child with congestive heart failure tell the nurse that they are nervous about giving digoxin. The nurses response should be based on knowing that: a. It is a safe, frequently used drug. b. It is difficult to either overmedicate or undermedicate with digoxin. c. Parents lack the expertise necessary to administer digoxin. d. Parents must learn specific, important guidelines for administration of digoxin.

d; Parents must learn specific, important guidelines for administration of digoxin.

Surgical closure of the ductus arteriosus would: a. Stop the loss of unoxygenated blood to the systemic circulation. b. Decrease the edema in legs and feet. c. Increase the oxygenation of blood. d. Prevent the return of oxygenated blood to the lungs.

d; Prevent the return of oxygenated blood to the lungs.

Seventy-two hours after cardiac surgery, a young child has a temperature of 37.7 C (101 F). The nurse should: a. Keep the child warm with blankets. b. Apply a hypothermia blanket. c. Record the temperature on nurses notes. d. Report findings to physician.

d; Report the findings to physician.

The most common causative agent of bacterial endocarditis is: a. Staphylococcus albus. b. Streptococcus hemolyticus. c. Staphylococcus albicans. d. Streptococcus viridans.

d; Streptococcus viridans.

When caring for the child with Kawasaki disease, the nurse should understand that: a. The child's fever is usually responsive to antibiotics within 48 hours. b. The principal area of involvement is the joints. c. Aspirin is contraindicated. d. Therapeutic management includes administration of gamma globulin and aspirin.

d; Therapeutic management includes administration of gamma globulin and aspirin.

For what reason might a newborn infant with a cardiac defect, such as coarctation of the aorta, that results in a right-to-left shunt receive prostaglandin E1? a. To decrease inflammation b. To control pain c. To decrease respirations d. To improve oxygenation

d; To improve oxygenation

Which of the following clinical manifestations is a sign of chronic hypoxemia in a child? a. Fatigue with feeding b. Tachypnea c. Clubbing d. a, b, and c

d; a, b, and c

Discharge teaching for a child with Kawasaki disease who received IVIG should include: a. temperature should be taken daily; occurrence of fever should be reported immediately. b. arthritis, especially in the weight-bearing joints, although temporary, may persist for several weeks. c. defer any live vaccines such as measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine for 11 months. d. all of the above.

d; all of the above

Following cardiac surgery, fluid intake calculations for a child would include: a. intravenous fluids. b. arterial and CVP line flushes. c. fluid used to dilute medications. d. all of the above

d; all of the above

Following cardiac surgery, in addition to hourly recordings of urine, fluid output calculations in a child should include: a. nasogastric secretions b. blood drawn for analysis c. chest tube drainage d. all of the above

d; all of the above

Parents of the infant with a congenital heart defect should know the signs of congestive heart failure, which may include: a. poor feeding b. sudden weight gain c. increased efforts to breathe d. all of the above

d; all of the above

The most reliable test to provide evidence of recent streptococcal infection is the : a. throat culture. b. mantoux test. c. liver enzymes test. d. antistreptolysin O test.

d; antistreptolysin O test.

Signs and symptoms of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in an infant or young child may include: a. pallor b. irritability c. poor feeding d. diaphoresis e. a, b, and c

d; diaphoresis

The nutritional needs of the infant with congestive heart failure are usually: a. the same as an adult's b. less than a healthy infant's c. the same as a healthy infant's d. greater than a healthy infant's

d; greater than a healthy infant's

If bleeding occurs at the insertion site after a cardiac catheterization, the nurse should apply: a. warmth to the unaffected extremity. b. pressure below the insertion site. c. warmth to the affected extremity. d. pressure above the insertion site.

d; pressure above the insertion site.

When preparing a child for cardiac, catheterization the nurse should: a. ask about allergies. b. assess and mark distal pulses. c. ask about a fever above 100°F. d. provide information about the procedure to the child and parents. e. all of the above

e; all of the above

Eleven-year-old Juan is in the clinic to receive booster childhood vaccines. The nurse asks Juan's mother if he has ever had cholesterol screening performed. The mother replies that Juan is too young for such screening. The nurse informs Juan's mother that universal cholesterol screening is recommended for: a. All children 5 years old and older. b. children aged 9 to 11 years. c. adolescents 17 to 21 years of age. d. a, b, and c. e. b and c.

e; b and c.

Which structural defects constitute tetralogy of Fallot? a. Pulmonic stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy b. Aortic stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy c. Aortic stenosis, atrial septal defect, overriding aorta, left ventricular hypertrophy d. Pulmonic stenosis, ventricular septal defect, aortic hypertrophy, left ventricular hypertrophy

a; Pulmonic stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy

Parents of a 3-year-old child with congenital heart disease are afraid to let their child play with other children because of possible overexertion. The nurses reply should be based on knowing that: a. The child needs opportunities to play with peers. b. The child needs to understand that peers activities are too strenuous. c. Parents can meet all the childs needs. d. Constant parental supervision is needed to avoid overexertion.

a; The child needs opportunities to play with peers.

In which situation is there the greatest risk that a newborn infant will have a congenital heart defect (CHD)? a. Trisomy 21 detected on amniocentesis b. Family history of myocardial infarction c. Father has type 1 diabetes mellitus d. Older sibling born with Turners syndrome

a; Trisomy 21 detected on amniocentesis

35. Which intervention should be included in the plan of care for an infant with the nursing diagnosis of Excess Fluid Volume related to congestive heart failure? a. Weigh the infant every day on the same scale at the same time. b. Notify the physician when weight gain exceeds more than 20 g/day. c. Put the infant in a car seat to minimize movement. d. Administer digoxin (Lanoxin) as ordered by the physician.

a; Weigh the infant every day on the same scale at the same time.

The nurse is talking to a parent of an infant with heart failure about feeding the infant. Which statement about feeding the child is correct? a. You may need to increase the caloric density of your infants formula. b. You should feed your baby every 2 hours. c. You may need to increase the amount of formula your infant eats with each feeding. d. You should place a nasal oxygen cannula on your infant during and after each feeding.

a; You may need to increase the caloric density of your infants formula.

One of the most important factors in preventing bacterial endocarditis is: a. administration of antibiotics before dental work to high-risk patients. b. surgical repair of the defect. c. administration of prostaglandin to maintain patent ductus arteriosus. d. administration of antibiotics after dental work to high-risk patients.

a; administration of antibiotics before dental work to high-risk patients.

Coarctation of the aorta should be suspected when the : a. blood pressure is higher in the arms than in the legs. b. blood pressure in the right arm is different from the blood pressure in the left arm. c. apical pulse is greater than the radial pulse. d. point of maximum impulse is shifted to the right.

a; blood pressure is higher in the arms than in the legs.

Prostaglandin is administered to the newborn with a congenital heart defect to: a. keep the ductus arteriosus open. b. close the ductus arteriosus. c. keep the foramen ovale open. d,. close the foramen ovale.

a; keep the ductus arteriosus open.

When an abnormal connection exists between the heart chambers (e.g., a septal defect), blood will necessarily flow from an area of higher pressure (left side) to one of lower pressure (right side). This is called a: a. left-to-right shunt b. right-to-left shunt

a; left-to-right shunt

In fetal circulation only a small amount of blood flows through the nonfunctioning: a. pulmonary circulation. b. ductus arteriosus c. hepatic circulation d. ductus venosus

a; pulmonary circulation.

Because an incision is made through muscle, most children consider the most painful part of cardiac surgery to be the: a. thoracotomy incision site. b. graft sire on the leg. c. sternotomy incision site. d. intravenous insertion site.

a; thoracotomy incision site.

Dehydration must be prevented in children who are hypoxemic because dehydration places the child at risk for: a. infection b. cerebral vascular accident c. fever d. air embolism

b; cerebral vascular accident

The nurse should explain to the parents that their child is receiving Lasix for severe congestive heart failure because it is a/an: A. Diuretic B. A-blocker C. Form of digitalis D. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

A. diuretic.

When assessing for hypertension in an infant, the nurse will expect the infant to exhibit which signs? A. Dizziness B. Changes in vision C. Irritability D. Head rubbing E. Waking up screaming in the night

B, C, D

What is the appropriate priority nursing action for the infant with a CHD who has an increased respiratory rate, is sweating, and is not feeding well? a. Recheck the infant's blood pressure b. Alert the physician c. Withhold the oral feeding d. Increase the oxygen rate

b; Alert the physician

One of the most frequent causes of hypovolemic shock in children is: a. Myocardial infarction b. Blood loss c. Anaphylaxis d. Congenital heart disease

b; Blood loss

The primary nursing intervention necessary to prevent bacterial endocarditis is to: a. Institute measures to prevent dental procedures. b. Counsel parents of high risk children about prophylactic antibiotics. c. Observe children for complications such as embolism and heart failure. d. Encourage restricted mobility in susceptible children.

b; Counsel parents of high risk children about prophylactic antibiotics.

Which drug is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor? a. Captopril (Capoten) b. Furosemide (Lasix) c. Spironolactone (Aldactone) d. Chlorothiazide (Diuril)

b; Furosemide (Lasix)

Which of the following sets of assessment findings are the most frequent clinical manifestations of an atrial septal defect in an infant or child? a. Decreased cardiac output and low blood pressure b. Heart failure and a murmur c. Increased blood pressure and pulse d. Dyspnea and bradycardia

b; Heart failure and a murmur

The nurse is preparing an adolescent for discharge after a cardiac catheterization. Which statement by the adolescent would indicate a need for further teaching? a. I should avoid tub baths but may shower. b. I have to stay on strict bed rest for 3 days. c. I should remove the pressure dressing the day after the procedure. d. I may attend school but should avoid exercise for several days.

b; I have to stay on strict bed rest for 3 days.

Which clinical changes occur as a result of septic shock? a. Hypothermia b. Increased cardiac output c. Vasoconstriction d. Angioneurotic edema

b; Increased cardiac output

When preparing a school-age child and the family for heart surgery, the nurse should consider: a. Not showing unfamiliar equipment. b. Letting child hear the sounds of an electrocardiograph monitor. c. Avoiding mentioning postoperative discomfort and interventions. d. Explaining that an endotracheal tube will not be needed if the surgery goes well.

b; Letting child hear the sounds of an electrocardiograph monitor.

The nurse assessing a premature newborn infant auscultates a continuous machinery-like murmur. This finding is associated with which congenital heart defect? a. Pulmonary stenosis b. Patent ductus arteriosus c. Ventricular septal defect d. Coarctation of the aorta

b; Patent ductus arteriosus

An 8-month-old infant has a hypercyanotic spell while blood is being drawn. The nurses first action should be to: a. Assess for neurologic defects b. Place the child in the knee-chest position c. Begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation d. Prepare the family for imminent death

b; Place the child in the knee-chest position

As part of the treatment for congestive heart failure, the child takes the diuretic furosemide. As part of teaching home care, the nurse encourages the family to give the child foods such as bananas, oranges, and leafy vegetables. These foods are recommended because they are high in: a. Chlorides b. Potassium c. Sodium d. Vitamins

b; Potassium

The nurse is caring for a child with persistent hypoxia secondary to a cardiac defect. The nurse recognizes that a risk of cerebrovascular accidents (strokes) exists. An important objective to decrease this risk is to: a. Minimize seizures b. Prevent dehydration c. Promote cardiac output d. Reduce energy expenditure

b; Prevent dehydration

The leading cause of death after heart transplantation is: a. Infection b. Rejection c. Cardiomyopathy d. Congestive heart failure

b; Rejection

An adolescent being seen by the nurse practitioner for a sports physical is identified as having hypertension. On further testing, it is discovered the child has a cardiac abnormality. The initial treatment of secondary hypertension initially involves: a. Weight control and diet. b. Treating the underlying disease. c. Administration of digoxin. d. Administration of b-adrenergic receptor blockers.

b; Treating the underlying disease.

The nurse is evaluating a child who is taking digoxin for her cardiac condition. The nurse is cognizant that a common sign of digoxin toxicity is: a. Seizures b. Vomiting c. Bradypnea d. Tachycardia

b; Vomiting

An important nursing consideration when chest tubes will be removed from a child is to: a. Explain that it is not painful. b. Explain that only a Band-Aid will be needed. c. Administer analgesics before the procedure. d. Expect bright red drainage for several hours after removal.

c; Administer analgesics before the procedure.

An important nursing consideration when suctioning a young child who has had heart surgery is to: a. Perform suctioning at least every hour. b. Suction for no longer than 30 seconds at a time. c. Administer supplemental oxygen before and after suctioning. d. Expect symptoms of respiratory distress when suctioning.

c; Administer supplemental oxygen before and after suctioning.

When assessing a child for possible congenital heart defects (CHDs), where should the nurse measure blood pressure? a. The right arm b. The left arm c. All four extremities d. Both arms while the child is crying

c; All four extremities

Which defect results in increased pulmonary blood flow? a. Pulmonic stenosis b. Tricuspid atresia c. Atrial septal defect d. Transposition of the great arteries

c; Atrial septal defect

Which of the following congenital heart defects usually has the best prognosis? a. Tetralogy of Fallot b. Ventricular septal defect c. Atrial septal defect d. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

c; Atrial septal defect

A preschool child is scheduled for an echocardiogram. Parents ask the nurse whether they can hold the child during the procedure. The nurse should answer with which response? a. You will be able to hold your child during the procedure. b. Your child can be active during the procedure, but cant sit in your lap. c. Your child must lie quietly; sometimes a mild sedative is administered before the procedure. d. The procedure is invasive so your child will be restrained during the echocardiogram.

c; Your child must lie quietly; sometimes a mild sedative is administered before the procedure.

The calories are usually modified for an infant with congestive heart failure by: a. feeding every 2 hours. b. increasing the volume of each feeding. c. increasing the caloric density of the formula. d. increasing the feeding duration to 1 hour.

c; increasing the caloric density of the formula.

Elevated cholesterol: a. can predict the long-term risk of heart disease for the individual. b. can predict the risk of hypertension in adulthood. c. plays and important role in causing atherosclerosis. d. plays an important role in causing congestive heart failure.

c; plays and important role in causing atherosclerosis.

The electrolyte most commonly depleted with diuretic therapy is: a. sodium b. chloride c. potassium d. magnesium

c; potassium

The leading cause of death in the first 3 years after heart transplantation (the greatest risk in the first 6 months) in children is: a. heart failure b. infection c. rejection d. renal dysfunction

c; rejection

The test in which a transducer is placed behind the heart to obtain images of posterior heart structures or used in patients with poor images from chest approach is the: a. electrocardiogram (EKG) b. echocardiogram (Echo) c. transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) d. two-dimensional echocardiogram (2-D Echo)

c; transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)