OCE 4,5,6,7

Which of the following is a western boundary current?

Brazil current

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. A. siliceous ooze B. quartz sand C. rock fragments D. clay E. volcanic ash

Siliceous ooze

The deepest and most dense water mass in the world ocean is formed in the __________________.

Southern ocean

The largest loss of life from a hurricane is usually due to:

Storm surge

All the following are examples of hydrogenous sediment except :

Stromatilites

Sources of deep water in the ocean include all of the following except:

Subtropical convergances

What can you infer about the ocean environment from a core sample composed of the following layers: siliceous ooze (youngest layer) calcareous ooze basalt rock (oldest layer)

The core was collected in a region of high surface productivity in water deeper than 4,500 meters.

During winter months, monsoon winds over the Indian Ocean:

flow from land to sea and are dry.

Surface winds in the tropics generally blow _______________.

from the east towards the equator

layer of the ocean that experiences a rapid change in salinity with depth

halocline

The surface tension of water:

is relatively high

The strength of a hurricane stems from water's:

latent heat of condensation.

Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are:

less than 30% biogenous material.

Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called:

lithogenous

abyssal clay

lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment

Tropic of Cancer

located at 23.5° N latitude

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic?

low salinity

Westerlies

prevailing wind pattern at temperate latitudes

Trade winds

prevailing wind pattern at tropical latitudes

A layer in the ocean where a rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is called a:

pycnocline

The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __________.

quartz

In comparison to wind energy, ocean currents can generate more clean, renewable energy because __________.

the density of water is greater than that of air

The temperate regions are characterized by:

westerly winds

Warm core rings and cold core rings are associated with __________.

western boundary currents

Upwelling occurs in all the following locations except :

where deep-ocean currents are formed.

Surface ocean currents are driven primarily by ________ and modified by ________.

wind; the Coriolis effect and land

Chloride *sea water pie chart

19.2 g

Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to:

High surface tension

Potassium *sea water pie chart

0.38 g

Calcium *sea water pie chart

0.4 g

The polar front is labeled number:

1

Magnesium *sea water pie chart

1.28 g

Sulfate *sea water pie chart

1.28 g

Sodium *sea water pie chart

10.62 g

Biogenous sediments are indicated by the number(s):

2, 3, & 4.

Earth's axis of rotation is tilted at an angle of _______ to the plane of the ecliptic:

23.5

Calcareous oozes are represented by the number(s):

4

Examine the accompanying table. Calculate how much less water is contained in saturated air at a polar location with a temperature of -10°C compared to a tropical location with a temperature of 40°C.

45 grams

The actual movement of surface water due to Ekman transport in the Northern Hemisphere is about __________.

45° to the right of wind direction

Seawater temperature at the surface: 24°C Thermocline at 300 and 1000 meters depths: 1°C decrease per 50 meters of depth

550 meters

The area of the globe (latitude) that is characterized by falling air masses and little precipitation is labeled number:

6

Abyssal clay *pie chart

A

Abyssal clay*cross section diagram

A

Coccolithophores (multiple)

A

Diatom, showing both halves of its test

A

Siliceous ooze:diatom

A

Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which is/are true?

A decrease in temperature increases seawater density. An increase in salinity increases seawater density.

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern A. Agulhas Current B. Benguela Current C. California Current D. Canary Current E. West Australian Current

A. Agulhas Current

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern A. California Current B. Canary Current C. Gulf Stream D. North Atlantic Current E. North Equatorial Current in the Atlantic Ocean

A. California Current

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern A. doldrums B. northeast trade winds C. polar easterlies D. southeast trade winds E. westerlies

A. Doldrums

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern A. Gulf of Alaska B. Indian C. North Atlantic D. South Atlantic E. South Pacific

A. Gulf of Alaska

Compared to an eastern boundary current in a gyre, which of the following statements is true for a western boundary current?

All the above statements are true of western boundary currents.

Of the following statements about the tilt of Earth's axis, which one is true? Select only one answer.

An increase in Earth's tilt would cause colder winters and warmer summers.

The arrangement of water masses in the southern Atlantic Ocean from the surface to the bottom is:

Antarctic Intermediate Water, North Atlantic Deep Water, Antarctic Bottom Water.

All the following statements regarding pH are true except :

As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic.

: Radiolarian, showing long appendages

B

Abyssal clay

B

Calcareous ooze * pie chart

B

Calcareous ooze *cross section diagram

B

Foraminifers

B

Coccoliths (individual plates)

C

Mid-ocean ridge*cross section diagram

C

Neritic continental lithogenous

C

Radiolarian, spherical shape

C

Siliceous ooze *pie chart

C

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. A. desalination B. solar distillation C. pycnocline D. electrolysis E. reverse osmosis

C. Pycnocline

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the patternA. maximum sustained winds B. minimum central pressure C. sea surface salinity D. storm surge E. storm diameter

C. sea surface salinity

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern A. biogenous B. calcareous C. cosmogenous D. hydrogenous E. lithogenous

Calcareous

Marine sediments that originate in the warm tropical surface ocean would create deposits in the deep sea composed primarily of ___________.

Calcium Carbonate

The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is the definition of:

Calorie

If you were an explorer stranded in the Arctic Ocean, what method(s) could you use for creating fresh drinking water?

Catch and melt fresh falling snow. Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor. Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago. Take seawater and freeze and melt it several times to purify it.

You add sand, silt, and clay to a jar of water, shake the jar vigorously, and allow the sediment to settle. The resulting sediment will most closely resemble that of a(n) __________.

Continental rise

bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms

Covalent bonds

Calcareous ooze

D

Calcite compensation depth ccd*cross section diagram

D

Coccolithophore (single)

D

Diatom, top view

D

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the patternA. sodium ion B. calcium ion C. potassium ion D. hydrogen ion E. magnesium ion

D. Hydrogen ion

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the patternA. thermohaline circulation B. density-driven circulation C. Antarctic Bottom Water D. Kuroshio Current E. North Atlantic Deep Water

D. Kuroshio current

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the patternA. ecliptic B. vernal equinox C. autumnal equinox D. westerlies E. summer solstice

D. Westerlies

Of the following statements about deep-ocean currents, which is/are true?

Deep-ocean currents are initiated by downwelling of cold, dense water near Antarctica and in the North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-ocean currents contain water that is high in oxygen. The volume of water involved in the downward movement of deep-ocean currents is equal to the flow of 100 Amazon-sized rivers. Deep-ocean currents are important regulators of global climate. Deep-ocean circulation is often referred to as thermohaline flow.

Which of the following are microscopic, single-celled floating algae that accumulate to form biogenous sediment?

Diatoms Coccolithophores

Which of the following organisms are responsible for the creation of siliceous ooze?

Diatoms Radiolarians

Diatom (Siliceous)

E

Siliceous ooze*cross section diagram

E

Siliceous ooze: radiolarian

E

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. A. temperature B. salinity C. thermocline D. pycnocline E. distillation

E. Distillation

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. A. Australian drought B. decreased fish stock in coastal Peru C. flooding rains in southeastern U.S. D. Peruvian upwelling stops E. strong trade winds

E. Strong trade winds

Of the following surface currents, which one(s) flow generally from west to east?

Equatorial Counter Current West Wind Drift North Pacific Current

Which of the following techniques can be used to measure the salinity of seawater?

Evaporate the water sample, and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out. Pass electrical current through the water.

Upwelling cool water*cross section diagram

F

A maritime polar air mass is likely to be dry and cold.

False

An iceberg is a variety of sea ice.

False

Calcareous ooze is found in cooler waters at depth around the world.

False

Cool, dense air causes low pressure at the surface, whereas warm, less dense air causes high pressure.

False

Deep ocean water does not travel across the equator.

False

Greater temperature fluctuations are seen in coastal areas due to the marine effect.

False

Macroscopic biogenous sediment is the most abundant biogenous sediment in the marine environment.

False

Salinity refers to all of the solid materials in seawater including dissolved and suspended substances.

False

Sediments derived from weathered rock and volcanic activities are called biogenous sediments.

False

Surface currents affect about 90% of the world's ocean water.

False

Surface or wind-driven currents move water primarily in a vertical direction in the ocean.

False

The Gulf Stream moves water away from the equator; the Benguela Current moves some of this same water back toward the equator.

False

The West Wind Drift occurs at 60°N around the Arctic Circle.

False

The densest ocean water is North Atlantic Deep Water.

False

The density of seawater is slightly lower than the density pure water.

False

The maximum Coriolis effect occurs at the equator due to slower rotational velocity compared to higher latitudes.

False

The place traced by Earth's orbit is called the vernal equinox.

False

The trade winds can be found between 30° and 60°N and S latitudes.

False

Tropical cyclones derive their energy from the water's high latent heat of fusion.

False

Within the troposphere, the atmosphere gets warmer with increasing altitude.

False

Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by:

Glacier

Which of the following is not an eastern boundary current?

Gulf stream

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities?

High heat capacity

Of the following statements about the pH of seawater, which is/are true?

In a natural state, the carbonate buffering system protects the ocean from getting too acidic or too alkaline. Additional carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is getting into the ocean, overwhelming the natural carbonate buffering system. The pH of seawater averages about 8.1 and ranges from about 8.0 to 8.3.

Hypothetical scenario for atmospheric transparency for infrared and visible light

Increased exposure to UV radiation. Humans would be subject to more x-ray radiation from space because our atmosphere would not block it.

Of the following gyres, which one(s) flow in a counterclockwise direction?

Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre South Pacific Subtropical Gyre South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre Northern Hemisphere Subpolar Gyres North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

The West Wind Drift (Antarctic Circumpolar Current) is a part of which of the following subtropical gyres?

Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre South Pacific Subtropical Gyre

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?

It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.

Identify the mismatched pair from the choices below.

Labrador Current, Humboldt Current

Of the following surface currents, which one(s) flow from south to north?

Peru current the Gulf Stream kuroshio current

layer of the ocean that experiences a rapid change in density with depth

Pycnocline

An indirect method of measuring ocean current is the use of __________.

Radar altimeters

Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)?

Radiolarians

Sediment samples from deep beneath the ocean floor are recovered by __________.

Rotary drilling

The intensity of tropical cyclones is measured by meteorologists using the __________ scale.

Saffir-Simpson

Why do ionic compounds dissolve readily in water?

The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the polarity of water.

Which of the following conditions allows for calcareous ooze to be found beneath the CCD? Select only one answer.

The ooze accumulates above the CCD and then is covered before being transported to deeper depths by sea floor spreading.

Of the following statements about seawater properties in high and low latitudes, which is/are true?

There is a thermocline in low latitudes. There is a halocline in low latitudes. There is a halocline in high latitudes. There is a pycnocline in low latitudes.

Of the following statements about the doldrums, which is/are true?

There is usually little wind but a lot of rain associated with the doldrums. The doldrums are the boundary between the northeast trade winds and the southeast trade winds. The doldrums are an area of low atmospheric pressure. The doldrums are found as a global belt along the equator. This is also known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).

What do manganese nodules, metal sulfides, and evaporites all have in common?

They all precipitate from water oversaturated in their respective minerals.

As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly alkaline.

True

Calcareous shells generally will not accumulate on the ocean floor when the water depth exceeds about 4,500 meters (around 15,000 feet).

True

Calcium carbonate, phosphates, and manganese may precipitate out of solution to form deposits on the ocean floor.

True

Chlorinity, which is the weight of the chloride ion of a water sample, can be used to calculate salinity.

True

Deep ocean currents often move cold, dense water away from the poles.

True

Deep ocean water can be enriched in oxygen when it is mixed with surface water.

True

Deep ocean water masses have characteristic temperatures and salinities.

True

Downwelling may be the result of winds blowing parallel to a coastline or the convergence of surface currents.

True

Dynamic topography can be used to determine current direction and velocity.

True

Except for the water itself, the chloride ion is the most abundant constituent in seawater.

True

In the northern hemisphere, Ekman transport pushes surface water to the right of the wind direction.

True

Independent of the actual salinity, the ratios or proportions of the major dissolved constituents of seawater such as chloride, sodium, and magnesium are relatively constant.

True

Monsoons are seasonal pressure systems that develop at lower latitudes over continents, which cause changes in seasonal winds and precipitation patterns.

True

Organisms that live on the ocean floor may be responsible for keeping manganese nodules from being buried in the sediment.

True

Texture refers to the size and shape of sediment particles.

True

The angle at which direct sunlight strikes the ocean's surface is important in determining the amount of solar energy that is absorbed.

True

The density of seawater is affected by salinity and temperature.

True

The heat capacity of liquid water is 1 calorie per gram per degree C.

True

The large atmospheric circulation cells that occur between the equator and 30° latitude in each hemisphere are called Hadley cells.

True

The latent heat of vaporization of water is larger than the latent heat of melting.

True

The organisms that contribute to biogenous sediment are chiefly algae and protozoans.

True

Water is one of the few substances that exists naturally on Earth in all three states of matter (ice, water, and water vapor).

True

Water molecules exhibit strong cohesion.

True

Western boundary currents such as the Gulf Stream transport warm water from the tropics towards higher latitudes.

True

Of the following statements about the density of freshwater and the formation of ice, which is/are true?

Water at 2ºC is less dense than it is at 4ºC. Ice is less dense than liquid water, which is why ice floats. As the temperature of water decreases from 4ºC to 0ºC, its density decreases. Water's maximum density is at 4ºC.

Of the following properties of water, which is/are caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules?

Water has cohesion and surface tension. Water molecules have polarity. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. Snowflakes form six-sided crystals. Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything.

Of the following statements about the transfer of heat on Earth, which is/are true?

Water vapor in the air carries latent heat with it, which is released in other areas. Ocean currents move warm water from the tropics to higher latitudes. Air currents move warmer air from the tropics to higher latitudes.

Of the following locations, where would upwelling be expected to occur?

Where there is a shallowly submerged sea floor obstruction, such as a tablemount Where there is a sharp bend in a coastline In areas of offshore winds In areas of diverging surface currents, such as along the equator

During a strong El Niño event, the news media might be expected to cover __________.

a tropical cyclone in Hawaii or Tahiti

The principal reason that oil and water do not mix, even when shaken, is that oil molecules __________.

are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar

basic building blocks of all matter

atoms

coccolithophores

biogenous sediment

visible light end of the spectrum with more energetic photons

blue-400

The presence of what type of macroscopic sediment would provide evidence of a meteorite impact on Earth?

chondrites

The sea floor provides the largest reservoir of usable energy in the ocean—and likely the world—in the form of ______________.

clathrates

Ocean sediments provide all the following mineral resources except :

coal

Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous?

coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers Manganese modules

When a meander from the Gulf Stream pinches off and isolates a body of water within the North Atlantic gyre, the body of water is called a:

cold core ring.

California Current

cold current, northern hemisphere, temperate latitudes

Canary Current

cold current, northern hemisphere, temperate latitudes

West Wind Drift

cold current, polar latitudes, southern hemisphere

Benguela Current

cold current, southern hemisphere, temperate latitudes

A cold air mass moving into an area occupied by relatively warm air is called a/an:

cold front.

rising and sinking air masses moving in a circular fashion

convection cell

The apparent deflection of air masses to the right or left (depending on latitude) as they move from one latitude to another is called the:

coriolis effect

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called:

cosmogenous

precipitation

decreases seawater salinity

river input

decreases water salinity

Deep ocean currents are driven primarily by ________ .

density differences

CCD

depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved)

All the following are examples of lithogenous sediment except :

diatom ooze

The worldwide effects of El Niño include all the following except :

drought in the U.S. Gulf coastal states.

All the following processes decrease seawater salinity except :

evaporation

Which process in the hydrologic cycle is most effective at increasing ocean salinity on a global scale?

evaporation

change in state from liquid to gas

evaporation

Of the following processes, which INCREASES the salinity of seawater?

evaporation formation of sea ice

We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________.

evaporation is much greater than precipitation

At high latitudes, abundant precipitation and runoff from melting of freshwater icebergs both increase salinity.

false

In distillation, saltwater is highly pressurized to drive water molecules through a membrane to remove salts.

false

Processes that decrease seawater salinity include evaporation and sea ice formation.

false

When ice forms from seawater, the remaining seawater will have a:

higher salinity

In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of liquid water is:

higher than other liquids.

manganese nodules

hydrogenous sediment

metal sulfides

hydrogenous sediment

ice rafting

ice rafting

Of the following environments, where would you expect to find large amounts of lithogenous sediment?

in deep trenches not far offshore on the continental shelf

Of the following statements about water's latent heat and changes in state, which is/are true?

in the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds. When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, its latent heat of condensation releases heat to the environment; this is what powers hurricanes. Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another. When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat.

high temperature

increases seawater salinity

sea ice formation

increases seawater salinity

The doldrums refer to the same region as the:

inter-tropical convergence zone.

Phosphate-rich nodules form in:

intermediate to shallow depth water.

The atmosphere is

mostly transparent to visible light mostly transparent to radio waver mostly opaque to gamma rays

upwelling

movement of water from the bottom to the top of the water column

Ekman transport

net water movement to the left or right of the direction of the wind

Gulf Stream

northern hemisphere, temperate latitudes, warm current

Kuroshio Current

northern hemisphere, temperate latitudes, warm current

All the following statements are true of ocean sediments except :

ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges.

We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water __________.

off the coast of Washington and Oregon

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the patternA. coccolithophores B. diatoms C. foraminiferans D. oolites E. radiolarians

oolites

Marine sediment with more than 30% biogenous material is called __________.

ooze

Wentworth Scale

particle size classification

Earth's atmosphere is heated primarily by __________.

re-radiation of solar energy from Earth's surface back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation

Visible light end of spectrum with less energetic photons

red-700

Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________.

sand, silt, and gravel

Records indicate that the ocean is warming faster in the Arctic polar regions than elsewhere. If that continues, a possible consequence could be __________.

slowing of deep ocean circulation, resulting in lower oxygen levels in deep water

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the patternA. halite and other salts B. manganese nodules C. metal sulfides D. phosphates E. tektites

tektites

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by:

temperature

All are true of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current except :

the Antarctic Circumpolar Current contributes to the development of Antarctic bottom water in the Weddell Sea.

Of the following characteristics or features, which is/are associated with middle latitude storms, such as those that originate in the North Pacific Ocean between 40 and 60 degrees latitude?

the prevailing westerlies the jet stream the polar front contrasting air masses

By measuring only chlorinity (concentration of the chloride ion, Cl-) in seawater, we can then calculate the total salinity. This is an application of _________.

the principle of constant proportions

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that:

the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.

The Coriolis effect is caused by __________.

the rotation of earth

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the:

thermocline

Deep ocean current movement is also known as __________.

thermohaline flow

In the southern hemisphere, the direction of Ekman transport is always:

to the left of the wind direction.

The lowermost portion of the atmosphere where most weather occurs is called the:

troposhphere

lowermost portion of Earth's atmosphere where most weather occurs

troposphere

All the following are true of the movement of Earth's atmosphere except :

warm air is less dense than cool air so it tends to sink toward the Earth's surface.

Of the following characteristics or features, which is/are generally related to the formation or movement of hurricanes?

warm air with lots of water vapor warm ocean water the trade winds water's latent heat of condensation