ocean final

____ 4. The life that first formed on Earth was in the forms of complex cells and multicellular organisms such as we see around us today: a. true. b. false.

B. False

____ 17. When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, the water becomes slightly more a. acidic, its pH is higher. b. acidic, its pH is lower. c. alkaline, its pH is higher. d. alkaline, its pH is lower.

b. acidic, its pH is lower.

____ 5. In order to survive, every organism must have a continuous external source of: a. adult living organisms. b. spores, seeds, gametes, etc. c. oxygen. d. energy. e. tender loving care.

D. energy

____1. A good "working definition" for life might be: "A highly organized system that can capture, transform, store, and transmit ______________." a. food b. raw materials c. metabolic products d. waste products e. energy

E. energy

____ 63. All large (i.e., easily visible to the unaided eye) marine plants are marine algae. a. true b. false

b. false

____ 95. Most sharks are dangerous to humans. a. true b. false

b. false

___ 54. Plankton is a phylogenetic category. a. true. b. false.

b. false.

____ 16. All other factors being equal, a greater quantity of dissolved gas can be held in solution in warm seawater than in cold seawater. a. true. b. false.

b. false.

____ 71. Animals are incapable of synthesizing their own food. a. true b. false

a. true

____ 83. All sea snakes are venomous. a. true b. false

a. true

____ 57. Marine algae are non-vascular plants. a. true. b. false.

a. true.

____ 32. The inventor of the system of biological nomenclature we use today was: a. Benjamin Franklin b. Matthew Maury c. Charles Darwin d. Thomas Henry Huxley e. Carolus Linnaeus

e. Carolus Linnaeus

____ 49. Smallest drifting organisms. a. plankton b. meroplankton c. ultraplankton d. phytoplankton e. zooplankton

c. ultraplankton

____ 112. Which of these statements is not true of estuaries? a. Larvae are often abundant there. b. Estuaries are in danger of development and pollution. c. Very few autotrophs live in estuaries, but many animals can be found there. d. Estuaries are places where saltwater and fresh water meet. e. Estuaries are exposed to tidal currents moving in and out.

c. Very few autotrophs live in estuaries, but many animals can be found there.

____ 98. Which of these statements describes the smallest whales? a. They are members of the Odontocete group. b. They catch their prey with teeth. c. They may stun their prey with very loud sounds. d. They appear to be quite intelligent. e. (All of the above are true.)

e. (All of the above are true.)

____ 51. Plant-like organisms. a. plankton b. meroplankton c. ultraplankton d. phytoplankton e. zooplankton

d. phytoplankton

____ 15. Most marine organisms have an internal temperature very close to that of their surroundings. They are known as ____________ organisms. a. endothermic (warm-blooded) b. exothermic (cold-blooded) c. homeothermic (single-blooded) d. poikilothermic (multi-blooded)

d. poikilothermic (multi-blooded)

___ 97. The largest whale is: a. the gray whale. b. the sei whale. c. the killer whale. d. the blue whale. e. the minke whale

d. the blue whale.

____ 69. Roughly _____ of the energy consumed by any consumer is stored in the eater as flesh. a. 5% b. 10% c. 15% d. 25% e. 50%

b. 10%

____ 62. Typical plankton productivity in the temperate zone is about _____ gC/m2/yr. a. 5 b. 120 c. 500 d. 1,200 e. 10,000

b. 120

____ 77. The sharks, skates, and rays are members of this group: a. Reptilia b. Chondrichthyes c. Osteichthyes d. Agnatha e. none of the above

b. Chondrichthyes

____ 70. The organisms that consume autotrophs are called: a. primary producers. b. heterotrophs. c. secondary producers. d. secondary consumers. e. top carnivores.

b. heterotrophs.

____ 80. In the gill of a fish, water and blood circulate _______________, which _________________ transfer efficiency. a. in the same direction ... increases b. in opposite directions ... increases c. in the same direction ... decreases d. in opposite directions ... decreases e. by mixing together ... increases

b. in opposite directions ... increases

____ 60. Where, through a year, is the greatest total oceanic primary productivity? a. in the tropics. b. in the temperate zones. c. in the polar regions. d. productivity is about equal at all latitudes.

b. in the temperate zones.

____ 50. Part of the organism's life cycle is spent as a member of the plankton community. a. plankton b. meroplankton c. ultraplankton d. phytoplankton e. zooplankton

b. meroplankton

____ 61. The depth at which phytoplankton productivity is often greatest when averaged for a whole day is: a. about 1 meter (3.3 feet) b. about 20 meters (66 feet) c. between 5 and 10 meters (17 and 33 feet) d. below 30 meters (below 100 feet) e. below 300 meters (below 1,000 feet

c. between 5 and 10 meters (17 and 33 feet)

____ 59. What is produced in primary productivity? a. carbon dioxide b. cold, blue light c. carbohydrates d. gametes e. carbon atoms

c. carbohydrates

____ 6. Which of these factors was not present in large quantities on Earth's surface at the time of the origin of life here? a. electrical energy (lightning, etc.) b. heat. c. free atmospheric oxygen. d. ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays, etc.) e. rain and erosion.

c. free atmospheric oxygen.

____ 25. The open ocean environment, over the continental shelves. a. pelagic b. benthic c. neritic d. oceanic e. hadal

c. neritic

____ 12. Though it is difficult to generalize for the ocean as a whole, the bottom of the euphotic zone is typically __________ meters (feet) in mid-latitudes. a. 20 meters (66 feet) b. 70 meters (230 feet) c. 120 meters (380 feet) d. 200 meters (650 feet) e. 500 meters (1600 feet)

d. 200 meters (650 feet)

____ 110. Intertidal organisms can protect themselves from wave shock by: a. hiding when a wave comes. b. gluing themselves to the rocks. c. sliding into a small crack as the wave crashes around them. d. running away. e. all (or any) of the above.

e. all (or any) of the above.

____ 28. Isolation of varieties resulting in the formation of a new species can involve differences in: a. environmental requirements. b. geographic distribution. c. seasonal or physiological aspects of sexual reproduction. d. sexual structures. e. all of the above.

e. all of the above.

____ 29. Speciation (origination of new species) nearly always requires some form of: a. mutation and/or variation. b. isolation. c. selection "for" a trait. d. successful reproduction. e. all of the above.

e. all of the above.

____ 35. Scientific names are a. permanent. b. universally applicable to the species in question. c. usually descriptive in an unchanging language. d. monitored to prevent duplication. e. all of the above.

e. all of the above.

____ 89. Whales. a. Cetacea b. Pinnipedia c. Sirenia d. all of these e. none of these

a. Cetacea

____ 31. Which of the following best states the evolutionary theory? a. Evolution is the maintenance of life under changing conditions. b. Evolution is the invariable survival of the fittest. c. Evolution is the descent of humans from apes. d. Evolution is the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

a. Evolution is the maintenance of life under changing conditions.

____ 74. The most successful phylum on Earth, if success means the number of individuals and number of species, is: a. Phylum Arthropoda b. Phylum Echinodermata c. Phylum Nematoda d. Phylum Chordata e. none of these

a. Phylum Arthropoda

____ 76. Which of the vertebrate groups is considered the most ancient? a. The fishes. b. The mammals. c. The reptiles. d. The amphibians. e. The birds.

a. The fishes.

____ 21. The movement of a substance through a biological membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration is called a. active transport. b. osmosis. c. diffusion. d. isotonicity.

a. active transport.

__ 102. The many populations of organisms that interact with one another at a particular location form a ____________________. a. community. b. habitat. c. niche. d. biome. e. (none of the above)

a. community.

____ 41. Two valves, or shells, of glass-like substance. a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

a. diatom

____ 43. These sometimes use a small droplet of oil for flotation. a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

a. diatom

____ 46. Cut through by tiny pores that permit contact of membranes with seawater. a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

a. diatom

____ 47. Of the two plant-like organisms listed, this one has the deeper average compensation depth. a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

a. diatom

____ 48. The more efficient photosynthesizer of the two plants listed. a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

a. diatom

____ 19. A marine animal placed in fresh water would be __________________in its environment. a. hypertonic b. hypotonic c. isotonic d. diatonic e. monotonic

a. hypertonic

____ 23. The open ocean environment (up in the water column), in general. a. pelagic b. benthic c. neritic d. oceanic e. hadal

a. pelagic

____ 52. Drifting with the currents. a. plankton b. meroplankton c. ultraplankton d. phytoplankton e. zooplankton

a. plankton

____ 55. The group of marine algae best adapted to deep water is: a. red algae, the Rhodophyta. b. green algae, the Chlorophyta. c. blue-green algae, the cyanobacteria. d. golden algae, the Chrysophyta. e. brown algae, the Phaeophyta.

a. red algae, the Rhodophyta.

____ 7. The Gaia hypothesis, suggested in 1979 by James Lovelock, suggests that life influences the physical environment of Earth, possibly by intentional control. a. true b. false

a. true

____ 2. By using the word "commonality" to describe one of the basic attributes of life, we mean: a. All life interacts, in some way, with all other life. b. All life shares certain basic underlying mechanisms within each individual. c. All living organisms require identical raw materials and produce essentially similar end products. d. all living things had different origins.

b. All life shares certain basic underlying mechanisms within each individual.

_ 105. Organisms newly introduced into a favorable environment with no competitors for food or space will, for a time, reproduce in a _____________ curve. a. S-shaped b. J-shaped c. bell-shaped d. hyperbolic e. parabolic

b. J-shaped

____ 73. A phylum whose members are radially symmetrical, based on the number 5, and have tube-feet at some time in their development: a. Phylum Arthropoda b. Phylum Echinodermata c. Phylum Nematoda d. Phylum Chordata e. none of these

b. Phylum Echinodermata

____ 92. Seals, sea lions, walruses. a. Cetacea b. Pinnipedia c. Sirenia d. all of these e. none of these

b. Pinnipedia

____ 108. A stable, long-established community is known as: a. a habitat. b. a climax community. c. a succession. d. a niche. e. (none of the above)

b. a climax community.

____ 24. Refers to the bottom, in general. a. pelagic b. benthic c. neritic d. oceanic e. hadal

b. benthic

____ 9. "Fixation" means a. the spaying or neutering of marine mammals to prevent overpopulation. b. binding an atom into a larger molecule. c. adding carbon dioxide to a compound. d. adding nitrogen to a compound. e. removing oxygen from a large molecule

b. binding an atom into a larger molecule.

____ 68. In photosynthesis, the energy of sunlight ultimately rests in a. carbon dioxide molecules. b. carbohydrates. c. oxygen molecules. d. water molecules.

b. carbohydrates.

____ 39. Flexible outer covering. a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

b. dinoflagellate

____ 40. Propelled by twin whip-like projections. a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

b. dinoflagellate

____ 42. HABs or "red tides" are usually caused by these. a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

b. dinoflagellate

____ 44. The more primitive of the two (evolved first). a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

b. dinoflagellate

____ 45. Some species are brightly bioluminescent. a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

b. dinoflagellate

__ 104. A stenohaline organism would probably be able to withstand a broad range of salinities. a. true b. false

b. false

____ 14. An organism's metabolic rate approximately doubles with a temperature increase of 20°C. a. true b. false

b. false

____ 58. The biomass (living bulk) of seaweeds in the ocean is greater than the biomass of phytoplankton. a. true b. false

b. false

____ 38. Seaweeds are of great interest to marine biologists, but have no commercial value. a. true. b. false.

b. false.

____ 20. Diffusion of water through a biological membrane is called: a. active transport. b. osmosis. c. diffusion. d. isotonicity.

b. osmosis.

____ 67. The organisms that produce food are called: a. primary consumers b. primary producers c. heterotrophs d. secondary consumers e. secondary producers

b. primary producers

____ 109. Generally speaking, the intertidal area is: a. rich in life, but only a few species live there. b. rich in live, with considerable species diversity. c. not particularly rich in life. d. not particularly rich in life, but rich in food. e. virtually devoid of life because of the great difficulty organisms have in surviving there.

b. rich in live, with considerable species diversity.

____ 11. The zone of lighted ocean in which marine autotrophs tap more energy (surplus) than they use to stay alive is called: a. the photic zone b. the euphotic zone c. the abyssal zone d. the mesopelagic zone e. the hadal zone

b. the euphotic zone

____ 96. Sonar is used by a. all whales. b. toothed whales, primarily. c. baleen whales, primarily. d. the navy and many bats, but not whales. e. none of the above.

b. toothed whales, primarily.

____ 94. These whales are also known as baleen or whalebone whales: a. whales of suborder Odontoceti. b. whales of suborder Mysticeti. c. all whales. d. all whales and most sharks (combined). e. none of these.

b. whales of suborder Mysticeti.

____ 36. When a phytoplankter remains below its compensation depth, it: a. will survive, but will grow much more slowly. b. will eventually die. c. will die almost immediately. d. [The question is meaningless.]

b. will eventually die.

____ 3. Most biologists and geologists now think life began on Earth about: a. 3 million years ago. b. 8 billion years ago. c. 3.5 - 4 billion years ago. d. 10,000 years ago. e. 500,000 years ago.

c. 3.5 - 4 billion years ago.

____ 87. Marine mammals began to evolve distinctly from land mammals about _______ million years ago. a. 2 b. 20 c. 50 d. 250 e. 500

c. 50

____ 75. Which of these is not characteristic of members of the phylum Arthropoda? a. An exoskeleton of chitin. b. Articulated appendages. c. An exoskeleton of protein. d. Striated muscle. e. A distinct valved heart.

c. An exoskeleton of protein.

____ 26. A population of fish in an enclosed lagoon was threatened with overpopulation and a stressed food supply until a number of predators discovered the population. After a time, there were fewer fish, but the average swimming speed of the population of fish had increased. This is a good illustration of: a. Artificially induced mutation. b. Hereditary transmission of the results of training. c. Natural selection. d. Population explosion. e. Genetic drift.

c. Natural selection.

____ 27. "Success" in biology means: a. Amount of territory controlled. b. Number of mates. c. Number of living offspring. d. Size of adult individual. e. Appearance of adult individual.

c. Number of living offspring.

78. Bony fish (like tuna or anchovies) are members of this group: a. Mammalia b. Chondrichthyes c. Osteichthyes d. Agnatha e. none of the above

c. Osteichthyes

____ 91. Manatees, sea cows. a. Cetacea b. Pinnipedia c. Sirenia d. all of these e. none of these

c. Sirenia

____ 64. Ultraplankton consist mainly of: a. diatoms and dinoflagellates. b. small forms of zooplankton. c. bacteria and viruses. d. unusually large floating organisms such as medusae (jellyfish). e. temporary members of the plankton community.

c. bacteria and viruses.

___ 84. The wings of the most "severely oceanic" birds (that is, birds spending nearly all of their life span aloft over the ocean) tend to be a. short and blunt. b. long, thick, and pointed. c. long, thin, and pointed. d. long, thin, and blunt. e. short and pointed.

c. long, thin, and pointed.

____ 13. The two main inorganic nutrients necessary for the success of marine autotrophs are: a. carbon dioxide and carbohydrates. b. glucose and oxygen. c. nitrates and phosphates. d. nitrates and carbohydrates. e. phosphates and carbohydrates.

c. nitrates and phosphates.

____ 101. A group of organisms of the same species occupying a specific area is called a(n) ______________________. a. community. b. habitat. c. population. d. biome. e. (none of the above)

c. population.

____ 10. Mass extinctions are a. relatively common, happening about once in every million years. b. so rare that only one is known from the time of the solidification of Earth's surface. c. relatively rare - perhaps 6 great extinctions have occurred since the origin of life on Earth - roughly every 250 million years or so. d. mythical and unproven e. annual events occurring with the changing of the seasons.

c. relatively rare - perhaps 6 great extinctions have occurred since the origin of life on Earth - roughly every 250 million years or so.

____ 30. The classical definition of species depends ultimately on: a. differences in appearance. b. differences in evolutionary background. c. reproductive isolation from other species. d. differences in taxonomy. e. physical isolation from other species.

c. reproductive isolation from other species.

____ 34. A single species is segregated from all other kinds of living things by a. isolation in space. b. isolation in time. c. reproductive isolation. d. differences in sizes and colors. e. differences in life-styles.

c. reproductive isolation.

____ 72. During the "oxygen revolution," a. the oxygen content of the atmosphere dropped precipitously. b. the nitrogen in the atmosphere was replaced by oxygen. c. the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increased significantly. d. the oxygen in the atmosphere caught fire and roasted the dinosaurs. e. the oxygen in the atmosphere was briefly replaced by inert gases.

c. the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increased significantly.

___ 81. There are no true marine amphibians, mainly because a. not enough time has passed for their evolution. b. their skin is not permeable to water. c. their skin is too permeable to water. d. the outermost layer of their skin dissolves in a saline environment. e. they don't have gills.

c. their skin is too permeable to water.

____ 100. Which group of marine mammals was named because of its fanciful resemblance to mermaids? a. Cetacea b. Pinnipedia c. Fissipedia d. Sirenia e. none of the above

d. Sirenia

____ 93. Which of these characteristics is not applicable to all Cetacea? a. Almost complete hair loss. b. Large, deeply convoluted brain. c. Air-breathing. d. Teeth in powerful jaws. e. Skin that decreases the friction of water flow at middle and high speeds.

d. Teeth in powerful jaws.

____ 82. All of these statements about marine turtles are true except: a. All are in some danger of extinction. b. They have a strong homing instinct. c. Their front limbs are flattened. d. Their heads retract into their shells. e. Living species may exceed 3 meters (10 feet) in length.

d. Their heads retract into their shells.

____ 113. Food in the intertidal zone is: a. not particularly abundant. b. abundant but inaccessible. c. abundant and accessible, but there are no organisms to take advantage of it. d. abundant and accessible, and there are many animals to take advantage of it. e. none of the above.

d. abundant and accessible, and there are many animals to take advantage of it.

____ 88. Marine mammals. a. Cetacea b. Pinnipedia c. Sirenia d. all of these e. none of these

d. all of these

____ 79. A marine fish must ____________ seawater, and _________ salt from special glands in the gills. a. excrete ... import b. drink ... import c. excrete ... export d. drink ... export e. neither drink nor excrete ... import

d. drink ... export

___ 33. A natural system of classification for living organisms relies on an analysis of a. external similarities. b. size and color. c. habitat. d. evolutionary relationships. e. species numbers.

d. evolutionary relationships.

____ 103. An organism's "address" within a community is its _____________, while an organism's ________________ is its "occupation" within that habitat. a. biome ... niche b. habitat ... biome c. niche ... habitat d. habitat ... niche e. niche ... biome

d. habitat ... niche

__ 86. Animals that generate and regulate metabolic heat and maintain an internal body temperature generally higher than that of their surroundings are called: a. poikilotherms b. mesotherms c. paratherms d. homeotherms e. none of the above

d. homeotherms

____ 22. The open ocean realm, away from land. a. pelagic b. benthic c. neritic d. oceanic e. hadal

d. oceanic

____ 66. Primary productivity occurring on land is now thought to be about __________ primary productivity in the ocean. a. 10% of b. 50% of c. 200% of d. the same as e. [the question is meaningless]

d. the same as

____ 107. The rarest pattern for organism distributions is: a. clumped distribution. b. negative binomial distribution. c. random distribution. d. uniform distribution. e. even distribution.

d. uniform distribution.

____ 99. Sea birds navigate by using a. the sun angle and the position of distant stars. b. polarized light. c. the Earth's magnetic field. d. very likely they use all of the above.

d. very likely they use all of the above.

____ 114. Which of these areas is generally considered to be the most productive and to be inhabited by the largest number of species? a. The deep open ocean below the photic zone. b. The deep open ocean floor. c. The relatively shallow ocean floor of the continental shelves. d. Gravel beaches. e. Salt marshes associated with estuaries.

e. Salt marshes associated with estuaries.

____ 8. Which of the following is never part of the carbon cycle? a. carbonate rocks b. carbon dioxide c. shells and ooze d. dissolved organic carbon (DOC) e. all of the items listed above are part of the carbon cycle.

e. all of the items listed above are part of the carbon cycle.

____ 56. Kelp, or common seaweed, is in this group: a. red algae, the Rhodophyta. b. green algae, the Chlorophyta. c. blue-green algae, the cyanobacteria. d. golden algae, the Chrysophyta. e. brown algae, the Phaeophyta.

e. brown algae, the Phaeophyta.

____ 65. Primary productivity can be measured from satellites by sensors that detect a. oxygen in seawater. b. carbohydrates in seawater. c. sea surface temperature. d. latitude and longitude. e. chlorophyll concentrations.

e. chlorophyll concentrations.

__ 106. Referring to question #5 above, the rate of growth described by this curve is rarely maintained for long because of a. exponential resistance. b. J-curve disruption. c. S-curve disruption. d. environmental opposition. e. environmental resistance.

e. environmental resistance.

_ 111. Perhaps the most difficult oceanic habitat is: a. the abyssal zone. b. the benthic zone in general. c. intertidal rocky shores. d. intertidal beaches e. intertidal coarse black sand beaches.

e. intertidal coarse black sand beaches.

____ 18. A physical or biological necessity whose presence in inappropriate amounts limits the normal action of an organism is called a(n) a. community factor b. biological factor c. environmental factor d. ecological factor e. limiting factor

e. limiting factor

____ 90. Fishes. a. Cetacea b. Pinnipedia c. Sirenia d. all of these e. none of these

e. none of these

___ 85. Marine birds eliminate salt by a. traveling to land to drink fresh water. b. storing water from rains within their feathers. c. extracting fresh water from their prey. d. manufacturing fresh water from seawater. e. using salt glands to extract salt from their blood.

e. using salt glands to extract salt from their blood.

____ 53. Animals. a. plankton b. meroplankton c. ultraplankton d. phytoplankton e. zooplankton

e. zooplankton