Oce 1001 Chp 1

As shown in this video, Silly Putty will flow when stress is applied __________ and Silly Putty will fracture when stress is applied __________.

slowly, rapidly

What are the reaction products of respiration?

water and carbon dioxide gas

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________.

water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

What does the term "asthenosphere" literally mean?

weak sphere

What happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites?

It was blown away by the solar wind.

The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was __________

James Cook

Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later?

Juan Sebastian del Caño

Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the crust plus the topmost portion of the mantle?

Lithosphere

What happened when Mr. Trujillo hit the Silly Putty with his hammer?

The material fractured like a solid.

The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________.

a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet

According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 ________ years ago.

billion

Earth's atmosphere became oxygen rich about 2.45 ________ years ago.

billion

Evidence suggests that the Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five ________ years ago.

billion

One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen:

can form ozone and block some UV radiation.

The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the:

differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth.

The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of ________ oceanography.

geological

A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ________ in comet ice and that in Earth's water.

hydrogen

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an:

hypothesis.

What is the basis for relative positions of Earth's physical layers?

material density, with the least-dense material on the surface and the most-dense material in the center

The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography.

physical

Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because __________.

plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration

Of the following statements about density stratification, which is/are true? Choose all that apply

- Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core. - Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification -The origin of Earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification. - Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered.

Which of the following ideas support our current scientific understanding of the development of life on Earth? Choose all that apply.

- The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop. -As life evolved it significantly changed Earth's environment. -Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen. - Early organisms evolved into more-complex organisms over geologic time.

Mantle

- contains a weak layer below the lithosphere - contains rock rich in magnesium and iron

Core

- contains iron and nickel - both liquid and solid components

Rocks in which layer(s) of Earth are rigid?

- inner core - mesosphere -lithosphere

Crust

- is earth's stiff rigid rocky shell - solid part of this layer has a relatively homogeneous composition while another part is composed of many rock types

What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis?

- phytoplankton - primary producers -autotrophs

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's core?

-Earth's core is composed of two layers that differ in physical properties. -The core is composed of mainly iron and nickel, with some sulfur. -The outer core is liquid because it is so hot.

Earth is about:

4.6 billion years old.

Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the:

Ages of rocks

What is the chemical formula for sugar?

C6H12O6

Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period?

Cambrian

Which of the following is Earth's liquid iron-nickel layer?

Outer core

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate the properties of the asthenosphere?

Silly Putty

How did the Moon form?

The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth.

Which ocean covers more than half of the ocean surface area on Earth?

The Pacific Ocean

Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world?

The Pacific Ocean

Of the following statements about the asthenosphere, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock. The asthenosphere is a highly viscous layer located beneath the lithosphere.

How do plants and animals gain the energy needed to carry out cellular functions?

They utilize the energy in sugar.

According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest?

Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles

The nebular hypothesis suggests that:

all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud.

Isostatic adjustments are the result of the buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the ________ below which is denser and plastic like.

asthenosphere

Oceanic crust is primarily:

basalt.

Earth's early atmosphere most likely included:

carbon dioxide, water vapor, ammonia, and methane

Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its ________ must have changed.

chemical composition

Earth's second atmosphere formed from ________.

outgassing

What are the reaction products of photosynthesis?

oxygen gas and sugar

Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of:

theories.

Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is generally __________.

thinner, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations