Oceanography Ch. 11 Marine Pollution, Ch. 12 Marine Life and the Marine Environment, Ch. 13 Biological Productivity and Energy Transfer, Ch. 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment, Ch. 15 Animals of the Benthic Environment, Ch. 16 The Oceans and Climate Ch

What is the surface area-to-volume ratio of a cube with sides of 2 centimeters (.8 inch)?

3

Researchers devised a way to apply heat stress to the blue-green damselfish in controlled laboratory conditions.

Designing an experiment

Compared to a solution of freshwater, a cell that contains dissolved solutes would be considered:

Hypertonic and would absorb water

Compared to the internal salinity of a fish in the ocean, the surrounding seawater would be considered:

Hypertonic, and the fish would lose water via osmosis

Which of the following items is/are illegal to dump within 3 to 12 miles of the shore?

dunnage, ground to less than 1 inch plastic, ground to less than 1 inch

Chapter 14 SmartFigure: General Features and Fins of a Fish What type of fish is shown in the SmartFigure image?

grouper

Chapter 12 What is symbiosis?

groups of organisms living together for mutual benefit

Some organisms living in the high water portion of the intertidal zone cannot survive in the supralittoral zone because they:

have planktonic larval forms.

Sewage sludge in the United States contains a mixture of dangerous chemicals that include human waste and __________.

heavy metals (Metals such as copper, lead, silver, and mercury are found in sewage sludge.)

Which of the following are primary carnivores?

herring sardines

Nearly all large organisms that inhabit sediment-covered shores are called ________ because they burrow into the sediment.

infauna

The reported amount of plastic pollution entering the oceans each year is ________ of the annual global production of plastic.

less than 1%

When compared to the open ocean, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of nutrients are ________ in coastal regions.

less; greater

Which of the following materials is/are illegal to dump anywhere in the ocean?

plastic

An example of non-point-source pollution is __________.

plastic debris washed down storm drains

Which of the following items is/are illegal to dump within 3 miles of the shore?

plastic, ground to less than 1 inch dunnage, ground to less than 1 inch food, ground to less than 1 inch glass, ground to less than 1 inch metal, ground to less than 1 inch

Oceanography Videos: Field Study Segments — Octopus What is the common name of the octopus that is found in Southern California tidepools?

two-spotted octopus (The common name of the octopus that is commonly found in Southern California tidepools is the two-spotted octopus, which is named for the prominent false eye spots that make it look larger in size.)

Floating organisms are called ________.

zooplankton

Which of the following are first-level consumers?

zooplankton sardines

What process moves carbon from the lithosphere to the atmosphere?

burning of fossil fuels (The burning of fossil fuels moves carbon from the lithosphere to the atmosphere)

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

*Answer: Copepod* Ctenophore Jellyfish Salp Arrow worm

By how much has the pH of the ocean changed since the Industrial Revolution?

- 0.1 pH unit

For every 500,000 units of radiant energy that enter an ecosystem from the Sun, how many units are transferred all the way to the top producers?

1

How many tuna does it take to make one shark?

10 times the mass of the shark

How much fish do humans harvest from the ocean each year?

145 billion pounds

Chapter 13 Concept Check: Question 3 The average rate of primary production in the open ocean is 125 gC/m2/yr. In the most productive ecosystems such as algal beds and coral reefs, the average production is 2000 gC/m2/yr. How many years would it take to accumulate 2000 gC/m2 on the deep-sea floor in the open ocean?

1600 years (Only 1% of surface productivity reaches the deep-sea floor; therefore, only 1.25 gC/yr sink to the deep-sea floor. It would take well over 1000 years for the sea floor in the deep, open ocean to accumulate what is produced in just one year in algal beds and coral reefs!)

According to the data shown in the SmartFigure, what is the natural range of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration over the past 800,000 years?

180-280 parts per million (ppm)

These measurements indicate that global sea surface temperatures have risen by about 0.6°C (1.1°F) because of global warming, mainly since about ________.

1970

SmartTable: Human-Caused Greenhouse Gases and Their Contribution to Increasing the Greenhouse Effect What was the concentration of carbon dioxide, in parts per million (ppm), in the pre-industrial period?

280

How much oil was released by the Deepwater Horizon spill?

2.4 million gallons per day for more than three months

Where on the coral reef structure would you expect to find the largest, strongest coral heads?

20-50 meters water depth

In John Martin's experiments in the 1990s, by how much was iron fertilization of the oceans shown to increase phytoplankton productivity?

30 times

Based on the information in the graph, at which of the following consumption rates would eating tuna and swordfish start to become a possible health hazard?

35 grams/day

According to the data shown in the SmartFigure, what is the natural range of atmospheric methane concentration over the past 800,000 years?

350-750 parts per billion (ppb)

What is the net change in the flux of carbon to the atmosphere each year?

4 gigatons per year (of the 9 gigatons of carbon delivered annually to the atmosphere as the result of burning fossil fuels and other human activities (such as land use change and the production of cement) the oceans take up 2 gigatons and the biosphere takes up 3 gigatons resulting i a net annual increase of 4 gigaton of carbon in the atmosphere.

Every year, ____ gigatons of carbon are added to the atmosphere and ____ gigatons of carbon are added to the ocean.

4, 2 (Every year, 4 gigatons of carbon are added to the atmosphere and 2 gigatons of carbon are added to the ocean.)

At what water depth are delicate plate corals common?

50-150 meters (164-492 feet)

If the "best case" scenario is followed, what will the approximate carbon dioxide concentration and global temperature increase be by the end of the century?

500 parts per million (ppm); 1°C

What percentage of sunlight is absorbed in the top meter of the ocean?

55%

In the United States, how many non-native species have been documented?

7000

About what percentage of all the oil that enters the oceans due to human sources, worldwide, is due to petroleum consumption?

72%

What percent of marine debris is composed of plastic?

80%

If the "business as usual" scenario is followed, what will carbon dioxide concentration and global temperature increase be by the end of the century?

850 parts per million (ppm); 4°C

A recent poll indicates more than ________ of the American public consider themselves scientifically illiterate.

90%

Which scenario on the SmartFigure shows the "business as usual" scenario?

A2

Which marine ecosystem has the highest average net primary productivity?

Algae beds and coral reefs

SmartFigure: Major Groups of Marine Mammals Which of the following characteristics are shared by all marine mammals?

All marine animals bear live young All marine animals have fur. All marine animal mothers nurse their young with their milk. All marine animals are warm-blooded.

Although primary productivity in tropical areas is generally low, which of the following tropical locations have unusually high primary productivity rates?

All the above tropical areas have relatively high primary productivity.

Drag each sentence to the sentence that illustrates that aspect of the scientific process. Researchers discovered that the fish subjected to higher temperatures were unable to acclimate, as evidenced by their increased stress and preference to seek out an optimal temperature rather than remain in a warmer-than-normal temperature of water.

Analyzing Results

In which kingdom do jellyfish belong?

Animalia

Exploring Data Coaching Activities: Cutaway View Comparing the Echolocation Systems of a Sperm Whale and a Dolphin Which of the following is true of echolocation?

Animals use reflected sound to sense their environment with echolocation (Toothed whales generate sounds that reflect off objects in the ocean. When the sound waves return to the animal, it interprets the reflected sound waves to determine the size, shape, and distance of objects.)

BBC Video Quiz - Global Climate Change — Water, Oceanic Circulation, and the Thermohaline Conveyor What percentage of the Earth's surface is composed of water?

Approximately 70 percent of the Earth's surface is composed of water. (Right now, there are about 12,000 billion tons of water on Earth's surface.)

Why must organisms that rely on nutrient diffusion remain very small?

As surface area-to-volume ratio decreases, the ability for nutrients to reach an organism's tissues through diffusion decreases. As surface area increases, volume increases even more, prohibiting nutrients from reaching vital tissues through diffusion.

Which of the following oceans has the least diversity of reef-building corals?

Atlantic Ocean

Which pathway has the largest annual flux of carbon between reservoirs?

Atmosphere to biosphere

Which of the following is not one of the reasons bioluminescence is employed by deep-sea animals?

Attracting food Counter illumination Communication Predator avoidance *Answer: Warning coloration*

Why do waters become anoxic in a dead zone?

Bacteria that decompose the dead algae use up all of the oxygen in the water.

Why is it rare to find a lobster in a tidepool?

Because they normally live along the bottom, further offshore in kelp forests (California spiny lobsters normally live along the bottom, further offshore in kelp forests.)

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the distribution of oceanic benthic biomass?

Benthic biomass includes organisms that burrow into the seafloor, attach themselves to the seafloor, crawl around on the seafloor, and swim close to the seafloor. Areas of high benthic biomass correspond to areas of high primary productivity in the surface ocean.

Based on this chart, where is it legal to dump garbage larger than one inch that will sink into the ocean?

Beyond 12 miles from the shore

What is the difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?

Bioaccumulation refers to the buildup of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism. Biomagnification refers to the concentration of impurities as animals are eaten and the impurity is passed through food chains. (Bioaccumulation refers to the buildup of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism. Biomagnification refers to the concentration of impurities as animals are eaten and the impurity is passed through food chains.)

Of the following statements about bioluminescence in deep-water nekton, which is/are true?

Bioluminescence can be used to attract a mate. Bioluminescent light can be used to stake out territory. The majority of deep-water nekton can bioluminesce. A flash of bioluminescent light can temporarily blind a predator, allowing the prey to escape. Bioluminescent light can attract and lure prey to a predator.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in solar output explains all of the recent global warming BECAUSE satellites measurement show that the Sun's luminosity has increased enough to account for the global warming recorded during the same period.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Buckshot barnacles can survive above the high tide shoreline BECAUSE their larval form is benthic.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Exxon should not have been held responsible for the Exxon Valdez disaster BECAUSE icebergs from the Columbia Glacier forced the captain to stop the tanker on Bligh Reef.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Most marine organisms are affected by the high pressure at depth BECAUSE they have large internal air pockets that can be compressed.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The correlation between coral bleaching and water temperature doesn't concern marine scientists BECAUSE sea surface temperatures are becoming cooler as a result of global cooling.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

What is the primary cause of the nearly 20 percent increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels since the 1960s?

Burning of fossil fuels (Carbon dioxide is produced and released to the atmosphere when carbon-rich fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas are burned.)

How does a sea anemone feed?

By entrapping prey items in its stinging tentacles.

What is the chemical formula for sugar?

C6 H12 O6

Which of the following chemical formulas represents a sugar molecule?

C6 H12 O6

Which greenhouse gas is the most powerful in terms of how heat is absorbed by one molecule of the gas?

CFC-12

Which reaction below correctly illustrates why the ocean is becoming more acidic?

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-

The marine organism in the image is using which of the following adaptations as a survival mechanism?

Camouflage

What did the results of NASA's SOIREE Experiment show?

Chlorophyll concentrations in the surface ocean were higher in the areas of the ocean where iron was added.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the cleanup of oil spills?

Cleanup efforts can create new hazards. Cleaning up oil spills is expensive. Cleaning up oil spills is difficult.

Of the following statements about benthic communities along sediment-covered shores, which is/are true?

Coarse sandy beaches usually have the same tidal zonations as rocky shores. Gently sloping beaches with finer sediment show less distinct intertidal zonation as compared to coarser beaches. Large numbers of organisms can generally be found buried in sandy shores.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words or phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Cold seeps Coral reef Hydrothermal vents *Answer: Rocky intertidal zone* Kelp forests

The researchers' findings in this study were interpreted as supporting the initial hypothesis that the blue-green damselfish would move to waters within their optimal temperature range rather than acclimate to the warm temperatures. This explains why many stenothermal organisms are moving poleward with warming ocean temperatures. The rate and scope of these fishes' ability to move is central to understanding the impact of climate change. Additionally, coral reefs form the habitat for these reef fishes, but the corals are sessile benthic organisms, which might not be able to shift poleward at the same rate as the fish are moving. What types of additional data or experiments would you need to collect if you wanted to find out if any other stenothermal organisms are able to move poleward? What types of additional data or experiments would you need to collect if you wanted to find out what might happen to the reef fishes if their habitat, the coral reefs, are not able to shift poleward at the same rate the fish are moving? Check all that apply.

Collect data on other stenothermal organisms to find out if they have the ability to move poleward as the water gets warmer. Collect data about whether any of the coral species have the ability to acclimatize to warming events. Collect data on corals to find out how quickly or slowly, if at all, they're able to move poleward as the water gets warmer. Compare the responses of fast-growing coral species with slower-growing coral species to find out about the limits of their responses to high-temperature stress. Collect data on corals to find out if they have the ability to move poleward as the water gets warmer. Collect data on other stenothermal organisms to find out if they have the ability to acclimatize to warming events. Collect data on how quickly the stenothermal fishes are able to move poleward.

Part D - Exploring further After collecting and analyzing the data, researchers still aren't sure which of the hypotheses are correct. What other types of additional data would you need to collect or experiments would you need to conduct if you wanted to find out why gray whales migrate?

Collect data on survival rates of young gray whales during migration. Measure food consumption in pregnant whales. Collect ocean water temperature data throughout the gray whale migration route.

Part D - Further ExperimentsPart complete The researchers' findings in this study were interpreted as supporting the initial hypothesis that warming oceans have contributed to a rise in Vibrio infections among humans. Which of the following experiments could also result in more evidence to support their hypothesis?

Comparing the rates of human infection by Vibrio in areas where ocean temperatures have increased faster vs. areas where ocean temperatures have seen less of an increase Repeating the same experiment in other oceans Growing Vibrio in a lab in conditions matching various ocean temperatures and measuring their abundance Comparing the rates of human Vibrio infection in the summer versus the winter

Which of the following statements regarding dissolved oxygen in the surface ocean is true?

Concentrations of dissolved oxygen are high in the surface layer due to the actions of waves, diatoms, and coccolithophores.

BBC Video Quiz - Australia: Coral Reefs and the Census of Marine Life What system hosts more biodiversity than any other ecosystem in the oceans?

Coral reefs are believed to have the highest biodiversity of any ecosystem in the oceans. (The variety of life supported by coral reefs rivals that of the world's tropical rainforests.)

Which of the following statements about tropical reef-building corals are true?

Coral reefs require moderate to strong wave action or current flow. Reef corals need warm, tropical waters to survive. The biomass of coral reefs is composed mostly of algae.

SmartFigure: Coral Reef Structure and Zonation Which of the following statements is/are true of corals?

Corals are benthic organisms. Corals are animals. Corals live in tropical water.

Of the following statements about the muscle tissue of cruising and lunging fish, which is/are true?

Cruisers have a mix of red and white muscle tissue. Red muscle tissue supports high metabolic rates and is good for endurance, needed by cruisers.

Which of the following are primary producers?

Dinoflagellates Coccolithophores Diatoms

Marine mammals use sound for a variety of purposes. Which of these examples can only be accomplished by Odontocetes?

Direct sharp bursts of sound to stun prey (Toothed whales can use sound to echolocate their prey. Amazingly, they can also interpret the sound they "hear" to determine the size, shape, and even density of an object such as fish or squid.)

Which of the following are viable options for reducing the amount of plastic in the ocean?

Dispose of plastics properly and recycle when possible. Educate people so they understand the impacts of their choices on the environment. People can reduce their consumption of single-use plastics. Support proposals that ban or regulate the use or sale of single-use plastics and their improper disposal at sea.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding sound and echolocation in dolphins?

Dolphins create a wide variety of sounds, including clicks, buzzes, and whistles. Dolphins are known to use short bursts of sound to stun prey before they move in for the kill. Low-frequency sounds are used to detect objects that are far away, and high-frequency sounds are used to detect objects that are close by.

Process of Science: Why Do Gray Whales Migrate? Pacific, or California, gray whale Eschrichtius robustus are medium-sized, slow-moving coastal whales. They live about 60 years and grow as large as 15 meters. During the summer months, there are enormous plankton blooms in polar marine areas because there is continual light - 24 hours a day - for a month or two. The gray whale capitalizes on this incredible bloom in the Arctic and specializes in feeding on sea floor organisms in the cold, highly productive waters of the continental shelves in the Arctic Ocean and the far northern Pacific Ocean. Then in winter, they breed and give birth in warm tropical lagoons along the west coast of Baja California and mainland Mexico. This lifestyle demands a yearly, round- trip journey of 22,000 kilometers. Part A - Forming a hypothesis Select all of the hypotheses that have been put forward to explain why gray whales migrate.

During the Ice Age, sea level was lower, productive high-latitude feeding grounds did not exist and the gray whales might have given birth to smaller calves, which could not survive in the cold water. Today's migration is a relic held over from this time. The whales need to consume lots of food for mating and calving so they must travel to the Arctic during the summer because that's where the most food is. The cold-water feeding grounds in the Artic are too cold for young gray whales so they must migrate south to give birth.

What happens after a surface oil spill?

Emulsification occurs. An oil slick is created. Photooxidation occurs.

Which of the following is not a kingdom of organism?

Eukarya

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding organism size?

For an organism with a surface-to-volume ratio of 1.5, 5% of the body tissues can be supplied with oxygen through diffusion across the skin. The surface area-to-volume ratio generally decreases with increasing size. For an organism with a surface-to-volume ratio of 6, 95% of the body tissues can be supplied with oxygen through diffusion across the skin.

Researchers believe the fish could not maintain their optimal metabolic and energy functions in warmer waters so they would have to move

Forming a testable hypothesis

Stenothermal fishes exposed to the higher temperatures predicted with climate change will experience stress so they 19ll prefer to move to cooler waters within their optimal temperature range.

Formulating a conclusion

Which of the following statements regarding freshwater fish and saltwater fish is/are true?

Freshwater fish and saltwater fish have evolved differently to adapt to their different environments. The skin of freshwater fish is a semipermeable membrane. Freshwater fish live in water that is less salty than their body fluids.

In what direction do water molecules move through a semi-permeable membrane?

From areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration.

Eukaryotes include which of the following?

Fungi Plantae Protista

Which of the following are true of Earth's tilt?

Greater tilt leads to more extreme seasons on Earth. Tilt reaches its maximum every 41,000 years. Tilt is also referred to as obliquity.

Where on Earth are the Keeling atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations measured?

Hawaii

Which of the following types of caudal fins is featured in the image?

Heterocercal caudal fin

SmartFigure: Variations in Earth's Orbit Which of the following are true of Earth's eccentricity?

Higher eccentricity leads to more extreme seasons on Earth. Eccentricity reaches its minimum every 100,000 years.

Part E - Next StepsPart complete Most scientific studies do not stand in isolation, but build on past work and help inform how research should continue based on new revelations. If you wanted to build on this study and begin a new one, which of these testable hypotheses might you pursue?

Human infection of Vibrio has shown greater increases in regions where the oceans have warmed faster. Using the past and current data on Vibrio abundance, we can calculate how it might continue to increase in the years to come. Repeating this study in a different ocean would produce similar results Repeating this study but with different ocean-borne bacteria would show that they, too have increased due to warming sea surface temperatures

Which of the following environments supports chemosynthesis?

Hydrocarbon seeps that emit methane Mid-ocean ridges associated with black smokers Subduction zones where methane from the decomposition of organic material in folded sedimentary rocks trickles from the sea floor Areas where high-salinity waters percolate from the sea floor

Exploring Data Coaching Activities: Comparison of Phytoplankton Productivity in Tropical, Middle Latitude, and Polar Oceans (Northern Hemisphere) In this activity, you will explore how yearly productivity varies at different latitudes. Study the figure below and answer the following questions. In the Northern Hemisphere, when does the phytoplankton biomass peak in the polar region? Why?

In the Northern Hemisphere near the pole, phytoplankton biomass peaks in the spring when the sun is high enough in the sky for sunlight to penetrate deep into the water.

In this activity, you will analyze a graph illustrating the relationship between depth and the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and phosphate. Study the figure below and answer the following questions. Which of the following is true of dissolved oxygen?

In the mesopelagic zone, the concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases due to uptake by organisms and a lack of atmospheric mixing.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Increased nitrogen concentration Increased phosphorus concentration *Answer: Lower rates of photosynthesis* High light levels Upwelling

What is the cause of the recent spikes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane concentrations?

Industrial Revolution

Why has iron fertilization not been widely adopted as a solution to global warming?

Iron fertilization can exacerbate ocean acidity. Iron fertilization can create dead zones.

SmartFigure: The Iron Hypothesis Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the basis of the iron hypothesis?

Iron is typically the limiting nutrient to productivity in areas of the ocean with low productivity. Global warming would be more pronounced without the role of tropical rainforests. Primary productivity in the ocean removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

When you visit a tidepool and put your finger into a sea anemone, it grabs onto your finger. What is really happening?

It activates stinging barbs that inject neurotoxin into your skin. (When you are at a tidepool and put your finger into a sea anemone, it activates stinging barbs that inject neurotoxin into your skin. In essence, the sea anemone is trying to kill and eat you!)

Why does coastal upwelling lead to high biological productivity?

It brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface, where phytoplankton reside.

What predator-escape response does the sea hare exhibit?

It emits a stringy purple ink. (Sea hares emit a stringy purple ink to confuse a predator.)

How does Navanax obtain its food items?

It follows the chemical trace of a sea slug or snail and then eats it whole. (Navanax follows the chemical trace of a sea slug or snail and then eats it whole.)

Oceanography Videos: Field Study Segments — Bat Star Why do different bat stars have colors that range from orange to mottled purple?

It helps them to camouflage with the varied colors found in tidepools. (Bat stars need to blend in with the varied colors found in tidepools.)

Which of the following properties of plastic make it unusually persistent and damaging?

It is durable. It is strong. It is lightweight. It is inexpensive.

SmartFigure: The Keeling Curve What is notable about the Keeling curve?

It is the longest continuous historical record of directly measured atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations on Earth, going back to 1958. It shows the annual variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. It shows that carbon dioxide levels recently surpassed 400 parts per million (ppm), the highest level on record.

What is the fate of the carbon dioxide that is removed from the atmosphere by marine phytoplankton?

It is used by the phytoplankton to build their shells and bodies. Some is buried on the seafloor as organic carbon and carbonate. Some is released back into the atmosphere once the organism dies and is decomposed.

Why is plastic debris such a big problem in the ocean?

It photodegrades into small pieces that are ingested by marine organisms and birds. Marine organisms and birds become entangled in plastic debris. Plastics float and are not readily biodegradable. Plastics absorb and concentrate toxins from the seawater and poison marine life when ingested.

How does a dolphin make the sounds that are used for echolocation?

It pulls air in through its blowhole and contracts the muscles near the blowhole to make different sounds.

How does a sperm whale make the sounds that are used for echolocation?

It pulls air in through its monkey's muzzle. When the monkey's muzzle closes, it makes a clicking sound.

Oceanography Videos: Field Study Segments — Lobster What happens when a lobster gets too big for its exoskeleton (hard outer shell)?

It slips out of its hard shell and grows a new, larger one. (When a lobster gets too big for its exoskeleton, it slips out of its hard shell and grows a new, larger one.)

What does the lobster shown in this video use for defense?

It uses its spines all over its hard shell, including the spines on its antennae. (The California spiny lobster uses its spines all over its hard shell, including the spines on its antennae.)

Of the following statements about kelp and kelp forests, which is/are true?

Kelp is held to the bottom by a strong anchor called a holdfast. The giant kelp Macrocystis can grow up to 0.6 meters (2 feet) per day.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Krill

Which of the following groups of organisms are considered zooplankton?

Krill Jellyfish Copepods Radiolarians

Which of the following is the largest reservoir of the carbon cycle on the Earth?

Lithosphere

Which of the following adaptations are used by pelagic organisms to keep them from sinking?

Low-density fatty organs Soft, gelatinous bodies Swim bladders filled with gas Intricate ornamental body projections

Which of the following types of caudal fins is featured in the image?

Lunate caudal fin

Which of the following actions can be done to help prevent marine pollution?

Make a conscious effort to purchase items with reduced packaging. Use a toothbrush with a replaceable head.

Researchers believed that the blue-green damselfish would move to waters within their optimal temperature range rather than acclimate to the warm temperatures.

Making a prediction

Researchers documented some species of tropical stenothermal fish moving poleward, away from ocean warming areas.

Making an observation

Which of the following statements about the characteristics of marine mammals are true?

Marine mammals are warm-blooded. Marine mammals bear live young. Marine mammals evolved from land species. Marine mammals must surface to breathe air. Marine mammals have hair (or fur) during at least some stage of their development.

Which of the following is not a way to help the environment in general and the ocean in particular?

Maximize your impact on the environment

Which of the following is the cause of the presumed pause in the rise of Earth's average global surface temperature in the past few decades?

Measurement bias from the greater use of buoys

SmartFigure: How Dead Zones Form Which is the largest river in North America, responsible for the large dead zone that forms each summer in the Gulf of Mexico?

Mississippi River

The area of the ocean that produces the largest standing stock of commercial fish is in the:

Nontropical shelf areas

Which of the following are considered baleen whales?

Right whales Gray whales Humpback whales Blue whales

Most of the world's water is found in two locations. The first is the world's oceans. Where is the second location, the one with most of the world's freshwater?

Most of the world's freshwater is locked in the ice at the poles. (The world's polar icecaps and glaciers contain close to 2 percent of all the Earth's water. Rivers and lakes comprise about 0.6 percent of the Earth's water.)

Oceanography Videos: Field Study Segments — Gray Whale Barnacles and Whale Lice As explained in the video, how is the appearance of newborn gray whales different than adults (besides the obvious size difference)?

Newborn gray whales lack both barnacles and whale lice, which attach later in life. (Newborn gray whales lack both barnacles and whale lice, which attach later in life and give adult whales a mottled gray appearance.)

Which of the following pollutants is involved with acid rain production?

Nitric aid

Which of the following contributes the most to the greenhouse effect?

Nitrous oxide (N2O)

BBC Video Quiz - Changing Carbon Dioxide Levels and Coral Reefs How do the oceans contribute to maintaining a climate that is habitable for humans?

Oceans absorb large quantities of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. (The ability of oceans to remove or sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere has a cooling effect on the atmosphere.)

Which of the following statements about odontocetes are true?

Odontoceti have the ability to use echolocation. Odontoceti have prominent teeth and good vision. Odontoceti have large brains relative to their body size. Odontoceti form long-lived social groups.

Which of the following types of caudal fins is featured in the image?

Rounded caudal fin

Which organisms are most sensitive to ocean acidity, and why?

Organisms with hard parts composed of calcium carbonate, because calcium carbonate dissolves in acidic seawater.

Which of the following statements regarding osmosis in freshwater fish and saltwater fish is/are true?

Osmosis transfers water molecules from the surrounding water into the bodies of freshwater fish. Osmosis transfers water molecules from the bodies of saltwater fish into the surrounding water. Freshwater fish and saltwater fish are subjected to osmotic pressure as water molecules move across their skin.

Which of the following is not a problem currently facing fisheries management?

Over enforcement of international regulations

Part C - ResultsPart complete In this study, the researchers' collected data for a number of different locations in the North Atlantic. In the final paper that they published, they displayed each data set from each location that they chose for the study. Here is the graph for one of the locations: Where the line graph represents sea surfaced temperature (abbreviated as SST), the triangles represent Vibrio abundance, and the symbols at the bottom represent the presence of two human pathogenic Vibrio species, V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus.

Overall, sea surface temperatures increased between 1958 and 2011. Answer: Increased Overall, Vibrio abundance increased between 1958 and 2011. Answer: Increased The graph demonstrates a(n) positive correlation between sea surface temperature and Vibrio abundance Answer: Positive Human pathogenic species of Vibrio appeared in this area when ocean temperatures became warmer Answer: Warmer We could infer from this data that climate change has resulted in a greater incidence of Vibrio infection among humans. Answer: Greater (In the end, the researchers in this study were able to demonstrate a positive correlation between increases in sea surface temperature and increases in Vibrio abundance. This suggests that the increase in Vibrio infections among humans in recent decades is related to warming oceans.)

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding dissolved oxygen concentrations with depth?

Oxygen levels in the mesopelagic zone are a function of high rates of decomposition and the lack of photosynthesis. Oxygen concentrations increase with depth through the bathypelagic zone.

Which of the following is an example of a symbiotic relationship?

Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism

Which of the following is true of the spray zone?

Periwinkles are commonly found in this zone. Most organisms in the spray zone have hard shells. For organisms living in the spray zone, an environmental hardship is the risk of drying out.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Phaeophyta Pyrrophyta Chlorophyta *Answer: Anthophyta* Chrysophyta

At what depth is phosphate concentration lowest? Why?

Phosphate concentration is lowest at the surface due to uptake by photosynthetic algae.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding phosphate concentrations with depth?

Phosphate concentrations increase with depth through the mesopelagic zone. Phosphate is used by marine algae to create organic tissues. The minimum oxygen concentration coincides with the maximum phosphate concentration because decomposers consume oxygen and release phosphate and other nutrients during the process of decomposition.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the order Cetacea?

Porpoises and dolphins are considered to be small whales. Baleens are made out of the same material that makes up humans' fingernails and hair. Many species of whales were hunted to the brink of extinction, but with protection, many of them are now making a comeback.

Which of the following are true of Earth's precession?

Precession is caused by the wobble of Earth's axis as it spins like a top. Currently, the Northern Hemisphere summer occurs when Earth is farthest from the sun. Currently, the Northern Hemisphere winter occurs when Earth is closest to the sun.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding productivity in the ocean?

Primary producers comprise the base of the food chain. Areas with high primary productivity will also support more consumers. Primary producers photosynthesize.

Where did the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill occur?

Prince William Sound

How did the discovery of hydrothermal vent communities in the 1970s change our understanding of life in the ocean?

Prior to this discovery it was thought that all life, even life in the deep ocean, depended on photosynthetic primary producers in the surface ocean. Prior to this discovery it was thought that all primary producers were photosynthetic. Prior to this discovery, chemosynthesis was unknown at hydrothermal vents.

In which kingdom does marine kelp belong?

Protista

Mass mortality events of marine mammals and birds may occur after ingesting prey items that contain algal toxins. What organism that can cause harmful algal blooms should humans be concerned about if animals in the area are having seizures and exhibiting erratic, disoriented behavior?

Pseudo-nitzschia, because it causes amnesic shellfish poisoning.

Which of the following is a zooplankton?

Radiolarian

Chapter 11 Based on the World Health Organization's definition of marine pollution, which of the following is/are considered to be a form of marine pollution?

Raw sewage released onto the floor of the deep ocean Sound from cargo ships traversing the ocean Biodegradable food items dumped overboard from a cruise ship Warmer-than-normal water created by outflow from a coastal power plant

Which of the following statements regarding Earth's natural climate variations is/are correct?

Recent spikes in carbon dioxide and methane are not a part of Earth's natural climate cycle. When carbon dioxide concentrations are higher, methane concentrations are higher. Natural variations include the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age.

What impact will increased carbon dioxide absorption by the oceans have on coral reefs?

Reefs will degrade over time, ultimately resulting in large-scale mortality. (The acidification of the oceans prevents corals from absorbing the calcium carbonate needed to produce the skeletons that comprise the reef.)

Process of Science: Coral reef fishes - adapt or move? Climate change is causing an increase in global ocean temperatures. Researchers have observed that some organisms can tolerate the temperature increases and survive climate change by acclimating and adapting. But many species of ocean fishes, especially coral reef fishes, are stenothermal, which means that they're only able to tolerate a narrow temperature range. A number of stenothermal tropical fishes are reacting to increased ocean temperatures by shifting poleward away from warming waters. Researchers focused on a stenothermal coral reef fish, the blue-green damselfish. They wanted to find out if the blue-green damselfish would stay in place and adapt to the warming temperatures or move toward cooler water. Select all of the correct descriptions of how the scientists created an experiment to research heat stress on blue-green damselfish.

Researchers exposed the blue-green damselfish to temperatures in the range predicted for sea surface temperature (SST) warming by 2100. Researchers increased the temperatures in one chamber until the fish moved to the cooler chamber. Researchers exposed the blue-green damselfish to temperatures in their preferred range. Researchers built a series of controlled aquarium tanks in the laboratory.

Which of the following statements about fish schooling behavior are true? Choose all that apply.

Schools can move and appear as one large and dangerous fish, thus preventing a predator from attacking. Schooling reduces the chance that a cruising predator might find one of their kind. More than half of all fish species join schools during at least a portion of their lives.

What is the purpose of ARMS?

Scientist use ARMS, which is a small collection device, to collect thousands of specimens from the sea bed. (ARMS is placed on reefs so marine life can live in them.)

Despite the general stability of the Thermohaline Conveyor at present, future climate changes could alter the temperature and salinity dynamics of the world's oceans amidst rising sea levels, thereby leading to more extreme weather events. What do most scientists point to as the cause for the projected rise in sea level and extreme weather? View Available Hint(s)

Scientists have projected higher sea levels and increases in extreme weather in the coming decades as a result of estimated future global emissions of greenhouse gases, primarily CO2. (As more CO2 is pumped into the atmosphere, it will cause rising temperatures and melt the polar ice.)

Which of the following organisms are common in the middle tide zone along rocky shores?

Sea anemones Hermit crabs Carnivorous sea stars Goose-necked barnacles

Exploring Data Coaching Activities: Rocky Shore Intertidal Zones and Common Organisms In this activity, you will explore how environmental conditions control the types of organisms present in a rocky shore intertidal zone. Study the figure below and answer the following questions. Why are sea anemones absent from the spray zone?

Sea anemones must be submerged in water. (Sea anemones are soft-bodied and dry out quickly if they are exposed to air. The spray zone is above even the highest high tide so it is continually above sea level.)

Identify the mismatched pair.

Sea gooseberry—Ctenophore Physalia—Cnidarian *Answer: Squid—Annelid* krill—Crustacea arrow worm—Chaetognath

How does the hip structure of a seal compare to that of a sea lion?

Sea lions have flexible vertebrae that allow them to turn their rear flippers underneath their bodies.

Which of the following are differences between seals and sea lions?

Sea lions propel themselves through the water by flapping their front flippers, and seals use a back-and-forth motion of their rear flippers to propel themselves. Sea lions have visible external ear flaps, and seals have a slight indentation on the sides of their heads but lack external ear flaps. Seals use their front flippers for steering, and sea lions use their rear flippers for steering.

Which of the following are useful as proxy data for understanding past climate changes?

Sea-floor sediments Tree-growth rings Annual layers of snow packed in glacial ice Fossil pollen Historical documents

Why are sea lions often found farther from the beach than seals, who stay closer to the water's edge?

Seals have a harder time maneuvering on land than seal lions do, so seals stay closer to the water's edge.

SmartFigure: Skeletal and Morphological Differences Between Seals and Sea Lions Which of the following statements is/are true regarding seals and sea lions? Choose all that apply.

Seals have visible nails on their foreflippers, and sea lions do not. Seals and sea lions generally do not inhabit the same areas of the beach at the same time. Seals have smaller foreflippers than sea lions.

Identify the adaptation that allows deep-sea fishes to capture prey without exerting much energy.

Sensitive lateral lines

What is the purpose of the shells and rocks that are attached to a sea anemone's body?

Shells and rocks prevent the sea anemone from drying out during low tide.

Which of the following characteristics about sirenians are true?

Sirenians such as manatees have nails on their front flippers. They are the only vegetarian marine mammals. They have a paddle-like tail and rounded front flippers. They live in shallow water and move slowly, which can often increase their risk of being run over by boats.

Which of the following techniques are the best options for cleaning up after an oil spill when considering the whole environment affected?

Skim floating oil off the surface immediately after the spill. Introduce microbes to begin the process of bioremediation.

How do snow and ice on the surface of Earth affect Earth's climate?

Snow and ice reflect incoming solar radiation.

Which of the following is NOT considered an environmental condition necessary for coral growth?

Soft substrate

Which of the following statements about corals are true?

Some coral species grow in cold deep waters beneath the euphotic zone. Corals catch small food particles with stinging cells similar to those of jellyfish. Most corals go through a planktonic stage of life. Most individual coral species are about the size of an ant.

Which of the following statements regarding the causes of oil and natural (methane) gas seeps and spills is/are correct?

Some oil slicks are caused by natural oil seeps on the ocean floor.Some natural (methane) gas is released into the atmosphere via photooxidation of surface oil slicks. Some oil slicks are caused by oil spills on the ocean surface. Some natural (methane) gas is released into the atmosphere via natural gas seeps on the ocean floor.

Of the following adaptations, which apply to life in rocky intertidal environments?

Some organisms can survive for long periods of time out of water. A thick exterior or exoskeleton helps protect creatures from being crushed. Some organisms can grow directly on top of other organisms.

Which of the following statements about the characteristics of the deep-ocean floor are true? Choose all that apply.

Species diversity in the deep ocean can rival that of tropical rain forests. Even in tropical latitudes, water temperatures in the deep ocean are near freezing. Only about 1 to 3% of the food produced in the euphotic zone reaches the deep-ocean floor. Deep-ocean communities exist in the bathyal, abyssal, and hadal zones.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

Spines *Answer: Collapsible ribs* Blubber Swim bladder Gas bladder

Part C - Analyzing results Sort the following statements about whale migration data into "Supported by data" or "Not supported by data."

Supported by data Gray whale calves can survive in extremely cold water. Researchers observed gray whales giving birth while they were migrating toward the breeding grounds. Researchers observed killer whales near the birthing lagoons of gray whales. Not supported by data Researchers never observed the gray whales eating during their migration. Researchers found that gray whales are not able to easily adapt to varying conditions.

Drag each sentence to the bin "Supported by data" or "Not supported by data."

Supported by data Researchers found that the blue-green damselfish lost the ability to right themselves when subjected to increased temperatures. Researchers found that the blue-green damselfish preferred to seek out an optimal temperature rather than remain in a warmer-than-normal temperature of water. Researchers discovered that higher temperatures caused the blue-green damselfish to consume more oxygen, which is a sign of increased stress. Not supported by data Researchers discovered that the blue-green damselfish were able to acclimate to higher temperatures. Researchers discovered that when they chased the blue-green damselfish their oxygen consumption increased the same amount in warmer and cooler water.

In which marine environment would you find the greatest diversity of species?

Temperate kelp forest (These cold-temperate, productive ecosystems are home to a wide variety of benthic species.)

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Attempts to limit crown-of-thorns sea star damage to the Great Barrier Reef made the problem worse BECAUSE divers smashed the crown-of-thorns, which then regenerated new individuals from various body parts.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Chapter 16 Which of the following are examples of positive climate feedback loops?

The addition of water vapor into the atmosphere Heat uptake by the oceans Ice melt in the Arctic

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Baleen whales are generally much larger than toothed whales BECAUSE they eat lower on the food web.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid

How will increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels affect oceans?

The oceans will become more acidic. (If carbon dioxide levels double, the pH of the oceans will drop from around 8.2 to 7.9.)

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Great abundances of benthic life are found beneath areas of high primary productivity BECAUSE life on the ocean floor mostly depends on the productivity of the ocean's surface waters.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine invertebrates such as worms, mussels, and octopuses have not had to evolve special mechanisms to maintain their body fluids at a proper concentrations BECAUSE their body fluids are nearly isotonic.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Microscopic zooplankton are primary consumers BECAUSE they are herbivores.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Nutrient availability must be the most important factor affecting the distribution of life in the oceans BECAUSE the coastal zone is much more productive than the shallow open ocean.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Schooling prevents fish from swimming greater distances than individuals BECAUSE each schooling fish gets slowed down by the vortex created by the fish swimming in front of it.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Scientists have proposed that serpentinization could have fueled Earth's first life BECAUSE it occurs across large areas and can be sustained for long periods of geologic time.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The dramatic and rapid climate change that is occurring on our planet cannot be explained by variations in the precession of Earth's rotational axis BECAUSE this variation has a cycle of about 23,000 years.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The melting of Arctic sea ice by rising temperatures is an example of a positive-feedback loop BECAUSE the lack of ice cover will result in the Arctic Ocean absorbing more of the Sun's radiation.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The net result of an increase in atmospheric moisture should be a decrease in air temperature BECAUSE climate changes can be very disruptive to humans and other life-forms.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The net result of an increase in atmospheric moisture should be a decrease in air temperature BECAUSE the higher reflectivity of clouds dominates over the heat absorption of water vapor in the atmosphere.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The vast majority of carbon dioxide in the ocean-atmosphere system is found in the ocean BECAUSE carbon dioxide has a high solubility in water.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Delicate plate corals can live on the deeper outer slope of the reef BECAUSE light intensity is as low as 4% of the surface intensity.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Birds, sea turtles, marine mammals, fish, and shellfish are severely affected by oil spills BECAUSE hydrocarbons are largely biodegradable.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Clown fish are not stung by sea anemone BECAUSE they chase away any other fish that tries to feed on the anemone.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coral are not usually found close to areas where major rivers drain into the sea BECAUSE they require warm water.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Microscopic zooplankton are primary consumers BECAUSE they are incredibly abundant in the ocean.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Cetaceans are able to swim fast BECAUSE their muscles are a great deal more powerful than other mammals

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The melting of Arctic sea ice by rising temperatures is an example of a positive-feedback loop BECAUSE the lack of ice cover will result in the Arctic Ocean reflecting more of the Sun's radiation.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The movement of Earth's tectonic plates is not responsible for the recent observable climate changes BECAUSE Earth's tectonic plates have not moved great distances.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The open ocean is almost always blue in color BECAUSE they contain large amounts of microscopic marine algae and suspended particles.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine invertebrates such as worms, mussels, and octopuses have had to evolve special mechanisms to maintain their body fluids at a proper concentrations BECAUSE their body fluids are nearly hypotonic.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Reef-building corals are not able to survive in nutrient-poor tropical waters BECAUSE they receive most of their nutrition by capturing tiny planktonic food with their stinging tentacles.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The euphotic zone is deeper near the coast than in the open ocean BECAUSE coastal waters contain more suspended inorganic material that limit light penetration.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

SmartFigure: Swim Bladder What would happen to a fish with a body less dense than the surrounding seawater?

The fish would float on the ocean surface.

What happens to the swim bladder as a fish moves into deeper water?

The gas in the swim bladder contracts, decreasing the volume of the swim bladder. The gas in the swim bladder contracts due to increasing water pressure.

Which of the following statements correctly identify a mechanism by which two spheres interact?

The geosphere and atmosphere interact through volcanic eruptions. The hydrosphere and atmosphere interact through evaporation and precipitation. The biosphere and atmosphere interact through forest fires.

What is the goal of the Census of Marine Life?

The goal of the Census of Marine Life is to compile the most comprehensive list to date of all life in the oceans. (The goal of the Census of Marine Life is to record all marine life, large and small.)

Part B - Collecting data Researchers radio-tagged gray whales to understand the timing of their migration and details of their journey. What types of data were researchers able to collect about the gray whale migrations?

The gray whales reach the lagoons of Baja California by December and early January. Northward migration begins after the plankton blooms and high-latitude summer has peaked. On the southward part of the journey, the females leave before males. Migration begins when Arctic pack ice begins to form over the feeding grounds.

Which of the following statements regarding the role of clouds in Earth's climate is/are correct?

The increase in clouds in a warming climate acts as a negative feedback by reflecting more sunlight, making it cooler. The increase in clouds in a warming climate acts as a positive feedback by trapping more heat, making it warmer. The decrease in clouds in a cooling climate acts as a positive feedback by trapping less heat, making it cooler. The decrease in clouds in a cooling climate acts as a negative feedback by reflecting less sunlight, making it warmer.

Of the following statements about organisms in rocky intertidal zones, which is/are true?

The low tide zone is home to the greatest number of soft-bodied organisms and marine algae. The spray zone is where organisms with shells are mostly found. Mussel beds are a common feature of the middle tide zone.

There is one master ocean current that is also the drive belt of our weather systems. What is this current called?

The master ocean current is called the Thermohaline Conveyor. (This conveyor is a 70,000 mile loop that takes about 1000 years to complete.)

SmartFigure: Examples of Marine Organisms that Are Affected by Increased Ocean Acidity What is causing the oceans to become more acidic?

The oceans have absorbed about 30% of the carbon dioxide released by humans into the atmosphere.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the order Sirenia?

The order Sirenia includes manatees and dugongs. They are also called sea cows.

According to the figure above, which organism has the highest concentration of DDT in their tissue due to biomagnification? How many times more concentrated is the DDT in the organism, compared to the water?

The osprey would have the highest concentration of DDT in its tissues. The concentration of DDT in the osprey would be 8,333,333 times higher than the concentration in the water. (According to the figure, the osprey has a DDT concentration of 25 ppm in its tissues. The water has a DDT concentration of 0.000003 ppm. 25 ppm / 0.000003 = 8,333,333.)

What is osmosis?

The process of water molecules moving from a hypotonic solution through a semi-permeable membrane into a hypertonic solution.

Which of the following correctly describes the impacts of known biological pollutants?

The seaweed Caulerpa has smothered ecosystems where it was introduced. The Atlantic comb jelly has damaged fisheries in the Black Sea. Zebra mussels have outcompeted native mussels in the Great Lakes region.

What do whale lice eat?

The skin of gray whales. (Whale lice are parasitic to gray whales and eat gray whale skin)

Which of the following statements about the physical environment of the deep-ocean is incorrect?

The temperature rarely exceeds 0°C at the deep-ocean floor.

Of the following statements about benthic organisms, which is/are true?

The vast majority of benthic species live on the continental shelf. Many benthic organisms spend the first part of their lives in the pelagic environment. High abundances of benthic organisms are found beneath surface waters with high primary productivity.

The world's oceans cover what percentage of Earth's surface?

The world's oceans cover almost 70 percent of earth's surface. (More of Earth's surface is covered by oceans than land, although we know more about the moon's surface than some of the deepest areas of the ocean.)

SmartFigure: Oceanic Biomass Pyramid The shape of the biomass pyramid illustrates that:

There are many more small organisms than large organisms in the ocean.

What happens when two solutions are isotonic?

There is no net movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane.

In the lower intertidal zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit?

They are well camouflaged so that they can blend in and hide from predators during low tide. (Marine organisms in the lower intertidal zone don't need hard shells that prevent them from drying out, but are well camouflaged so that they can hide from predators.)

What adaptation gives brittle stars their name?

They can detach their arms to avoid a predator. (Brittle stars can detach their arms to avoid a predator, later growing the arm back.)

How are freshwater fish adapted to their freshwater surroundings?

They do not drink freshwater.

What do bat stars eat?

They eat detritus, dead and decaying organic material, and seaweed. (Bat stars eat just about anything they come across, including detritus, dead and decaying organic material, and seaweed.)

How are saltwater fish adapted to their saltwater surroundings?

They excrete a small volume of very salty urine. They excrete salt through specialized cells.

How have organisms in the spray zone adapted to the constant threats of predation and drying out?

They have a shell that they can withdraw into.

Why are algae beds, coral reefs, and tropical rainforests so productive?

They have ample access to sunlight and recycle nutrients efficiently.

In the spray zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit?

They have hard shells that prevent organisms from drying out.

How do bat stars move?

They have hundreds of tube feet that run along the undersides of their arms. (Bat stars have hundreds of tube feet that run along the undersides of their arms.)

What adaptation must a saltwater fish have to counteract the effects of osmosis?

They must be able to replace the water in their bodies lost to osmosis.

How do gray whales collect and eat such small organisms?

They use their baleen to filter prey items from their environment.

How do gray whales collect and eat such small organisms?

They use their baleen to filter prey items from their environment. (Gray whales use their baleen to filter prey items from their environment, for example, to filter amphipods from bottom mud.)

How do plants and animals gain the energy needed to carry out cellular functions?

They utilize the energy in sugar.

Why does coastal upwelling occur on the west coast of many continents?

This is where wind direction forces surface water away from the shore.

If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid?

Tilapia (Asia farmed)

Why are scientists doing research in an underwater lab in the Great Barrier Reef?

To replicate future carbon dioxide levels and measure the changes in coral reef productivity, mortality and health (Reefs are susceptible to changes in ocean conditions, including carbon dioxide levels.)

Label the following biozones on a cross-section of the marine environment: the neritic province (supralittoral, littoral, sublittoral, bathyal, abyssal, and hadal zones) and the oceanic province (epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, and abyssopelagic zones). Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.

Top Right: Epipelagic Top Right 2nd: Mesopelagic Middle Right 3rd: Bathypelagic Bottom Right 4th: Abyssopelagic Left Top: Supralittoral Left Bottom : Littoral Left Bottom 2nd: Sublittoral Middle Bottom 3rd: Bathyal Right Bottom 4th: Abyssal Right Bottom 5th: Hadal Pelagic Environments Epipelagic- Epi=Top Pelagios=Of the sea from the surface to the depth of 200 m (660 ft) Mesopelagic- Meso=Middle Pelagios=Of the sea from 200-1000 meters (660-3280 ft) Bathypelagic- Bathos=Depth Pelagios=Of the sea from 1000-4000 meters (3300-13,000 ft) Abyssopelagic- A=Without Byssus=Bottom Pelagios=Of the sea includes all the deepest parts of the ocean below 4000 meters (13,000 ft) Benthic Environments Euphotic- Eu=Good Photos=Light extends from the surface to a depth where enough light still exists to support photosynthesis. Often called thin sunlight layer rarely deeper than 100 meters (300 ft) accounts for 2.5% of marine environment. Disphotic- Dis=Apart from Photos=Light has small but measurable quantities of light extends form euphoric zone to a depth where light no longer exists 1000 meters (3300 ft) Aphotic- A=Without Photos=Light exists below 1000 meters (3300 ft)

Which of the following characteristics causes tropical oceans to have a constant, low level of productivity year round?

Tropical oceans have a constant low level of productivity due to the presence of a permanent thermocline. (A permanent thermocline in tropical areas prevents mixing between surface waters and nutrient-rich deep waters and limits productivity.)

Which of the following types of caudal fins is featured in the image?

Truncate caudal fin

Of the following natural factors, which have caused past climate changes on Earth?

Variations in Earth's orbit Volcanic eruptions Plate tectonics Changes in solar energy

Process of Science: Do Warming Oceans Help Deadly Marine Bacteria Prosper? Bacteria of the Vibrio genus are present in all of the worlds oceans, and have been known to cause serious infections in humans. In recent decades the amount of infections worldwide has increased, and a group of researchers from the University of Genoa in Italy hypothesized that rising sea temperatures were contributing to the increase in Vibrio abundance and thus higher incidence of human infection. In order to test this hypothesis, they needed to collect the following data from the same region of the ocean: Sea surface temperatures Abundance of Vibrio microorganisms Incidences of Vibrio-related illnesses in the areas bordering the region For their results to suggest a connection between warming oceans and Vibrio infections, each of these data sets would need to show increases over time. In this activity you will examine how these scientists conducted their study and how we should interpret their data and conclusions. In this activity you will examine how these scientists conducted their study, how we should interpret their data and conclusions, and how to further test their hypothesis. Part A - Identifying DataPart complete Luckily for the researchers, historical data was already available pertaining to sea surface temperatures and incidences of Vibrio-related illnesses. However, the researchers did not have data on Vibrio bacteria abundance, so they had to use samples of Vibrio bacteria to determine the abundance of the bacteria in ocean water. What were the samples that the researchers used to obtain data on Vibrio abundance?

Vibrio DNA found in marine plankton (Vibrio bacteria are known to be found in association with marine plankton, so the researchers used old samples of marine plankton (for historical data) together with samples of plankton that they took themselves from the ocean (for present-day data).

The body shape illustrated in the diagram allows the fish to cope with which of the following properties of water?

Viscosity

What is osmosis?

Water molecules move from the less-concentrated solution to the more-concentrated solution, meaning that in this case they move from the less-salty water to the more-salty water.

SmartFigure: Methods and Gear Used in Commercial Fishing Is overfishing really a problem?

Yes. Over 80% of fish and 90% of top predators are currently being harvested at rates that are unsustainable.

If you were visiting a rocky shore intertidal zone and noticed a dark black band covering the rock surface, what organism would you be looking at and what zone would it be living in?

You would be looking at a mussel bed in the middle tide zone. (Mussel beds form dark black bands in the middle tidal zone, along rocky shores.)

Which pair of planktonic subdivisions correctly describes a crab larva?

Zooplankton and meroplankton (Crab larvae are heterotrophic, drifting animals (zooplankton) that only spend part of their life as plankton (meroplankton). The adults are benthic.)

Which of the following statements regarding corals and algae is/are true?

Zooxanthellae provide corals with food. Zooxanthellae and corals have a symbiotic relationship. The lithothamnion ridge is covered in a red algae called lithothamnion. Zooxanthellae are photosynthetic.

How long does it take for a brittle star to regrow an arm?

a couple of weeks (A brittle star can regrow an arm in just a couple of weeks.)

Oceanography Videos: Field Study Segments — How Baleen Whales Feed Plates of baleen resemble what common household item?

a broom

What is a sea anemone -- a vicious predatory toxic animal -- carefully disguised as?

a harmless flower

Which of the following adaptations allows a fish to add or remove gases rapidly to change depths quickly?

a swim bladder with a pneumatic duct

SmartFigure: Ice Core Data of Atmospheric Composition and Global Temperature Where did the carbon dioxide and methane data in the SmartFigure come from?

air bubbles in ice cores from Antarctica

What is a swim bladder?

an internal organ used to maintain neutral buoyancy

SmartTable: Values of Net Primary Productivity for Various Ecosystems Primary producers are also known as which of the following?

autotrophs

What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis?

autotrophs primary producers phytoplankton

Which of Earth's spheres are humans a part of?

biosphere

One of the main ways in which octopuses avoid predators is to __________.

blend in with the color and texture of the surrounding environment

If you were able to scuba dive to a depth of 100 meters (328 feet) and take a look around without a flashlight, what color would dominate your surroundings?

blue

How would a red fish appear to the human eye at a water depth of 15 meters (49.2 feet)?

brown

Which of the following organisms are sessile?

buckshot barnacles sponges sea anemones

Which of the following are carbon sources?

burning natural gas melting of permafrost volcanic eruptions

Which greenhouse gas is currently contributing the most to increasing the greenhouse effect?

carbon dioxide

Which part of the fish is most commonly used to propel high-speed fish?

caudal fins

What does the structure of a sea lion's hip joint permit it to do?

climb stairs walk on all fours

Part B - Data CollectionPart complete In addition to analyzing older plankton samples, the researchers also collected new samples to get data about the present-day abundance of Vibrio microorganisms in multiple locations in the north Atlantic. Which of the following sampling protocols would yield the most reliable data?

collecting many samples from each location multiple times per year (Collecting a large data set is one of the most important ways to make sure that the results of a study are accurate and representative of the actual conditions.)

Which of the following organisms have a backbone?

common dolphins killer whales humans

Which of the following statements is/are an example of a negative feedback loop?

cooling temperatures leading to decreased cloudiness and leading to warming warming temperatures leading to increased cloudiness and leading to cooling

Which of the following statements is/are an example of a positive feedback loop?

cooling temperatures leading to decreased evaporation rates, leading to less water vapor in the atmosphere and further cooling warming temperatures leading to increased water vapor in the atmosphere and leading to additional warming

What is the result of a negative feedback loop?

cools the climate after an initial warming warms the climate after an initial cooling acts to keep the climate steady and balance it against change

Which of the following is/are examples of benthic organisms?

coral crabs clams

Which of the following organisms adapt to limited space by attaching to other organisms?

corals barnacles limpets bryozoans

What is the role of the operculum?

covering the gills of the fish

SmartFigure: Major Components of Earth's Climate System Which of Earth's spheres make up the climate system?

cryosphere atmosphere geosphere biosphere hydrosphere

In essence, the number of individuals and total biomass ________ at successive trophic levels because the amount of available energy ________.

decrease; decrease

The minimum area of Arctic sea ice cover has been __________ as air and water temperatures have been __________ over the past several decades.

decreasing; increasing (Climate change has resulted in Arctic sea ice decline as air and water temperatures have increased.)

Osmotic pressure increases as the:

difference in salinity increases.

Which of the following commonly become bycatch?

dolphins, turtles, and birds sharks

Phytoplankton have a small body size and a large surface-to-volume ratio. What is/are the advantages of these features?

ease of waste expulsion ease of nutrient absorption buoyancy

Which of the following organisms is/are mentioned in the SmartFigure video as being common on the reef flat?

echinoderms fine branching and soft corals anemones

What is kinetic energy?

energy of movement

SmartFigure: Abundance of Dissolved Oxygen and Nutrients with Depth What is the surface layer of the ocean called?

epipelagic zone

Sunlight can penetrate through which layers of the ocean?

epipelagic zone mesopelagic zone

What causes emulsification of an oil slick?

evaporation of the lighter components in the oil

Mobile Interactive Animations: Arctic Sea Ice Decline Arctic sea ice naturally __________ during the dark, cold winters and __________ during the spring and summer.

expands; contracts (Changes in solar radiation between winter and summer affect the sea surface temperature, which in turn alters the amount of sea ice that covers the Arctic each season.)

Archaea are also known as which of the following?

extremophiles

Some specialized deep-sea fish have a swim bladder that is filled with what to help them stay in the deep ocean?

fat

What is bycatch?

fish that are caught in addition to the desired catch

Which ecosystem listed below is the most productive?

freshwater swamps and marshes

What process do phytoplankton use to stay afloat in surface waters?

frictional resistance

Which of the following has the shortest wavelength?

gamma rays

Examine the organisms below and choose the organism that does not fit the taxonomic classification pattern.

giant kelp

What is the standard unit that is used to measure productivity?

grams of carbon per square meter per year

Where do chemosynthesizers live?

hot water springs hydrothermal vents mid-ocean ridges

SmartFigure: Scenarios for Future Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels and Corresponding Global Temperature Increase Scientists use complex computer models to predict scenarios for future climate change. Which of the factors listed below is/are included in the climate models?

human population increases and economic changes anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions clouds and climate feedback loops

Which of the following organisms give birth to live young?

humans killer whales common dolphins

Which of the following are members of trophic level 5?

humans orca whales

What is the main cause of the increase in carbon dioxide seen in the Keeling curve?

humans burning fossil fuels

The carbonate buffering system involves the transfer of carbon between which two of Earth's spheres?

hydrosphere and lithosphere

What does scenario A1B require?

implementation of new fuel-efficient technology shift from fossil fuel-based economies to renewable energy-based economies

Where do amphipods live?

in bottom mud

What is currently the largest oil spill in recorded history?

intentional release during the Persian Gulf War

Most marine species inhabit the benthic environment because it ________.

is less stable than the planktonic environment

Which of the following organisms attach themselves to rocks or the seafloor with threads, adhesives, a muscular foot, multiple legs, or hundreds of tube feet to anchor themselves?

kelp mussels snails sea stars

What part of a fish helps it sense vibrations in the water?

lateral lines

Which of the following is/are responsible for releasing oil into the ocean?

leaks during offshore drilling natural seeps purposeful release by humans spills during transport by ship

Which of the following organisms have the ability to exist in varied temperature, salinity, pH, and low-oxygen environments for extended periods?

limpets snails mussels

Which of Earth's spheres holds the largest amount of carbon?

lithosphere

The human impact on the carbon cycle involves the transfer of carbon between which two of Earth's spheres?

lithosphere to atmosphere

Exploring Data Coaching Activities: The Carbon Cycle In this activity, you will explore the carbon cycle. Carbon is stored in various reservoirs, such as marine sediments or the deep ocean. Carbon moves between the reservoirs in fluxes, such as from the ocean to the atmosphere. Study the figure below and answer the following questions. Which of the following lists Earth's carbon reservoirs from largest to smallest? For deep-sea sediments, assume an average value.

lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, atmosphere (The correct order, from largest to smallest is lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, atmosphere.)

White muscle tissue in fish supplies a much ________ amount of oxygen and supports a much ________ metabolic rate than red tissue.

lower; lower

What do sea hares eat?

marine algae (Sea hares are vegetarians that eat various types of marine algae.)

Excess carbon taken up by the ocean can be contained in which of the following reservoirs?

marine sediment surface water rock deep-sea sediments (methane hydrates) deep water

The gray whale and other baleen whales migrate every year to:

mate and give birth in the tropics during the winter.

Which combination of eccentricity and precession would best support a glacial period?

maximum eccentricity and precession such that the Northern Hemisphere summer occurs at aphelion

Which set of orbital parameters would result in the coldest Northern Hemisphere winters?

maximum tilt, maximum eccentricity, and precession such that the Northern Hemisphere winter occurs at aphelion

Which of the following anatomical features are found in dolphins?

melon phonic lips blowhole

The concentration of which greenhouse gas is currently increasing at the fastest rate?

methane

Which greenhouse gases have natural sources as well as human-caused sources?

methane nitrous oxide carbon dioxide

Oceanography Videos: Field Study Segments — Sea Anemone What intertidal zone do sea anemones typically inhabit?

middle intertidal

Sophisticated climate models forecast a moderate warming of ________.

middle latitudes

In which zone are organisms usually submerged by high tide twice per day and exposed by low tide twice per day?

middle tide zone

When a sperm whale generates a click, the sound wave interacts with a variety of structures before it leaves the whale. Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures with which the sound wave interacts?

monkey's muzzle, spermaceti, skull, junk compartments (Air first passes through the monkey's muzzle, causing it to snap shut and produce a click. Next, the sound passes through the spermaceti and reflects off the skull. It finally passes through the junk compartments before it leave the whale.)

As sea ice melts and becomes liquid water, __________ heat is then absorbed from the Sun, creating warmer surface waters.

more (Liquid water absorbs more heat than ice and creates a positive-feedback loop)

Which of the following are by-products of an oil slick?

mousse tarballs methane vapor

What part(s) of a fish is/are used for thunniform swimming?

myomeres caudal fins

The term nudibranch means __________.

naked gills (Nudibranch means naked gills, in reference to the gills that are close to the outside of its body.)

What caused the Deepwater Horizon spill?

natural gas explosion

In the middle latitudes, the spring bloom is controlled by _____ and the fall bloom is controlled by _____.

nutrients and sunlight; nutrients (In the spring, solar energy and nutrients are readily available and phytoplankton biomass blooms. A thermocline soon develops and nutrients become limited. In the fall, nutrients return to the surface when the thermocline breaks down and winds mix the surface and deep layers.)

What related tidepool organism uses a similar predator-escape response?

octopuses (Octopuses have a similar inking response to avoid predators.)

The Keeling curve is now supplemented by additional data from measurement sites around the world and by satellite data. According to the AIRS Mid-Tropospheric Carbon Dioxide NASA satellite data shown in the SmartFigure video, where on Earth are the most dramatic increases in carbon dioxide observed? (Shown in red.)

off the northeast coast of Asia off the northeast coast of North America

Where is coastal upwelling prevalent in South America?

on the west coast, off the shore of Peru

Arctic sea ice reached a historic minimum in 2012 that was approximately __________ the size of the long-term average recorded during 1979-2000.

one-half (Satellite observations since 1979 show a 50% reduction in minimum sea ice coverage.)

Which ecosystem listed below is the least productive?

open ocean

SmartFigure: Worldwide Distribution of Oceanic Benthic Biomass What are benthic organisms?

organisms that live in or on the seafloor

Which carnivore in the SmartFigure is known to use tools to open shells?

otters

Ch. 13 SmartFigure: Photosynthesis and Respiration Are Cyclic and Complimentary Processes What are the reaction products of photosynthesis?

oxygen gas and sugar

SmartTable: Adverse Conditions of Rocky Intertidal Zones and Organism Adaptations Which of the following organisms withdraw into their shells to avoid drying out during low tide and to avoid the effects of rapid changes in environmental conditions?

periwinkle snails black turban snails

SmartFigure: The carbon cycle Which of the following are carbon sinks?

photosynthesis formation of methane hydrates on the deep ocean floor formation of carbonate ooze

SmartFigure: Ecosystem Energy Flow and Efficiency Which of the following is in trophic level 1?

phytoplankton

Which organisms contain chlorophyll?

phytoplankton diatoms

Most active swimming fish use dorsal and anal fins ________.

primarily as stabilizers

Which of the following organisms use photosynthesis?

primary producers plants those that contain chlorophyll algae

Chlorophyll concentration is a direct measurement of what in the ocean?

primary productivity

Which of the organisms below are directly affected by ocean acidity?

pteropods mollusks sea urchins coccolithophores corals

How do scientists study phytoplankton concentrations in the world ocean?

satellite images that capture chlorophyll concentrations in the surface ocean

Which of the following organisms must always stay submerged in seawater?

sea cucumbers sea slugs

Oceanography Videos: Field Study Segments — Nudibranch Navanax The nudibranch Navanax is a type of __________.

sea slug (The nudibranch Navanax is a type of sea slug.)

Which of the following marine carnivores are flipper-footed?

seals sea lions walruses

Oceanography Videos: Field Study Segments — Brittle Star What is another name for the brittle star?

serpent star (Brittle stars are also known as serpent stars because their arms move in a snakelike fashion.)

Benthic animals inhabiting the rocky intertidal environment consist mostly of __________.

sessile animals, epifauna, and very few infauna (Infauna are scarce because there is little sediment and relatively few organisms are capable of boring or burrowing into rock.)

If you wanted to avoid the effects of the biomagnification of certain marine pollutants, such as methylmercury, which of the following organisms would you want to avoid consuming?

shark, such as mako (Through biomagnification, top predators, like the mako shark, will have the highest concentrations of pollutants, such as methylmercury.)

Which of the following animals are whale barnacles closely related to?

shrimp (Whale barnacles are closely related to shrimp (both are crustaceans).

Which of the following are targeted by trawl nets?

shrimp cod flounder

When compared to the annual global oil input to the ocean from natural oil seeps and regular human activities such as transportation the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill was approximately ________.

slightly more than half as big

Oceanography Videos: Field Study Segments — Baleen Whale Food: Krill and Amphipods What are krill?

small shrimp-like organisms

One of the prey items of baleen whales are krill. What are krill?

small shrimp-like organisms

Asterina miniata is the scientific Latin name for the bat star. What is the translation for Asterina miniata?

small star

What is the primary driver of Earth's climate?

solar radiation

Which of the following categories of taxonomic classification is most specific?

species

SmartFigure: Rocky Shore Intertidal Zonation and Common Organisms Which rocky intertidal zone, also called the super tidal zone, is only covered by water during strong storms?

spray zone

Chapter 15 Oceanography Videos: Field Study Segments — Tidepool Introduction In a tidepools area such as that shown in the video, what is the correct order of intertidal zones, going from the base of the coastal cliffs into deeper water?

spray zone, upper intertidal zone, middle intertidal zone, lower intertidal zone

Which of the following adaptations help organisms avoid predation?

stinging cells hard shell camouflage inking response

SmartFigure: Comparing Chemosynthesis and Photosynthesis Which of the following are common to both chemosynthesis and photosynthesis?

sugar carbon dioxide oxygen water

What causes the sawtooth pattern in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations?

summer and winter, when vegetation naturally absorbs and releases carbon dioxide

Which of the following abiotic factors most influences the shape of the dissolved oxygen and phosphate curves?

sunlight (In the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones, the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and phosphate are both strongly influenced by photosynthesis, which is limited by light availability.)

The ________ is covered with water only during periods of extremely high tides and when tsunami or large storm waves break on the shore.

supralittoral

The relative productivity in the world's oceans from most productive to least productive is:

temperate waters, polar waters, tropical waters.

Which side of the baleen faces inside the mouth on a living whale?

the more fibrous side

Oceanography Videos: Field Study Segments — California/Brown Sea Hare I and II The reason that these tidepool organisms are called "sea hares" is because __________.

they have long projections off their head that resemble the ears of a bunny rabbit

How might the development of dead zones be controlled?

through preservation of wetlands by controlling the runoff of nutrients from agricultural lands by planting trees and grasses with enhanced sewage treatment

SmartFigure: Cutaway Views Showing the Echolocation System of a Sperm Whale and a Dolphin What is the role of the spermaceti in the sperm whale?

to focus and magnify sound

What is the role of the junk compartment in sperm whales?

to project the magnified sound that was reflected off the skull so that it is released out in front of the whale

You are vacationing on a beautiful tropical island and want to see a coral reef. Your boat travels down a river estuary and then travels a considerable distance along the coast before any coral is seen. The reason you had to travel so far to see coral is probably that __________.

too much freshwater is flowing in from the river closer to shore (Reef corals do not like freshwater, as most species are stenohaline, meaning that they have a narrow range of salinity tolerance. Seawater salinity needs to be normal or slightly above normal. Other possible river-related factors are too much silt and clay or too many nutrients-both of which are negative factors for coral reef development.)

Where are dead zones more likely to develop?

where river draining areas with high human population densities discharge into the ocean

SmartFigure: The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Transmission of Visible Light in Seawater What type(s) of solar radiation hits/hit the sea surface?

ultraviolet light visible light infrared

SmartFigure: Examples of Climate Feedback Loops What is the result of a positive feedback loop?

warms the climate even more after an initial warming cools the climate after an initial warming

What are the reaction products of respiration?

water and carbon dioxide gas

When does eutrophication occur?

when there are excess nutrients in the water

When will coastal upwelling occur in the Northern Hemisphere?

when winds blow from the north, parallel to shore