OCE1001 Chapter 5

Deep-ocean water contains more carbon dioxide than surface water because deep water is colder and has the ability to dissolve more gases. (T/F)

true

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the: -thermocline. -isocline. -pycnocline. -halocline. -barocline.

thermocline.

Which continent has more than 12,000 cubic kilometers of water available per year? -Australia -North America -Asia -Europe -Africa -South America

-Asia

Consider a substance that has high heat capacity. As compared to a substance with low heat capacity, when an equal amount of heat is applied to both, the high heat capacity substance will __________. -become more salty -turn to a liquid -become so viscous that it won't flow -explode -heat up much more slowly

heat up much more slowly

What must break in order for water to change from solid to liquid to gas? -hydrogen bonds within water molecules -covalent bonds within water molecules -ionic bonds within water molecules -covalent bonds between water molecules -hydrogen bonds between water molecules

hydrogen bonds between water molecules

Of the following statements about seawater salinity, which is/are true? -An increase in salinity causes a corresponding decrease in electrical conductivity. -The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. -Seawater salinity averages 35‰. -Seawater salinity averages 3.5%. -Seawater salinity does not vary from place to place in the ocean.

-The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. -Seawater salinity averages 35‰. -Seawater salinity averages 3.5%.`

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms -electrons -hydrogen bonds -atoms -covalent bonds -ions

-covalent bonds

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. river input -decreases seawater salinity -increases seawater salinity

-decreases seawater salinity

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. change in state from liquid to gas -condensation -pycnocline -evaporation -halocline -sublimation

-evaporation

Which is the most abundant ion in seawater? -Potassium -Calcium -Magnesium -Chloride -Sodium

Chloride

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. A. sodium ion B. calcium ion C. potassium ion D. hydrogen ion E. magnesium ion

D

Even if populations continue to increase over the next 50 years, fresh water per capita should remain stable. (T/F)

FALSE

The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is: -Ca+2. -CO2. -Cl-. -HCO3-. -Na+.

HCO3-

Which continents currently have sufficient water to meet the needs of their populations? -North America, South America, Africa, and Australia -Europe, Africa, and Australia -North America, Asia, and South America -Europe, Africa, and Asia

North America, South America, Africa, and Australia

What does the hydrologic cycle describe? -The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and solid water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land. -The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and rivers. -The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land. -The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and solid water move between the ocean, atmosphere and rivers. -The hydrologic cycle describes how solid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.

The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.

What caused the object filled with water to respond the way it did when it was subjected to the flame? -The water was very wet, so it put out the flame. -The water expanded when it was heated. -The water has low heat capacity, so it allowed the surface to heat up suddenly. -The water absorbed the heat away from the surface of the container. -The water was very salty, so it crystallized salt onto the surface of the container.

The water absorbed the heat away from the surface of the container.

We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________. -evaporation is much less than precipitation -both precipitation and evaporation rates are low -evaporation is much greater than precipitation -both precipitation and evaporation rates are high -precipitation occurs only as snowfall

evaporation is much greater than precipitation

What physically breaks hydrogen bonds between water molecules as ice melts? -covalent bonds of water molecules -movement of water molecules -mass of water molecules -polarity of water molecules

movement of water molecules

The pH of surface seawater usually has a value of around 8.0. That means the water is __________. -neither acidic nor basic -slightly basic (or alkaline) -strongly basic (or alkaline) -strongly acidic -slightly acidic

slightly basic (or alkaline)

Which ocean is Earth's largest? -the Arctic Ocean -the Indian Ocean -the Atlantic Ocean -the Pacific Ocean

the Pacific Ocean

The primary difficulty that must be overcome in the use of desalination plants to provide fresh water is __________. -the destruction of marine life by the process -high maintenance costs for the plants -poor quality of water produced by the plants -the high cost of energy involved -environmental damage from the brine effluent

the high cost of energy involved

Any solution with a pH of greater than 7.0 is acidic. (T/F)

FALSE

What would happen to atmospheric water if Earth were mostly covered with land? -The atmosphere would contain colder water. -The atmosphere would contain less water. - The atmosphere would contain more water. -The atmosphere would contain warmer water

The atmosphere would contain less water.

The average salinity of typical seawater is: -2.0%. -25%. -3.5%. -0.35%. -10%.

3.5%.

The principal reason that oil and water do not mix, even when shaken, is that oil molecules __________. -have no latent heat -have a high heat capacity -are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar -are organic -are smaller than water molecules

are nonpolar whereas water molecules are pola

Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a: -change in chemical composition. -change in atomic mass. -change in subatomic structure. -change in molecular weight. -change in state.

change in state.

n regions with low rates of precipitation and high rates of evaporation, the halocline will __________. -decrease in salinity with depth -not exist -increase in salinity with depth -increase in density with depth

decrease in salinity with depth

In the demonstration, two objects were subjected to a flame from a lighter. The object that was filled with air __________ and the object that was filled with water __________. -exploded; exploded -had no change; had no change -exploded; had no change -had no change; exploded

exploded; had no change

Which continent has the highest ratio of available fresh water to population size? -Europe -Asia -North America -South America -Australia -Africa

-Australia

Africa is much larger than Europe. Why doesn't it have much more fresh water? -War and conflict have restricted access to water. -Much of its land area is covered with desert. -The equator crosses it. -Its population is greater.

-Much of its land area is covered with desert.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. layer of the ocean that experiences a rapid change in salinity with depth -pycnocline -condensation -evaporation -halocline -sublimation

halocline

How much heat energy is needed to turn 1 gram of water at 100 degrees Celsius into water vapor? -5.4 calories of heat energy -54 calories of heat energy -540 calories of heat energy -5400 calories of heat energy

540 calories of heat energy

Imagine you are swimming in the open ocean at a location near the equator. Based on the following data, can you determine how deep you would need to dive to reach a water temperature of 19°C? Seawater temperature at the surface: 24°C Thermocline: 1°C per 50 meters of depth (occurs between 300 and 1000 meters) -250 meters -550 meters -190 meters -5 meters

550 meters

How much heat energy is needed to melt 1 gram of ice? -8 calories of heat energy -80 calories of heat energy -800 calories of heat energy -8000 calories of heat energy

80 calories of heat energy

If some of Australia's water resources could be diverted to Asia, it would eliminate Asia's water shortages. (T/F)

FALSE

In distillation, saltwater is highly pressurized to drive water molecules through a membrane to remove salts. (T/F)

FALSE

Salinity refers to all of the solid materials in seawater including dissolved and suspended substances. (T/F)

FALSE

How much of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans? -Almost all of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans. -One-quarter of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans. -Half of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans. -Three-quarters of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans. -Almost none of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans.

Almost all of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans.

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added? -It rises slowly until it reaches 32oC, and then it remains constant as the ice melts. -The temperature pattern cannot be predicted. -It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise. -It immediately begins to rise slowly. -It rises rapidly as the ice melts.

It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.

Evaporation causes cooling in the liquid left behind. (T/F)

True

The latent heat of vaporization of water is larger than the latent heat of melting.(T/F)

True

The surface tension of water: -is relatively high. -increases as density decreases. -is related to salinity. -is very similar in other liquids. -is relatively low.

is relatively high.

If you were an explorer stranded in the Arctic Ocean, what method(s) could you use for creating fresh drinking water? -Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago. -Catch and melt fresh falling snow. -Melt recently frozen seawater. -Take seawater and freeze and melt it several times to purify it. -Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor.

-Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago. -Catch and melt fresh falling snow. -Take seawater and freeze and melt it several times to purify it. -Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor.

Imagine a researcher aboard an oceanographic vessel collects a sample from the water column, extending from the surface to 3000 meters deep. Analysis of the sample shows it is isopycnal. Which of the following statements correctly define what this means and why? Select all that apply. -The temperature of the water column must be constant throughout its depth. -This sample must have been taken from a location in the ocean at high latitude. -The sample analysis shows there is no pycnocline present. -Isopycnal means this sample of the water column has constant temperature throughout its depth.

-The temperature of the water column must be constant throughout its depth. -This sample must have been taken from a location in the ocean at high latitude. -The sample analysis shows there is no pycnocline present.

Of the following statements about seawater properties in high and low latitudes, which is/are true? -There is a thermocline in low latitudes. -There is a thermocline in high latitudes. -There is a halocline in low latitudes. -There is a halocline in high latitudes. -There is a pycnocline in low latitudes. -There is a pycnocline in high latitudes.

-There is a thermocline in low latitudes. -There is a halocline in low latitudes. -There is a halocline in high latitudes. -There is a pycnocline in low latitudes.

Of the following statements about water's latent heat and changes in state, which is/are true? -When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, its latent heat of condensation releases heat to the environment; this is what powers hurricanes. -In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. -In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds. -In all three states of matter, there are no strong (covalent) bonds. -When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat. -Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another.

-When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, its latent heat of condensation releases heat to the environment; this is what powers hurricanes. -In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. -In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds. -When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat. -Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. high temperature -decreases seawater salinity -increases seawater salinity

-increases seawater salinity

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. charged atoms due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons -hydrogen bonds -electrons -atoms -covalent bonds -ions

-ions

What do we call the energy used to melt ice once the ice becomes water? -latent heat of ice -latent heat of water -latent energy of water -latent energy of ice

-latent heat of water

All the following are methods used to desalinate water except : -electrolysis. -osmosis. -freeze separation. -distillation. -reverse osmosis.

-osmosis.

Which method of desalination is the most cost effective but least efficient? -solar humidification -electrolysis -freeze separation -distillation

-solar humidification

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. change in state from solid to gas -halocline -pycnocline -condensation -sublimation -evaporation

-sublimation

Of the following processes, which INCREASES the salinity of seawater? -sea ice melting -Runoff -the formation of sea ice -Evaporation -Precipitation -glaciers calving into the ocean, producing icebergs that melt

-the formation of sea ice -Evaporation

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. A. temperature B. salinity C. thermocline D. pycnocline E. distillation

E. distillation

The density of seawater is slightly lower than the density pure water.(T/F)

FALSE

How does water get from the oceans onto land? -Ocean water evaporates to form solid water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain. -Ocean water evaporates to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain. -Ocean water condenses to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it evaporates into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain. -Ocean water evaporates to form liquid water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain. -Ocean water evaporates to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into gaseous water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain.

Ocean water evaporates to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain.

Asia has abundant water resources, but its high population size is causing water shortages. (T/F)

TRUE

Independent of the actual salinity, the ratios or proportions of the major dissolved constituents of seawater such as chloride, sodium, and magnesium are relatively constant. (T/F)

TRUE

The density of seawater is affected by salinity and temperature. (T/F)

TRUE

Why does temperature NOT initially increase as energy is added after ice begins to melt? -The added energy is used to break hydrogen bonds within water molecules. -The added energy is used to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules. -The added energy is used to form hydrogen bonds between water molecules. -The added energy is used to form hydrogen bonds within water molecules.

The added energy is used to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

What would happen to the oceans if surface runoff and groundwater flow did NOT occur? -The oceans would become bigger. -The oceans would become smaller. -The oceans would stay the same size.

The oceans would become smaller.

How can water vapor become ice? -Water vapor can become liquid water through the release of heat energy, and then become ice through the release of more heat energy. Water vapor cannot become ice directly through the release of heat energy. -Water vapor can become liquid water through the release of heat energy, and then become ice through the release of more heat energy. Water vapor can also become ice directly through the release of heat energy. -Water vapor can become liquid water through the addition of heat energy, and then become ice through the addition of more heat energy. Water vapor cannot become ice directly through the addition of heat energy. -Water vapor can become liquid water through the addition of heat energy, and then become ice through the addition of more heat energy. Water vapor can also become ice directly through the addition of heat energy.

Water vapor can become liquid water through the release of heat energy, and then become ice through the release of more heat energy. Water vapor can also become ice directly through the release of heat energy.

Where is most of Earth's freshwater found? -as ice below Earth's surface -as ice at Earth's surface -as liquid below Earth's surface -as liquid at Earth's surface

as ice at Earth's surface

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate differences in heat capacity? -balloons -Silly Putty -a pair of candles -oil and vinegar salad dressing -cans of soda

balloons

The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is the definition of: -boiling point elevation. -thermal capacity. -calorie. -latent heat of evaporation. -latent heat of condensation.

calorie

Which process in the hydrologic cycle is most effective at increasing ocean salinity on a global scale? -evaporation -precipitation -stream runoff -melting glaciers -river discharge

evaporation

All the following processes decrease seawater salinity except : -sea ice melting. -iceberg melting. -river runoff. -evaporation. -precipitation.

evaporation.

All the following processes decrease the salinity of water except : -icebergs melting. -evaporation. -runoff. -sea ice melting. -precipitation.

evaporation.